Leonard T. Strand, Chief Judge.
This action arises from a fire that caused damage to personal property and a structure located in Independence, Iowa. Plaintiffs Mark and Debra Merfeld and Merfeld Transport, Inc., allege that the fire was caused by a defective refrigerator manufactured and sold by defendant Dometic Corporation (Dometic).
This case is currently before me on two motions. The first is Dometic's motion (Doc. No. 26) for summary judgment. Dometic's supporting brief (Doc. No. 26-5) includes, inter alia, arguments concerning the alleged spoliation of evidence. Plaintiffs filed a resistance (Doc. No. 36) and Dometic filed a reply (Doc. No. 43-1).
The second, filed the same day, is Dometic's separate motion (Doc. No. 28) for the sanction of dismissal based on spoliation of evidence. In support of this motion, Dometic relies entirely on the spoliation section of its summary judgment brief. See Doc. No. 28-1 at 1. Plaintiffs filed a resistance (Doc. No. 33) and Dometic filed a reply (Doc. No. 35).
Plaintiffs commenced this action on August 15, 2016, by filing a complaint (Doc. No. 1) against Dometic. They allege that on October 10, 2014, plaintiffs Mark and Debra Merfeld owned a 2003 Forest River Cardinal 33TS RV (the RV) and that Dometic had "manufactured, designed and/or assembled refrigerators that were equipped in Forest River's RVs." Doc. No. 1 at ¶¶ 6, 7, 10. They further allege that during the relevant time period, Dometic was the "exclusive retailer of Dometic brand refrigerators in the United States" and, upon information and belief, that the RV was "equipped with a refrigerator designed, Manufactured [sic], assembled and sold" by Dometic. Id. at ¶¶ 8-9.
According to the complaint, a failure in the RV's refrigerator caused a fire that consumed the RV and caused damage to a building owned by Mark and Debra Merfeld and to personal property owned by all of the plaintiffs. Id. at ¶ 12. The complaint includes the following counts against Dometic: (1) negligence in the manufacturing and/or design of the refrigerator, in the construction and/or assembly of the refrigerator and in the distribution of the refrigerator; (2) breach of express and/or implied warranty; (3) post sale failure to warn and (4) strict liability. Id. at pp. 3-4. Plaintiffs invoke the court's diversity jurisdiction and allege damages in excess of $75,000. Id. at ¶¶ 1-5.
Dometic filed an answer (Doc. No. 5) on September 15, 2016, in which it denies liability and raises various defenses. Dometic then filed the motions at issue on November 27, 2017. In responding to Dometic's summary judgment motion, plaintiffs voluntarily dismissed Count 2 (breach of express and/or implied warranty) and Count 3 (post sale failure to warn). Doc. No. 36-5 at 3 n. 2. Thus, Count 1 (negligent manufacture and/or design) and Count 4 (strict liability) remain for consideration.
The following facts are undisputed except where otherwise noted.
Mark and Debra Merfeld are residents of Iowa and owners of a storage building (the Building) located in Independence, Iowa. They owned personal property in the Building. Merfeld Transport, Inc., is an Iowa corporation that also owned personal property in the Building. The Building was over 12,000 square feet, was wired for electricity and contained numerous vehicles, boats, farm equipment, tractors and other items, including the RV. Debra Merfeld purchased the RV in 2005. The RV contained a refrigerator.
Dometic is a retailer of various products, including refrigerators. Prior to 2009, Dometic purchased refrigerators from Dometic AB, a distinct entity, to sell to its customers. In 2009, Dometic assumed manufacturing responsibilities from Dometic AB.
On October 11, 2014, a fire occurred at the Building. The fire caused damage to the RV, the Building, and other personal property stored in the Building, with the dollar value of the loss allegedly reaching at least $1.5 million.
Howe viewed the scene for the first time on October 14, 2014. He did not conduct a thorough investigation at the time, as he intended to wait for a joint inspection with representatives of parties who may have been responsible for the fire. On October 16, 2014, State Farm sent a notice of claim and inspection to Dometic. This notice stated that Dometic may be responsible for the loss and invited Dometic to send a representative to participate in the joint inspection, which was scheduled to take place on November 4, 2014.
