FILED
                             FOR PUBLICATION                        MAY 10 2011

                                                                MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                U .S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS




                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT



VETERANS FOR COMMON SENSE, a                 No. 08-16728
District of Columbia nonprofit
organization; VETERANS UNITED FOR            D.C. No. 3:07-cv-03758-SC
TRUTH, INC., a California nonprofit
organization, representing their members
and a class of all veterans similarly        OPINION
situated,

            Plaintiffs - Appellants,

 v.

ERIC K. SHINSEKI, Secretary of
Veterans Affairs; UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS
AFFAIRS; JAMES P. TERRY, Chairman,
Board of Veterans’ Appeals; MICHAEL
WALCOFF, Acting Under Secretary,
Veterans Benefits Administration;
BRADLEY G. MAYES, Director,
Compensation and Pension Service;
ROBERT A. PETZEL, M.D., Under
Secretary, Veterans Health Administration;
PRITZ K. NAVARA, Veterans Service
Center Manager, Oakland Regional Office,
Department of Veterans Affairs; UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA; ERIC H.
HOLDER, JR., Attorney General of the
United States; BRUCE E. CASOLD, JR.,
Chief Judge of the United States Court of
Appeals for Veterans Claims,
             Defendants - Appellees,




                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Northern District of California
                     Samuel Conti, District Judge, Presiding

                            Argued August 12, 2009
                            San Francisco, California
                          Submitted September 14, 2009




Before: KOZINSKI, Chief Judge, HUG and REINHARDT, Circuit Judges.

                            Opinion by Judge Reinhardt

REINHARDT, Circuit Judge:

      On an average day, eighteen veterans of our nation’s armed forces take their

own lives. Of those, roughly one quarter are enrolled with the Department of

Veterans Affairs (“VA”) health care system. Among all veterans enrolled in the

VA system, an additional 1,000 attempt suicide each month. Although the VA is

obligated to provide veterans mental health services, many veterans with severe

depression or post-traumatic stress disorder (“PTSD”) are forced to wait weeks for

mental health referrals and are given no opportunity to request or demonstrate their

need for expedited care. For those who commit suicide in the interim, care does

not come soon enough. Like the cavalry of Alfred, Lord Tennyson’s “Charge of

                                         2
the Light Brigade,” these veterans may neither “make reply” nor “reason why” to

the “blunder” of those responsible for their safety.

         Veterans who return home from war suffering from psychological maladies

are entitled by law to disability benefits to sustain themselves and their families as

they regain their health. Yet it takes an average of more than four years for a

veteran to fully adjudicate a claim for benefits. During that time many claims are

mooted by deaths. The delays have worsened in recent years, as the influx of

injured troops returning from deployment in Iraq and Afghanistan has placed an

unprecedented strain on the VA, and has overwhelmed the system that it employs

to provide medical care to veterans and to process their disability benefits claims.

For veterans and their families, such delays cause unnecessary grief and privation.

And for some veterans, most notably those suffering from combat-derived mental

illnesses such as PTSD, these delays may make the difference between life and

death.

         In this context, two non-profit organizations, Veterans for Common Sense

and Veterans United for Truth (collectively “Veterans” 1), seek injunctive and

declaratory relief to remedy the delays in (1) the provision of mental health care



         1
         We use the term Veterans to refer the two plaintiff organizations as well as
to their members throughout.

                                           3
and (2) the adjudication of service-connected death and disability compensation

claims by the VA. Among other issues, Veterans ask us to decide whether these

delays violate veterans’ due process rights to receive the care and benefits they are

guaranteed by statute for harms and injuries sustained while serving our country.

We conclude that they do.

      We do not reach this answer lightly. We would have preferred Congress or

the President to have remedied the VA’s egregious problems without our

intervention when evidence of the Department’s harmful shortcomings and its

failure to properly address the needs of our veterans first came to light years ago.

