[ PUBLISH]

                  IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                            FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT           FILED
                             ________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                        ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                           JUNE 7, 2012
                                     No. 11-14138
                                                                            JOHN LEY
                               ________________________
                                                                             CLERK

                          D. C. Docket No. 4:11-cv-00135-HLM

JESSE E. BRANNEN, III, P.C.,
JESSE E. BRANNEN, III, et al.,

                                                                         Plaintiffs-Appellants,

                                             versus

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                                         Defendant-Appellee.

                               ________________________

                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the Northern District of Georgia
                           _________________________

                                        (June 7, 2012)

Before WILSON, ANDERSON and HIGGINBOTHAM,* Circuit Judges.

ANDERSON, Circuit Judge:

       Jesse Brannen, III, P.C., and Jesse Brannen, III, (collectively “Brannen”),

       *
          Honorable Patrick E. Higginbotham, United States Circuit Judge for the Fifth Circuit,
sitting by designation.
appeal the dismissal of their complaint contending that the Department of the

Treasury lacked statutory authority to promulgate regulations imposing a user fee.

Specifically, Brannen challenged the Department’s regulation’s requirement that

compensated tax return preparers obtain a Preparer Tax Identification Number

(“PTIN”) and its imposition of an annual fee for that number.

                I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

      Jesse Brannen is an attorney and certified public accountant in Georgia who

prepares tax returns and refund claims for others for compensation. In 2010, in

accordance with the new Treasury regulation, Brannen filed for and paid $64.25 to

receive a PTIN. He then filed for a refund with the IRS, but it was rejected.

      Brannen then filed this lawsuit as a purported class action. Brannen’s

complaint asserted that the Department’s implementation of the fee exceeded its

statutory authorization. Brannen argues that, while 26 U.S.C. § 6109 authorizes the

issuance of an identifying number, it does not authorize a fee. The Government

moved for dismissal of the complaint, and the court below granted its motion,

holding that Brannen failed to set forth a viable claim.

                                  II. DISCUSSION

      Brannen’s sole argument is that the Department of the Treasury exceeded its

statutory authority when it began charging fees for issuing and renewing PTINs.

                                          2
He contends that no statute enacted by Congress has provided the Department with

that power. According to Brannen, 26 U.S.C. § 6109 provides for PTINs to help

the Department identify taxpayers and tax return preparers, and thus helps the

Department in its tax collection efforts. He insists that merely issuing a PTIN to a

tax return preparer is not enough to justify charging a user fee.

      Under the Independent Offices Authorities Act, 31 U.S.C. § 9701, agencies

are permitted to promulgate regulations that establish a charge for a service or thing

of value that the agency provides. Those charges are required to be:

      (1) fair; and
      (2) based on--
             (A) the costs to the Government;
             (B) the value of the service or thing to the recipient;
             (C) public policy or interest served; and
             (D) other relevant facts.

31 U.S.C. § 9701(b). Interpreting this statute’s predecessor, the Supreme Court in

National Cable Television Association, Inc. v. United States, 

, 94 S.

Ct. 1146 (1974), clarified that the Act permitted agencies to levy fees based on

services rendered but not levy taxes, which is the exclusive domain of the

legislature. Elaborating on this holding, the Court in Federal Power Commission v.

New England Power Co., 

, 

(1974), held that the citizen

or company must receive a “special benefit” that is not received by the general



                                           3
public in order to justify the fee. There, the plaintiff utility companies challenged

annual assessments the Commission imposed, which were intended to “recoup

some of the remaining costs” incurred by the agency. 

94 S. Ct. at 1153.

However, the Commission had described its regulatory activities as beneficial to

consumers and added that its actions

       “redounded to the benefit of both industries by creating the economic
       climate for greater usage of the services of the regulated companies
       which in turn have further strengthened their financial stability and
       their ability to sell debt and equity securities required for capital
       additions to meet ever-increasing demands.”

94 S. Ct. at 1153 (quoting the Federal Power Commission Report, Order

No. 427, 45 FPC 440, 445 (1971)). The Court noted that the Office of

Management and Budget had issued a circular instructing that a reasonable charge

“‘should be made to each identifiable recipient for a measurable unit or amount of

Government service or property from which he derives a special benefit.’” 