Before the joint inspection took place, Mark Merfeld and his son Ryan Merfeld, along with other individuals, removed debris from the north, east and west sides of the Building, up to the area in which the RV was located. Some cleanup also occurred on the south side of the building, without disturbing the RV. A substantial amount of debris was removed from the scene before the joint inspection occurred.
Additional facts will be addressed as necessary, below.
Any party may move for summary judgment regarding all or any part of the claims asserted in a case. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). Summary judgment is appropriate when "the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986).
A material fact is one that "`might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law.'" Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). Thus, "the substantive law will identify which facts are material." Id. Facts that are "critical" under the substantive law are material, while facts that are "irrelevant or unnecessary" are not. Id.
An issue of material fact is genuine if it has a real basis in the record, Hartnagel v. Norman, 953 F.2d 394, 395 (8th Cir. 1992) (citing Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586-87, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986)), or when "`a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party' on the question." Woods v. DaimlerChrysler Corp., 409 F.3d 984, 990 (8th Cir. 2005) (quoting Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505). Evidence that only provides "some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts," Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 586, 106 S.Ct. 1348, or evidence that is "merely colorable" or "not significantly probative," Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249-50, 106 S.Ct. 2505, does not make an issue of material fact genuine.
As such, a genuine issue of material fact requires "sufficient evidence supporting the claimed factual dispute" so as to "require a jury or judge to resolve the parties' differing versions of the truth at trial." Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248-49, 106 S.Ct. 2505. The party moving for entry of summary judgment bears "the initial responsibility of informing the court of the basis for its motion and identifying those
In determining if a genuine issue of material fact is present, I must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587-88, 106 S.Ct. 1348. Further, I must give the nonmoving party the benefit of all reasonable inferences that can be drawn from the facts. Id. However, "because we view the facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, we do not weigh the evidence or attempt to determine the credibility of the witnesses." Kammueller v. Loomis, Fargo & Co., 383 F.3d 779, 784 (8th Cir. 2004). Instead, "the court's function is to determine whether a dispute about a material fact is genuine." Quick v. Donaldson Co., Inc., 90 F.3d 1372, 1376-77 (8th Cir. 1996).
State law applies to products liability actions based on diversity. Adams v. Toyota Motor Corp., 867 F.3d 903, 916 (8th Cir. 2017). Thus, Iowa law applies to this action. As noted above, the remaining causes of action are (1) strict liability and (2) negligence in the manufacturing and/or design of the refrigerator, construction and/or assembly of the refrigerator and distribution of the refrigerator. However, Iowa law has essentially eliminated the distinction between negligence and strict liability for product defect claims. Nationwide Agribusiness Ins. Co. v. SMA Elevator Constr. Inc., 816 F.Supp.2d 631, 643 (N.D. Iowa 2011). With regard to design defect claims, the Iowa Supreme Court has held that it is improper to submit a strict liability claim and a negligence claim premised on the same alleged defect to a jury. Wright v. Brooke Grp. Ltd., 652 N.W.2d 159, 169 (Iowa 2002). Instead, the court directed that a claim based on a defective product design be labeled as a "design defect claim without reference to strict liability or negligence principles." Id.
In seeking summary judgment on the remaining claims, Dometic relies primarily on the statutory immunity set forth in Iowa Code § 618.13. Dometic makes various other, alternative arguments, including its argument for dismissal based on spoliation of evidence. I will begin by addressing the statutory immunity issue.
Dometic argues that it is entitled to summary judgment on plaintiffs' product defect claims because Dometic was not the manufacturer, designer or assembler of the refrigerator and thus enjoys immunity under Iowa Code § 613.18(1). Doc. No. 26-5 at 7. Dometic argues that it did not start manufacturing refrigerators until 2009, while the refrigerator present in the 2003 RV would have been manufactured no later than 2003. Id. at 9-10.
Plaintiffs respond that the statute does not grant Dometic immunity from liability because there is a question of material fact as to whether Dometic was a manufacturer
In response, Dometic contends there is no evidence that input from McConnell contributed in any way to the alleged defect. Doc. No. 43-1 at 8. Dometic also argues that the apparent manufacturer doctrine is not currently viable under Iowa law and is inconsistent with the language of Section 613.18. Id. at 2-3. Finally, Dometic contends that even if the doctrine is viable, it would not apply under these facts. Id. at 4.