Had Congress taken the requisite action and rendered this case unnecessary even

while it was pending before us, we would have been happy to terminate the

proceedings and enter an order of dismissal. Alternatively, had the VA agreed

with Veterans following oral argument to consider a practical resolution of the

complex problems, the end result surely would have been more satisfactory for all

involved. We joined in our dissenting colleague’s suggestion that we defer

submission of this case in order to permit the parties to explore mediation, and we

regret that effort proved of no avail. We willingly acknowledge that, in theory, the

political branches of our government are better positioned than are the courts to

design the procedures necessary to save veterans’ lives and to fulfill our country’s


                                           4
obligation to care for those who have protected us. But that is only so if those

governmental institutions are willing to do their job.

      We are presented here with the question of what happens when the political

branches fail to act in a manner that is consistent with the Constitution. The

Constitution affirms that the People have rights that are enforceable against the

government. One such right is to be free from unjustified governmental

deprivation of property – including the health care and benefits that our laws

guarantee veterans upon completion of their service. Absent constitutionally

sufficient procedural protections, the promise we make to veterans becomes

worthless. When the government harms its veterans by the deprivations at issue

here, they are entitled to turn to the courts for relief. Indeed, our Constitution

established an independent Judiciary precisely for situations like this, in which a

vulnerable group, that is being denied its rights by an unresponsive government,

has nowhere else to turn. No more critical example exists than when the

government fails to afford its injured or wounded veterans their constitutional

rights. Wars, including wars of choice, have many costs. Affording our veterans

their constitutional rights is a primary one.

      There comes a time when the political branches have so completely and

chronically failed to respect the People’s constitutional rights that the courts must


                                           5
be willing to enforce them. We have reached that unfortunate point with respect to

veterans who are suffering from the hidden, or not hidden, wounds of war. The

VA’s unchecked incompetence has gone on long enough; no more veterans should

be compelled to agonize or perish while the government fails to perform its

obligations. Having chosen to honor and provide for our veterans by guaranteeing

them the mental health care and other critical benefits to which they are entitled,

the government may not deprive them of that support through unchallengeable and

interminable delays. Because the VA continues to deny veterans what they have

been promised without affording them the process due to them under the

Constitution, our duty is to compel the agency to provide the procedural safeguards

that will ensure their rights. When the stakes are so high for so many, we must,

with whatever reluctance, fulfill our obligation to take this extraordinary step.2

      We affirm the district court’s rulings with respect to Veterans’s various

claims for specific forms of relief under the Administrative Procedure Act,

including their claims for system-wide implementation of various VA mental

health care initiatives and their claims for the alteration of disability compensation


      2
        We emphasize that we are presented with grave questions of life and death,
and fundamental structural problems with the government’s fulfillment of its duty
to veterans. This is a serious matter, which deserves to be taken seriously, rather
than as an opportunity to employ military metaphors in a failed effort to entertain
the reader.

                                           6
adjudication procedures in VA regional offices. We conclude, as did the district

court, that the relevant provisions of the Administrative Procedure Act prevent us

from granting Veterans the statutory relief that they seek. We reverse, however,

the district court’s rulings on Veterans’s constitutional claims. We hold that the

VA’s failure to provide adequate procedures for veterans facing prejudicial delays

in the delivery of mental health care violates the Due Process Clause of the Fifth

Amendment, and that the district court erred when it found otherwise. We further

hold that the district court erred in concluding that it lacked jurisdiction to review

Veterans’s due process challenge to delays and procedural deficiencies in the

compensation claims adjudication system, and that it erroneously denied Veterans

the relief to which they are entitled under the Due Process Clause. We therefore

affirm the district court in part, reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings.




                                    B ACKGROUND

      There are approximately 25 million veterans in the United States. As of

May 2007, roughly one-quarter of them were enrolled for health care with the VA,3


      3
         The district court found these facts. We take judicial notice of the more
current official figures provided by the VA: 23 million veterans, of whom one-
third (8 million) are now enrolled for health care with the Veterans Health
Administration, and of whom 3 million receive disability benefits. See VA
                                                                          (continued...)