94 S. Ct. at 1154 (quoting Budget Circular No. A-25, Sept. 23, 1959)).1 The

circular also stated that no charge should be made for services when “‘the ultimate

beneficiary is obscure and the service can be primarily considered as benefitting

broadly the general public.’” 

94 S. Ct. at 1154 (quoting Budget Circular


       1
               We note that Brannen has not challenged the amount or excessiveness of the user
fee. Indeed, Brannen expressly disclaimed any such argument in the district court. District Court
order, Docket No. 15 at 22 n.3.

                                                4
No. A-25). Thus, because the Commission identified the public as the primary

beneficiary of the services, and not the utilities who paid the assessments, the fees

were not permitted by the fee-authorizing statute. 

94 S. Ct. at 1155.

       Since 1976, the Department has had the power to require tax return preparers

to include an identifying number on the returns they prepare.

26 U.S.C. § 6109(a)(4). Before the 2010 regulations, tax preparers were permitted

by § 6109(d) to use either their social security numbers or obtain a free PTIN;2

however, in that same subsection, Congress expressly provided that the Secretary

could by regulation require that a number other than the social security number be

used. 26 U.S.C. § 6109(d).3 The Department promulgated such regulations in

2010, exercising this § 6109(d) authority and requiring that tax return preparers

obtain and use a PTIN, rather than allowing use of a social security number. The

same regulation exercised for the first time the Secretary’s authority under 31

U.S.C. § 9701 to charge an annual user fee to tax return preparers in exchange for

       2
               Although the Secretary has long had statutory authority under 31 U.S.C. § 9701 to
charge a user fee so long as it is in exchange for a “special benefit” as described in New England
Power, such a fee was not promulgated until the 2010 regulation.
       3
                Section 6109(d) provides:
       Use of social security account number.--The social security account number
       issued to an individual for purposes of section 205(c)(2)(A) of the Social Security
       Act shall, except as shall otherwise be specified under regulations of the
       Secretary, be used as the identifying number for such individual for purposes of
       this title.


                                                 5
issuing the PTIN. 26 C.F.R. § 1.6109-2(a), (d).4

       Thus, contrary to Brannen’s argument, 31 U.S.C. § 9701 and 26 U.S.C. §

6109 provide statutory authority for the 2010 regulations. Section 6109(a)(4)

provides:

       (a) Supplying of identifying numbers.--When required by regulations
       prescribed by the Secretary:
             ...
                   (4) Furnishing identifying number of tax return
                   preparer.--Any return or claim for refund prepared by a
                   tax return preparer shall bear such identifying number for
                   securing proper identification of such preparer, his
                   employer, or both, as may be prescribed.

26 U.S.C. § 6109(a)(4). This statutory provision does two things. First, it

expressly grants authority to the Secretary to prescribe by regulation the particular

identifying number required – that is, “such identifying number . . . as may be

prescribed [by the Secretary by regulation].”5 Second, § 6109(a)(4) also requires

that “any return . . . prepared by a tax return preparer shall bear such identifying

       4
               The pertinent part of the regulations reads:
       Beginning after December 31, 2010, all tax return preparers must have a preparer
       tax identification number or other prescribed identifying number that was applied
       for and received at the time and in the manner, including the payment of a user
       fee, as may be prescribed by the Internal Revenue Service in forms, instructions,
       or other appropriate guidance.
26 C.F.R. § 1.6109-2(d).
       5
                This authority in the Secretary to prescribe the particular identifying number is
reinforced by § 6109(d), discussed above, pursuant to which the Secretary is given specific
authority to prescribe by regulation that the social security number of tax return preparers not be
used.

                                                  6
number” as has been assigned to him/her by the Secretary. Because the term “tax

return preparer” is defined by 26 U.S.C. § 7701(a)(36) as meaning any person who

prepares tax returns for others for compensation, this requirement – that any return

prepared by a tax return preparer bear his/her assigned identifying number – means

that a tax return preparer cannot prepare tax returns for others for compensation

without having the required identifying number.6 And because § 6109(a)(4)

expressly authorizes the Secretary to assign such numbers, a person cannot prepare

tax returns for another for compensation unless that person obtains from the

Secretary the required identifying number. For this reason, when the Secretary

assigns the identifying number (the preparer tax identification number or “PTIN”),

the Secretary is conferring a special benefit upon the recipient, i.e., the privilege of

preparing tax returns for others for compensation.