Iowa Code § 613.18 states, in relevant part:
Iowa Code Ann. § 613.18 (2017). If the claim arises "solely from an alleged defect in the original design or manufacture of the product," then subsection 613.18(1)(a) applies. Nationwide, 816 F.Supp.2d at 645 (quoting Bingham v. Marshall & Huschart Mach. Co., Inc., 485 N.W.2d 78, 80 (Iowa 1992)).
Here, plaintiffs' remaining claims arise solely from an alleged defect in the original design or manufacture of the product at issue. Therefore, the question is whether Dometic qualifies as a manufacturer or designer under Subsection 613.18(1)(a). See Bredberg v. Pepsico, Inc., 551 N.W.2d 321, 327 (Iowa 1996) (under the statute, neither designers nor manufacturers are immune from strict liability claims). Plaintiffs' arguments tend to conflate manufacturer with designer. However, the purpose of § 613.18 is to ensure that liability extends only to those who have "some responsibility for the design or manufacture of a product." Housley v. Orteck Int'l, Inc., 488 F.Supp.2d 819, 832 (S.D. Iowa 2007) (quoting Stoffel v. Thermogas Co., 998 F.Supp. 1021, 1031 (N.D. Iowa 1997)). Therefore, the kind of defect claims plaintiffs may bring against Dometic depends on what role Dometic played. Stoffel, 998 F.Supp. at 1033 ("If a defendant's only role was to design the product, only a design defect claim may be brought. If a defendant both designed and manufactured a product, then either a design defect or a manufacturing defect claim, or both, may be brought.").
The statute does not define "manufacturer." Therefore, I must rely on the common definition. See Nationwide, 816 F.Supp.2d at 648 (relying on dictionary definitions of "manufacture" and "design" because the statute lacks a definition). To manufacture means "to make into a product suitable for use," "to make from raw materials by hand or by machinery," or to "invent, fabricate." Id. at 648 n.5 (quoting Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary 709 (10th ed. 1995)).
To argue that Dometic was a manufacturer of the refrigerator at issue, plaintiffs rely on a letter from Patrick McConnell, Dometic's Director of Engineering, to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Office of Defects Investigation Enforcement. The letter stated that Dometic had manufactured and sold certain refrigerators with defects. Doc. No. 36-5 at 8; Doc. No. 36-1 at 13. The recall letter Dometic sent to its customers also stated that a defect was found in "refrigerators that it manufactured." Doc. No. 36-1 at 15.
Dometic, however, cites the testimony of David Fuller, its general counsel, to demonstrate that it was not a manufacturer or designer of the refrigerator in question. Doc. No. 26-5 at 10. Fuller testified that Dometic did not start manufacturing RV refrigerators until 2009. Doc. No. 26-2 at 29, 31, 36. Until that time, Dometic AB was the manufacturer and Dometic was a selling company only. Id. at 31, 32. Fuller also testified that the statements in the recall notice about Dometic being the manufacturer were wrong and stated "relative to the recall, it doesn't matter what the public was told." Id. at 34. McConnell similarly testified that Dometic did not manufacture refrigerators until 2009 or 2010 and that the designation of Dometic as the manufacturer in the recall notice was an error. Id. at 41, 43, 52. Roy Leitch, a specialty sales and product manager with Dometic, testified that manufacturing refrigerators was a new undertaking for Dometic in 2009. Id. at 56.
While Dometic did not manufacture the refrigerator, plaintiffs cite Tice v. Wilmington Chem. Corp., 259 Iowa 27, 141 N.W.2d 616 (1966), to argue that under the apparent manufacturer doctrine, Dometic should be treated as the manufacturer for purposes of § 613.18. In Tice, the Iowa Supreme Court noted that in a prior case, it had "by reference adopted the precepts set forth in Restatement of the Law of Torts, sections 388, 400, 401 and 402, holding in brief that one who puts out as his own a chattel manufactured by another is subject to the same liability as though he had in fact manufactured the product." Id. at 628 (citing Rauch v. American Radiator & Standard San. Corp., 252 Iowa 1, 104 N.W.2d 607 (1960)).