                                           7
the mission of which is “to fulfill President Lincoln’s promise ‘To care for him,

who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and for his orphan’ by serving

and honoring the men and women who are America’s veterans.”4 The VA has

three branches: the Veterans Health Administration (“VHA”), the Veterans

Benefits Administration (“VBA”), and the National Cemetery Administration

(“NCA”). This case involves statutory and constitutional challenges to the actions

of two of those branches, the VHA and the VBA.

I.    Veterans Health Administration

      Under Chapter 17 of Title 38 of the United States Code, veterans have a

statutory entitlement to hospital care and other medical services. See 38 U.S.C. §

1710. This care is provided by the Veterans Health Administration. The VHA is

required by law to provide free medical care to all veterans who served in any

conflict after November 1, 1998, for up to five years from the date of separation

from military service for any medical condition, even if the condition is not

attributable to military service. 38 U.S.C. §§ 1710(e)(3)(C)(i); 1710(e)(1)(D).



      3
        (...continued)
Benefits & Health Care Utilization (July 30, 2010), available at
http://www1.va.gov/VETDATA/Pocket-Card/4X6_summer10_sharepoint.pdf.
      4
        United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Mission Statement,
available at http://www4.va.gov/about_va/ mission.asp.

                                          8
Medical services that the VHA is required to provide to veterans include “medical

examination, treatment, and rehabilitative services.” 38 U.S.C. § 1701(6).

      The VHA is also required, by statute, to provide readjustment counseling

and related mental health care services to eligible veterans. See 38 U.S.C.

§ 1712A. The Secretary of Veterans Affairs is required to “furnish counseling to

the veteran to assist the veteran in readjusting to civilian life. Such counseling may

include a general mental and psychological assessment of the veteran to ascertain

whether such veteran has mental or psychological problems associated with

readjustment to civilian life.” 38 U.S.C. § 1712A(a)(1)(A). If a veteran requests a

“general mental health assessment” the VA must provide such an assessment “as

soon as practical after receiving the request, but not later than 30 days after

receiving the request.” 38 U.S.C. § 1712A(a)(3). If the physician or psychologist

who conducts the mental health evaluation determines that the veteran requires

mental health services “to facilitate the successful readjustment of the veteran to

civilian life” the veteran shall be “furnished such services.” 38 U.S.C.

§ 1712A(b)(1).

      The VHA provides healthcare services to veterans via 21 regional Veterans

Integrated Service Networks, which administer 153 VA hospitals (or medical

centers), approximately 800 community-based outpatient clinics, and 200


                                           9
Readjustment Centers (or “Vet Centers”) throughout the United States. The

Secretary is required by statute to ensure that this health care system is “managed

in a manner to ensure that the provision of care to enrollees is timely and

acceptable in quality.” 38 U.S.C. § 1705(b)(3).

      Most veterans enrolled with the VA receive medical care at the VHA’s

community-based outpatient clinics. These clinics do not provide mental health

care services, even though an unprecedented number of newly-discharged veterans

have been diagnosed as suffering from mental disorders, in particular PTSD, as a

result of military service in Iraq or Afghanistan. Approximately one out of every

three soldiers returning from Iraq was seen in a VHA facility for mental health

related treatment within a year of his return to the United States. The total number

of patients is high; since October 2001, more than 1.6 million military personnel

have served in Iraq or Afghanistan, and as of the end of 2007, over 800,000

veterans of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan were eligible for VA health care.

      PTSD is a leading mental health disorder diagnosis for those veterans.5

According to Dr. Arthur Blank, a psychiatric expert who testified before the district



      5
        As the Commander-in-Chief recently acknowledged, PTSD is one of the
two “signature wounds of today’s wars.” President Barack Obama, Remarks by
the President in Address to the Nation on the End of Combat Operations in Iraq
(Aug. 31, 2010).