       We readily conclude that, under the plain language of § 6109(a)(4), the PTIN

is issued to tax return preparers for a special benefit. And we readily conclude that

the benefit – the privilege of preparing tax returns for others for compensation – is

the kind of “special benefit” that qualifies under New England Power. The user fee



       6
                For this reason, and because, as noted above and in the preceding footnote,
Brannen cannot use his own social security number, Brannen’s repeated, though conclusory,
assertion that he can prepare returns for others for compensation without the Secretary’s PTIN is
wholly without merit.

                                                7
here clearly confers a benefit which is not received by the general public.

       Our conclusion is reinforced by the explanation provided when the Secretary

proposed the challenged regulations. When the Department proposed the

regulations, it explained that:

       Individuals who obtain a PTIN receive the ability to prepare all or
       substantially all of a tax return or claim for refund. The ability to
       prepare all or substantially all of a tax return or claim for refund is a
       special benefit.

75 Fed. Reg. 43,110, 43,112 (July 23, 2010). It further explained that the costs to

be recovered were for

       the development and maintenance of the IRS information technology
       system that interfaces with the vendor; the development and
       maintenance of internal applications; IRS customer service support
       activities, which include development and maintenance of an IRS Web
       site and call center staffing; and personnel, administrative, and
       management support needed to evaluate and address tax compliance
       issues, investigate and address conduct and suitability issues, and
       otherwise support and enforce the programs that require individuals to
       apply for or renew a PTIN.

Id.7

           Brannen also argues that the imposition of a fee after none had been charged


       7
                The Government also points out that tax return preparers receive the special
benefit of not having to use their social security numbers, which use could potentially
compromise the number’s confidentiality. Additionally, the use of a single PTIN for each tax
return preparer facilitates identification of each preparer by the IRS and allows the agency to
forward preparers targeted updates of particular relevance to the type of clients the preparer
serves.

                                                 8
previously violates the statute. We disagree. Brannen has cited nothing to support

this argument, and we see nothing in the language of § 9701 that suggests that the

authority to charge a user fee must be exercised at the first moment that Congress

confers the authority. We know of no tradition of statutory construction that would

indicate such an unusual interpretation. Nor is there anything in the language of

§ 9701, nor in logic, that would prohibit an agency from implementing a fee for

services that it had previously provided for free. Moreover, as the above-

mentioned explanations accompanying the proposed regulations suggest, the

Department apparently contemplated enhanced services for tax return preparers

upon the implementation of the regulations and the fee.

                                 III. CONCLUSION

       To summarize, 31 U.S.C. § 9701 provides authority to impose a user fee so

long as the agency confers a special benefit. And 26 U.S.C. § 6109(a)(4) and (d)

expressly provide authority for the Secretary to require that tax return preparers use

the PTIN assigned by the Department, i.e., a number other than the preparer’s

social security number. And § 6109(a)(4) expressly provides that any return

prepared by a tax return preparer shall bear the number assigned by the

Department, meaning that a tax return preparer cannot prepare returns for others for

compensation without such number. Because in exchange for the user fee the

                                          9
Department assigns a PTIN and confers a special benefit upon tax return preparers

(i.e., they are thus privileged to prepare returns for others for compensation), we

hold that the Department’s user fee complies with § 9701.8 Accordingly, we affirm

the decision of the district court.9

        AFFIRMED.




        8
                Brannen’s suggestion that the general public may also benefit from the increased
efficiency of the Department’s collection efforts does not undermine our holding. Even
assuming there is some such general benefit, it is clear that the assignment of a PTIN to a tax
preparer, and the resulting privilege to prepare returns for others for compensation, qualifies as a
special benefit “‘above and beyond those which accrue to the public at large.’” New England

n.3 (quoting from Budget Circular No. A-25).
Indeed, in the same footnote, the Court also quoted with approval the Circular’s example of a
special benefit: “‘e.g. receiving a . . . license to carry on a specific business.’” Id.; see also Nat’l
Cable Television 

, 94 S. Ct. at 1149 (giving as an example of a
permissible user fee a “fee . . . incident to a voluntary act, e.g., a request that a public agency
permit an applicant to practice law”).
        9
               In light of our disposition on the basis of the plain language of the statutory
provisions, we need not address whether the Department may also have had authority to
promulgate the challenged regulations on the basis of a general licensing authority.

                                                   10