A similar argument was made in Allianz Global Corp. v. Watts Regulator Co., No. 4:14-CV-00253, 2016 WL 4435094 (S.D. Iowa Apr. 7, 2016). The Allianz court noted that in Wright, the Iowa Supreme Court "abandoned at least one of the Restatement sections cited in Tice in favor of the Restatement (Third) of Torts: Products Liability section 1 and 2, which does not contain a similar provision." Id. at *5 n.2. Thus, the court determined it to be unclear whether the apparent manufacturer doctrine "even remains cognizable under Iowa law." Id.
I agree that the status of the doctrine under Iowa law is not entirely clear. The Restatement (Third) did retain the common law apparent manufacturer doctrine in Section 14, which provides that "one engaged in the business of selling or otherwise distributing products who sells or distributes as its own a product manufactured by another is subject to the same liability as though the seller or distributor were the product's manufacturer." Restatement (Third) of Torts: Products Liability § 14 (1998). However, the Iowa Supreme Court did not adopt Section 14 in Wright and has not addressed the apparent manufacturer doctrine in the 50-plus years since Tice.
The doctrine makes an entity strictly liable for manufacturing and design defects, even if it was not responsible for those defects, so long as the entity represented to the public that it is the manufacturer. Doc. No. 36-5; Tice, 141 N.W.2d at 628. This doctrine is consistent with the common law principles of product liability. See Restatement (Third) of Torts: Products Liability §§ 1 cmt. e; 2 cmt. o. However, the Restatement (Third) recognizes that some states have altered the common law on this issue, noting that "many jurisdictions by statute treat non-manufacturers more leniently," and "to the extent that a statute specifies responsibilities, the statutory terms control." Id. § 14 cmt. b.
Here, plaintiffs argue that Iowa Code § 613.18 "embodies the Apparent Manufacturer Doctrine." Doc. No. 36-5 at 12. I disagree. Section 613.18 was enacted in 1986, long after Tice. Rather than codifying Tice's holding that a seller or distributor bears the same liability as a product's manufacturer, § 613.18 expressly immunizes one who "wholesales, retails, distributes, or otherwise sells a product" from various claims under specified circumstances. Iowa Code § 613.18(1)-(2). The
As noted above, the Iowa statute does not define "manufacturer." The common dictionary definition does not encompass a non-manufacturer that holds itself out as being the manufacturer. Thus, I find that the apparent manufacturer doctrine does not create an exception to § 613.18 and is not viable under Iowa law. As a matter of law, Dometic was not a "manufacturer" of the refrigerator for purposes of the statute.
The statute likewise does not define "designer." The common dictionary definition of "design" is "to create, fashion, execute, or construct according to plan: devise, contrive." See, e.g., Nationwide, 816 F.Supp.2d at 648 n.5 (quoting Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary 709 (10th ed. 1995)). In Nationwide, the court noted that a purchaser who provides a manufacturer with desired product specifications (such as height, capacity, usage rate, etc.) for the manufacturer to use in designing, assembling and constructing a product is not a "designer" within the meaning of the statute. Id. The court explained that such conduct "is simply providing the information any purchaser would provide to get a product designed to meet its requirements, not fabricating the necessary apparatus from raw materials or conceiving or devising the necessary apparatus to fulfill the function." Id.
By contrast, the Allianz court found a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the defendant "designed" the product at issue. 2016 WL 4435094, at *5. Allianz sought damages from Watts after a water leak that was caused by a failed part known as a wye strainer. Id. at *1. The court explained the situation as follows:
Id. (record citations omitted).
The court described deposition testimony from Watts employees suggesting that Watts had a significant role in the design of the product, including the material composition of the strainer. Id. at *5. For example, Watts' Director of Engineering testified that Watts had an employee who reviewed and approved Fortune's assembly drawing for the strainer, that Watts had to approve any changes Fortune made to the design and that Watts could have asked for changes in the material composition of the product. Id. at *5. Based on this evidence, the court thus found that Watts "did more than just provide specifications" and had at least some responsibility for
Here, plaintiffs cite the deposition testimony of Patrick McConnell to argue that there is a question of material fact as to whether Dometic is a designer of the refrigerator at issue. Doc. No. 36-5 at 2, 5-9.