                                          10
court, this disorder is a “psychological condition that occurs when people are

exposed to extreme, life-threatening circumstances, or [when they are in]

immediate contact with death and/or gruesomeness, such as [what] occurs in

combat, severe vehicular accidents or natural disasters. It produces a complex of

psychological symptoms which may endure over time.” Those symptoms include

anxiety, persistent nightmares, depression, uncontrollable anger, and difficulties

coping with work, family, and social relationships. From 2002 to 2003 there was a

232 percent increase in PTSD diagnoses among veterans born after 1972. A 2008

study by the RAND Institute shows that 18.5 percent of U.S. service members who

have returned from Iraq and Afghanistan currently have PTSD, and that 300,000

service members now deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan “currently suffer PTSD or

major depression.” Delays in the treatment of PTSD can lead to alcoholism, drug

addiction, homelessness, anti-social behavior, or suicide.

      Veterans in general face a heightened risk of suicide. Studies show that

suicide rates among veterans are much higher than among the general population.

One such study considered by the district court, the “Katz Suicide Study” of

February 2006, found that suicide rates among veterans were approximately 3.2

times higher than among the general population. The author of that study, a senior

physician and administrator at the VHA, also estimated that “[t]here are about 18


                                         11
suicides per day among American’s 25 million veterans” and that there are four to

five suicides per day among veterans currently receiving treatment from the VA.

Dr. Katz subsequently noted that the VHA’s “suicide prevention coordinators” had

identified approximately 1,000 suicide attempts per month among the veterans

treated in VHA medical facilities.

      In July 2004, the VA developed and adopted a five-year Mental Health

Strategic Plan to improve the provision of mental health care services. One of its

core objectives was to “[r]educe suicides among veterans.” In May 2007,

however, the VA Office of Inspector General (“OIG”) issued a report concluding

that many components of the Mental Health Strategic Plan, including those relating

to suicide reduction, had not been implemented. Moreover, the district court

record shows that even in areas in which the VA has attempted to follow the

Mental Health Strategic Plan, the measures introduced have fallen short of the

Plan’s express goals. For example, the Plan called for thorough mental health

screening for “[e]very returning service man/woman . . . as part of the post-

deployment and separation medical examination.” Mental health screening is now

a component of the primary health care examination when veterans first enroll in

the VA, but that screening is not rigorous and does not always evaluate veterans’

risk of suicide. Although veterans are screened for PTSD, depression, traumatic


                                         12
brain injury, military sexual trauma, and problem drinking, their risk of suicide is

not automatically assessed. All veterans who specifically present6 with mental

health or addiction disorders are screened for suicide risk, but just two questions

are asked:

      (1) “During the past two weeks, have you felt down, depressed, or
      hopeless?”

      (2) “During the past two weeks, have you had any thoughts that life
      was not worth living or any thoughts of harming yourself in any
      way?”

Veterans who answer “yes” to the first question, but “no” to the second question

are not given any further suicide risk screening, unless they are being admitted to

an inpatient psychiatric unit.7

      The May 2007 OIG report concluded that there was a widespread absence of

effective suicide prevention measures at VHA facilities. The report found that 61.8

percent of VHA facilities had not introduced a suicide prevention strategy to target

veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan and that 42.7 percent of such



      6
        The intransitive verb “present” is used by healthcare professionals to mean
“to come before a physician (with a particular symptom, medical history, etc.)”
Webster’s New World College Dictionary (2010).
      7
        Although the record does not state explicitly that those who answer “no” to
both questions also receive no further treatment, even if they experienced frequent
suicidal impulses previously, we note that this is also a logical inference.

                                          13
facilities had not introduced a program to educate first-contact, non-medical

personnel about how to respond to crisis situations involving veterans at risk for

suicide. This report also found that 70 percent of VHA facilities had not

introduced a system to track veterans who presented risk factors for suicide and

16.4 percent of VHA facilities had not implemented a medical referral system for

veterans with risk factors. By 2009, each of the 153 VHA Medical Centers had a

suicide prevention officer, charged with overseeing the clinical care of at-risk

patients.8 There were, however, no suicide prevention officers at any of the

approximately 800 community-based outpatient clinics, where most veterans

receive their medical care.