McConnell's testimony reflects a level of involvement in product design that is not as extensive as that in Allianz, but nonetheless more significant than merely providing specifications. Additional analysis is necessary to determine whether that involvement disqualifies Dometic from statutory immunity as a "designer" under the facts of this case. In applying § 613.18(1)(a), the Iowa Supreme Court focuses on the defendant's role with regard to the dangerous condition of the product. In Kolarik v. Cory Intern. Corp, 721 N.W.2d 159 (Iowa 2006), the Court considered claims brought by a plaintiff who suffered a dental injury after biting an olive that contained a pit or pit fragment. Id. at 161. The defendants were importers and wholesalers of the olives, which had been imported from Spain. Id.
In arguing that the defendants were not entitled to immunity under § 613.18(1)(a), the plaintiff asserted that they were "assemblers" because they removed bulk olives from drums and repackaged the olives into jars. Id. at 162. In disagreeing, the Court explained:
Id. (emphasis added).
While Kolarik addressed the role of "assembler" under § 613.18(1)(a), rather than that of "designer," I find no basis for analyzing the roles distinctly. Just as one who has some role in the assembly process retains statutory immunity absent some contribution to the product's dangerous condition, the same concept logically applies to one who has some role in the design process. Here, then, Dometic's limited involvement in the design of the refrigerators
That condition involves the refrigerator's boiler tube. The recall notice Dometic issued for Forest River RVs in 2007 stated that the refrigerators in certain RVs "may have a defect in the boiler tube" and "pressurized coolant solution could be released into an area where an ignition source (gas flame) is present." Doc. No. 36-2 at 186. This notice also stated that the release of the coolant under certain conditions could result in a fire. Id. Dometic's recall notice issued in 2006 stated that the potential defect in the refrigerators is "associated with [the] cooling unit at the back" and that some of the "potentially affected refrigerators have experienced a fatigue crack that may develop in the boiler tube in the area of the weld between the boiler tube and the heater pocket." Doc. No. 26-2 at 14. The notice stated that this defect may release coolant into an area where an ignition source is present. Id.
Plaintiffs' experts state that the RV refrigerator at issue in this case experienced a failure in the boiler section. Doc. No. 36-1 at 38. Specifically, corrosion of the boiler tube allowed combustible gases to be released and ignite, causing the fire. Doc. No. 36-2 at 161; 36-1 at 71-72, 76, 85; 36-1 at 38; 36-3 at 2. Thus, the alleged defect in this case, according to plaintiffs' experts, relates to the refrigerator's boiler tube.
As described above, McConnell, on behalf of Dometic, had some limited involvement in design-related activities with regard to refrigerators made and sold by Dometic AB. However, the record contains no evidence that McConnell's activities related in any way to the boiler tube. Nor is there any other evidence suggesting that Dometic had any role in designing the boiler tube or otherwise "contribute[d] to the condition that underlies" plaintiffs' claims. As such, I find as a matter of law that Dometic was not a "designer" within the meaning of Iowa Code § 613.18(1)(a).
Because Dometic was neither a "manufacturer" nor a "designer," it is entitled to statutory immunity under Iowa law as to plaintiffs' product defect claims. This leaves for consideration only plaintiffs' claims for negligent assembly and negligent distribution.
Apart from their product defect claims, plaintiffs claim Dometic was negligent in the assembly and distribution of the refrigerator. However, plaintiffs do not dispute that Dometic did not assemble the refrigerator. As such, I will grant summary judgment in Dometic's favor on the negligent assembly claim.
As for negligent distribution, Dometic argues that Iowa law does not recognize a cause of action against a seller for "negligent distribution" and notes that plaintiffs have not presented any evidence supporting such a claim, even if it exists. Id. at 15-16. Plaintiffs did not respond to Dometic's arguments as to this claim. As such, I need not delve into the question of whether a claim of negligent distribution is available under Iowa law. I will grant Dometic's motion for summary judgment on the negligent distribution claim.
The conclusions set forth above dispose of all plaintiffs' remaining claims. Thus, Dometic's arguments for dismissal based on spoliation of evidence are largely moot. However, I will address that issue to determine whether an alternative basis exists for dismissing this case.
Dometic argues that dismissal is warranted because plaintiffs intentionally destroyed evidence to suppress the truth by cleaning up the northern, eastern and western areas of the building before the joint inspection that was scheduled for November 4, 2014. Doc. No. 26-5 at 19-20. Dometic contends that Mark Merfeld intentionally destroyed evidence after George Howe instructed him not to touch the fire scene. Id. at 27. Dometic then argues that the cleanup was prejudicial because its experts did not have the opportunity to examine potential alternative sources of origin for the fire, other than the RV. Id. at 33-35, 39. Dometic defines the fire scene as the entire building and claims that any destruction of that scene creates prejudice. Id.
Plaintiffs argue that there was no spoliation of evidence because (1) the fire scene is limited only to the RV, not the entire building and (2) Merfeld did not intend to destroy evidence when he cleaned the northern, eastern and western areas of the building.
"Spoliation" is the "intentional destruction, mutilation, alteration or concealment of evidence." Spoliation, Black's Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014). In diversity cases, federal law applies to sanctions imposed for the spoliation of evidence. Sherman v. Rinchem Co., Inc., 687 F.3d 996, 1006 (8th Cir. 2012). District courts have the inherent power to "fashion an appropriate sanction for conduct which abuses the judicial process." Gallagher v. Magner, 619 F.3d 823, 844 (8th Cir. 2010) (quoting Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 44-45, 111 S.Ct. 2123, 115 L.Ed.2d 27 (1991)). Dismissal is warranted only if the court finds that the plaintiffs intentionally destroyed evidence in such a way that "indicat[es] a desire to suppress the truth." Id.; Menz v. New Holland North America, Inc., 440 F.3d 1002, 1006 (8th Cir. 2006).
A court has "substantial leeway to determine intent through consideration of circumstantial evidence, witness credibility, motives of the witnesses ... and other factors." Estate of Seaman, 840 F.Supp.2d at 1115. The ultimate focus is whether there was "intentional destruction of evidence indicating a desire to suppress the truth" and not simply that the parties were aware of the prospect of litigation. Greyhound Lines, Inc. v. Wade, 485 F.3d 1032, 1035 (8th Cir. 2007). In Stevenson, the Eighth Circuit addressed a situation that "tests the limits" of what actions qualify as bad faith, or intentional destruction. 354 F.3d at 747-48. In that case, the defendant
Here, the fire occurred on October 11, 2014. Doc. No. 26-1 at 1. Plaintiffs' insurance adjuster, Brooks Combs of State Farm, met the plaintiffs at the Building on October 12, 2014. Id. at 17. State Farm's fire investigator, George Howe, viewed the Building on October 14, 2014. Id. at 14. He did not conduct a thorough investigation, but took some pictures and examined one outlet. Id. at 11. On October 16, 2014, State Farm sent a Notice of Claim and Inspection to Dometic, indicating that Dometic may be responsible for the property loss at the building. Id. at 12. A joint inspection was scheduled for November 4, 2014. Id. Mark Merfeld knew the joint inspection was scheduled for November 4. Id. at 15.
Sometime in October, Mark Merfeld and others began cleaning up debris from the building. Doc. Nos. 26-2 at 115; 26-3 at 9. Ryan Merfeld, Mark Merfeld's son, estimated that twenty 40-foot semi-trailers of material were removed and between 20-30 people came through the Building prior to the inspection. Doc. No. 26-1 at 12. The RV itself was preserved and covered with tarp during the cleanup. Doc. No. 36-3 at 168. The parties agree that the Building had been substantially altered when the November 4 inspection occurred. Id. at 14. The parties also agree that Combs and Howe directed Mark Merfeld not to alter the scene in any way before the joint inspection. Doc. Nos. 26-3 at 28, 30-31. Howe also suggested to Merfeld that the RV and the area between the RV and the wall be covered with tarp in order to preserve it. Doc. No. 26-2 at 90, 91.