      The effect of VHA’s failure to implement a systematic program designed to

reduce veterans’ risk of suicide has been magnified by its failure to adopt measures

to ensure that veterans with mental health disorders are swiftly identified and

offered treatment. As the district court found, the May 2007 OIG report identified

significant delays that prevented veterans from obtaining timely physician referrals

for the treatment of depression and PTSD. For example, the report found that

where a primary care provider refers a veteran suffering from depression with



      8
        The district court noted that these officers receive just two and one half
days of special training for their role.

                                          14
symptoms of moderate severity, only 40 percent of VA facilities reported a same-

day evaluation, whereas 24.5 percent of VA facilities reported a waiting period of

two to four weeks, and 4.5 percent of facilities reported a waiting period of four to

eight weeks. Similarly, only 33.6 percent of VA facilities reported same-day

evaluation for individuals referred with symptoms of PTSD, while 26 percent

reported wait times of two to four weeks, and 5.5 percent reported wait times of

four to eight weeks. These extensive waiting times can have devastating results for

individuals with serious mental illnesses.

      The VA has acknowledged the crucial importance of timely clinical

treatment for individuals with mental illnesses, and the district court record is

replete with examples of statements, both written and oral, by senior VHA

physicians and administrators underscoring the importance of timely medical care.

One such example is a memorandum written by William Feeley, who, until April

2009, was the Deputy Under Secretary for Health Operations and Management at

the VHA. In June 2007, he issued a memorandum instructing the directors of all

21 Veterans Integrated Service Networks to begin implementing the specific

initiatives set forth in the 2004 Mental Health Strategic Plan, including those

guaranteeing timely mental health treatment. The memo instructed that a veteran

who presents with mental health issues for the first time at a medical center or


                                          15
community-based outpatient clinic should be evaluated within 24 hours. It also

provided that a veteran who seeks an appointment for mental health issues should

be given a follow-up appointment within 14 days. Yet, VA administrators testified

before the district court during the 2009 trial that they had no reports showing that

either initiative mentioned in the Feeley memo had been implemented system-

wide. Indeed, the district court found that as of April 2008, approximately 85,450

veterans remained on VHA waiting lists for mental health services.9

      Veterans suffering from mental illnesses who are told that they must wait for

extended periods of time before receiving treatment have little recourse. A veteran

has neither the right nor the opportunity to appeal an administrative decision to

place him on a wait list, if that decision is made by a clerical appointment

scheduler such as a medical center receptionist. By contrast, a veteran may appeal

a doctor or nurse’s clinical decision that he must wait for a certain period of time

before receiving mental health care. To do so, he must complain to a so-called

“Patient Advocate,” an employee of the VHA Medical Center at which the veteran



      9
         These numbers may, however, significantly under-represent the number of
veterans actually awaiting mental health care. During the trial before the district
court, the chief medical officer of the Veterans Integrated Service Network in the
Great Lakes Region testified that, in his region, a veteran was only placed on the
wait list for a mental health appointment after he had already waited for 30 days to
see a mental health professional.

                                          16
was treated who is a colleague of the doctor or nurse who placed the veteran on the

wait list. The Patient Advocate logs the veteran’s complaint in a database and

refers the complaint to the Medical Center’s Chief of Staff, who must decide how

to respond to the complaint within seven days. If the veteran disagrees with the

Chief of Staff’s decision, he may further appeal to the Director of the Veterans

Integrated Service Network, who makes a final decision on the veteran’s

complaint. If the veteran disagrees with the Director’s decision, he may ask the

Director to request an external review. The veteran himself may not request such a

review; only the Director may do so. Moreover, even if the Director does request

an external review, the veteran has no right to know the results of that review. The

veteran’s only way to independently learn the outcome of an external review is to

file request under the Freedom of Information Act.

II.    Veterans Benefits Administration

       The Veterans Benefit Administration is the branch of the VA responsible for

veterans’ benefits programs, including pensions and “Service-Connected Death

and Disability Compensation” benefits. Veterans with service-connected

disabilities – i.e., disabilities that are the result of a disease or injury incurred

through, or aggravated during, active military service – are entitled to monetary

benefits as compensation. See 38 U.S.C. § 1110; 38 C.F.R. § 3.303(d).


                                             17
Approximately 3.4 million veterans currently receive monetary benefits from the

VBA. The district court found that many recipients of service-connected death or

disability compensation benefits are totally or primarily dependent upon those

benefits for financial support. The application procedures for such benefits are

complex, and the district court found that, in light of statistics showing the limited

formal education of the majority of recent veterans, many of them may have

difficulty applying for the benefits to which they are entitled without substantial

third-party assistance.

                                           A

      The labyrinthine process of applying for benefits from the VBA begins at

one of the 57 VA Regional Offices located throughout the United States. To apply

for service-connected disability compensation benefits, a veteran must complete a

23-page application and submit it to the VA Regional Office in his area. In support

of his application, the veteran must present evidence of his disability, service in the

military that would entitle him to benefits, and a nexus between the disability and

the military service.10


      10
         A veteran whose claim includes PTSD must additionally provide proof of
a “stressor” event that occurred during his military service. See 38 C.F.R.
§ 3.304(f)(1) (“if the evidence establishes that the veteran engaged in combat . . .
and the claimed stressor is related to that combat, in the absence of clear and
                                                                         (continued...)

                                          18
      The Veterans Claims Assistance Act, 38 U.S.C. § 5103, states that the VBA

has a “duty to assist” veterans, requiring it to aid them in developing all evidence

in support of their disability claims. Under the Act, upon receipt of a veteran’s

benefits claim application, a VBA Veterans Service Representative must contact

the veteran and notify him of any further evidence that the VBA requires in order

to adjudicate the claim. 

Service Representative must send the

veteran a “duty to notify letter” detailing what information the veteran is expected

to provide and what evidence the VBA will seek on his behalf under the Veterans

Claims Assistance Act. In accordance with its “duty to assist” under the Act, the

VBA must seek all government records that may pertain to the claim, including,

inter alia, service personnel and medical records, VA medical records, and social


      10
        (...continued)
convincing evidence to the contrary . . . the veteran’s lay testimony alone may
establish the occurrence of the claimed in-service stressor.”) According to Ronald
Aument, formerly Deputy Under Secretary for Benefits, this additional
requirement renders PTSD-based disability benefit claims among the most difficult
claims that the VA adjudicates. Specifically, the district court found that veterans
often make mistakes completing their application forms and submitting evidence in
support of their disability claims, and veterans suffering from PTSD had a
particularly hard time furnishing the information properly. We note, however, that
the VA recently amended its regulations “by liberalizing in some cases the
evidentiary standard for establishing the required in-service stressor” to make it
simpler for veterans to file claims for PTSD based on stressors “related to the
veteran’s fear of hostile military or terrorist activity.” Stressor Determinations for
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, 75 Fed. Reg. 39,843, 39,843 (July 13, 2010); see 38
C.F.R. § 3.304(f)(3) (2010).

                                          19
security records. The “duty to assist” also requires the VBA to undertake

“reasonable efforts” to acquire non-federal records, most notably private medical

records identified by the veteran, if the veteran furnishes the VBA with a signed

release form. Veterans have 60 days to respond to the “duty to notify letter” and to

furnish the VBA with any applicable releases.