However, despite the initial instructions not to disturb the fire scene, at some point after the fire — but before the joint inspection — Combs and Howe told Mark Merfeld that he could do some cleanup in the building. Doc. No. 26-3 at 33, 34. Combs testified that the cleanup authorization was to knock down a dangerous wall on the north end of the building. Id. at 34. He claims that he did not authorize a cleanup to the extent that the building was ultimately cleaned. Id. at 33-34
Howe's testimony about what he told Mark Merfeld is similar. Doc. No. 26-2 at 89, 90. Howe stated that he authorized Mark Merfeld to inventory a portion of the building and "to just stay away from the area around the RV." Id. at 94. He also said the Merfelds could knock down a precarious wall on the north side of the building. Id. However, he testified that he did not believe the conversation authorized Mark Merfeld to remove and dispose of the physical debris to the extent it was ultimately cleaned. Id.
Mark Merfeld testified that he cleaned up some "trash and fire debris" but, to his
Ryan Merfeld testified that they put the tarp on the RV because they were not allowed to touch it during the cleanup, as they were instructed to keep everything the same. Id. at 168. He also testified that they were told to keep the side near the RV, the south wall, intact because of the "electricity ... just in case they found something over there," but they were allowed to clean up everything else. Id. He stated they were never told specifically not to disturb the scene to the east, north or west side of the RV. Id.
Under these circumstances, it is clear that State Farm's directives to the Merfelds were unclear and, indeed, bordered on the ridiculous. With a joint inspection already scheduled, it is absurd that State Farm authorized its insureds to take any action concerning the Building. However, the evidence does not permit a finding of intentional destruction of evidence for the purpose of suppressing the truth. Plaintiffs held off on doing any work with regard to the Building until they received permission from Combs. The extensive cleanup work that followed arose from a miscommunication about the scope of the area plaintiffs were authorized to clean. There is no evidence that either State Farm or the Merfelds acted with the intent to destroy evidence that would have revealed an alternative cause of the fire.
While I have already found that dismissal is not appropriate, I will briefly address the issue of prejudice. Prejudice may be shown simply by the nature of the evidence that was destroyed. Stevenson, 354 F.3d at 748. The destroyed evidence need not be a "smoking gun" to be prejudicial. Rattray, 761 F.Supp.2d at 845-46. There is no prejudice if there is no support for the speculation that the destroyed evidence would have affected the litigation. Gallagher, 619 F.3d at 844; See also Koons v. Aventis Pharm., Inc., 367 F.3d 768, 780 (8th Cir. 2004). If the missing evidence would be different or more helpful to the party claiming spoliation than the evidence that already exists, there is likely prejudice. See Cedar Rapids Lodge & Suites, LLC v. JFS Dev., Inc., No. 09-CV-175-LRR, 2011 WL 5975127, at *6 (N.D. Iowa Nov. 29, 2011).
Both parties agree that disturbing a fire scene can compromise the investigation. Doc. Nos. 26-1 at 23; 36 at 11. Due to the cleanup, Dometic was unable to perform a thorough inspection of other areas of the building to determine whether there was an alternative origin point for the fire. Walter Oliveaux, Dometic's fire inspector, stated in his report that testing of other possible fire origins was not possible due to the extent of cleaning. Id. at 107-08. He suggested that another person, Steve Bonefas, could have been responsible for the ignition because he was at the building during the day of the fire and was a smoker, but it was not possible to confirm this. Id. at 106-08. Derek Starr, another fire investigator for Dometic, stated that the alteration to the building made it impossible to test alternative origin hypotheses. Id. at 91.
Plaintiffs argue that eyewitness testimony confirms that the fire started at the RV. Doc. No. 36-5 at 24. Marvel Van Note
Clearly, the fire scene is the unique and primary source of evidence concerning the cause of the fire. The significant disturbance that occurred in this case was prejudicial to Dometic. See Stevenson, 354 F.3d at 748. Thus, but for the lack of evidence establishing an intent to destroy evidence, I would find spoliation to be an alternative basis for dismissal.
For the reasons set forth herein:
1. Defendant's motion (Doc. No. 26) for summary judgment is granted in its entirety and all claims are hereby dismissed with prejudice.
2. Trial, currently scheduled to begin July 23, 2018, is hereby canceled.
3. Judgment shall enter in favor of the defendant and against the plaintiffs.
4. Defendant's motion to dismiss (Doc. No. 28) for spoliation of evidence is denied as moot.