      Section 5103A of the Veterans Claims Assistance Act states that the VBA’s

“duty to assist” also includes “providing a medical examination or obtaining a

medical opinion when such an examination or opinion is necessary to make a

decision on the claim.” 38 U.S.C. § 5103A. This medical examination is intended

to confirm that a disability exists and to assess the medical implications of that

disability in order to assist the claim adjudicator in determining the percentage the

veteran will be considered disabled pursuant to the VBA’s rating schedule. The

VBA arranges and pays for Compensation and Pension Examinations, and the

current wait time for such examinations is approximately 30-35 days. Individuals

who have been treated for a recognized disability, such as PTSD, at a VHA

medical facility may nonetheless be required to undergo a Compensation and

Pension Examination. Moreover, a veteran who has been previously diagnosed by

a physician at a VHA medical center as having PTSD, may nonetheless be




                                          20
diagnosed as not having PTSD during a VBA Compensation and Pension

Examination.

       Once all of the evidence in support of a veteran’s service-connected

disability compensation benefits claim has been gathered, a Rating Veterans

Service Representative (known as a “rating specialist”) decides whether the

veteran’s disability is service connected, and, if it is, assigns a rating to his claim.

Approximately 88 percent of all ratings claims are at least partially granted. The

rating given operates on a sliding scale from zero percent disabled to 100 percent

disabled, with increases at ten percent increments. Compensation currently ranges

from $123 per month for a ten percent rating to $2,673 per month for a 100 percent

rating. 38 U.S.C. § 1114.

       During the pendency of a veteran’s claim to his local VBA Regional Office,

he is statutorily barred from paying a lawyer to represent him. See 38 U.S.C.

§ 5904. He may, however, be represented by a pro bono attorney or a

representative from a Veterans Service Organization – a non-profit organization

that is dedicated to working on behalf of veterans.11


       11
         VSOs are not affiliated with the VA. The district court found that in some
cases, the VA provides VSOs with office space in its VBA Regional Offices,
computer systems, and access to VA databases. The court also found, however,
that the VA does not provide training to VSOs regarding how to assist veterans,
                                                                       (continued...)

                                            21
      If a veteran disagrees with the rating accorded him by the ratings specialist

in his local Regional Office he may appeal. The multi-phase appeals process is,

however, extremely difficult to navigate, especially for those suffering from mental

disabilities such as PTSD, and embarking upon an appeal may delay a veteran’s

receipt of benefits for many years.

      A veteran may initiate his appeal of a rating specialist’s rating decision by

filing an informal Notice of Disagreement with his local Regional Office, or by

filing a direct appeal to the Board of Veterans’ Appeals with that Regional Office.

A Notice of Disagreement may be filed within one year of the issuance of the VBA

Regional Office’s ratings decision. The veteran may appeal any part of the rating

decision, including the denial of a ground of disability, the percentage of the

disability assigned to the veteran, or the effective date of the disability. During the

appeals process, the veteran’s record remains open, and the veteran may submit

additional evidence at any time.

      When a Regional Office receives a Notice of Disagreement from a veteran it

sends the veteran an election letter asking the veteran to choose between two non-

exclusive appeals processes: (1) de novo review of his claim by a Decision Review


      11
        (...continued)
and that all of the VSOs combined cannot meet the needs of all the veterans
seeking benefits.

                                          22
Officer (a senior ratings specialist) who is empowered to reverse the initial rating

decision if he believes that it is not warranted; or (2) issuance of a Statement of the

Case by the Regional Office, providing a more detailed rationale for the underlying

ratings decision, to be used in a formal appeal to the Board of Veterans’ Appeals.

See 38 U.S.C. § 7105. A veteran is entitled to retain paid counsel at this stage of

the proceedings. See 38 U.S.C. § 5904.

      If the veteran elects de novo review by a Decision Review Officer, and that

officer resolves some, but not all of the appeal, or if the officer fails to resolve the

appeal, a Statement of the Case will be prepared and the veteran may pursue a

formal appeal to the Board of Veterans’ Appeals. If the veteran decides to file a

formal appeal with the Board, the veteran must file a VA Form 9 with his local

Regional Office within 60 days of receiving the Regional Office’s Statement of the

Case, or within a year of receiving the Regional Office’s rating decision,

whichever is longer. See 38 U.S.C. § 7105(d)(3). The Regional Office must then

certify the veteran’s appeal to the Board of Veterans’ Appeals. 38 C.F.R. § 19.35.

      A veteran who disagrees with the Board’s decision can further appeal the

decision to the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims (“Veterans Court”), an

independent Article I court created by the Veterans’ Judicial Review Act of




                                            23
November 18, 1988, Pub. L. No. 105-687.12 A veteran claimant must file a notice

of appeal with the Veterans Court within 120 days of the Board of Veterans’

Appeals’ final decision. 38 U.S.C. § 7266(a). He may then further appeal an

adverse decision by the Veterans Court to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the

Federal Circuit, which has authority to “decide all relevant questions of law,” 38

U.S.C. § 7261(a), and he may ultimately petition for certiorari in the Supreme

Court of the United States.

                                           B

      More than 830,000 ratings claims are filed with the VBA each year. On

April 12, 2008, there were 400,450 claims for service-connected death and

disability compensation pending before the VBA. The district court found that

approximately 11 percent of all ratings claims lead to a Notice of Disagreement

being filed by a veteran and four percent of all ratings claims proceed to an appeal

to the Board of Veterans’ Appeals.

      Throughout the appeals process, veterans (or their surviving relatives)

seeking service-connected death and disability compensation are constrained by

various time limits, and a failure to timely file at any point in the process can result


      12
         The Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims has seven judges, who are
appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate to serve a fifteen-year
appointment.

                                           24
in forfeiture of the appeal.13 In contrast, the VBA is not subject to any statutory or

regulatory time limits at any step of the process.

      Veterans experience long delays in the consideration and adjudication of

service-connected death and disability claims, particularly when such claims are

appealed. The VBA’s stated goal is to process all initial ratings claims within 125

days. The district court found, however, that it takes, on average, 182 days for a

regional office to issue an initial decision on a veteran’s claim for service-

connected death and disability compensation. Indeed, as of April 12, 2008, there

were 101,019 rating-related claims that had been pending for over 180 days. The

district court found that, because of the inherent complexities in proving a PTSD

diagnosis, service-connected death and disability compensation claims that are

based on PTSD take longer to adjudicate than other “average” claims.

      In cases in which a veteran files a Notice of Disagreement with a Regional

Office, the district court found that in 2008 it took approximately 261 days for a

Regional Office to mail a Statement of the Case to the veteran. In some cases,



      13
         Following the Supreme Court’s recent decision in Henderson ex rel.
Henderson v. Shinseki, 

(2011), the 120-day deadline within which
veterans may file an appeal from the Board of Veterans’ Appeals to the Veterans
Court is no longer treated as jurisdictional. 

The deadline is
nevertheless strict, and it remains unclear whether it is subject to equitable tolling
or any other exception. 

& n.4.

                                           25
veterans had to wait more than 1,000 days for the Regional Office to issue the

Statement of the Case. The district court found that upon receipt of the Statement

of the Case, it took the veteran 43 days, on average, to file a Form 9 substantive

appeal. The district court then found that it took 573 days, on average, for the

Regional Office to certify an appeal to the Board of Veterans’ Appeals upon

receipt of the veteran’s Form 9 – a merely ministerial act. Some veterans have had

to wait more than 1,000 days for the Regional Office to certify their appeal to the

Board.

      The district court found that veterans who appeal directly to the Board wait,

on average, 336 days for the Board to issue a decision in their cases. Some

veterans elect to have a hearing – at their own expense – in front of a Board of

Veterans’ Appeals judge. Those veterans who receive hearings are more likely to

prevail on their appeal, but they must wait an average of 455 days for that hearing.

      For veterans who pursue an appeal by filing a Notice of Disagreement with

the Regional Office’s initial decision, seeking a Statement of the Case, and then

file an appeal with the Board, the district court found that it takes on average 1,419

days (3.9 years) from the veteran’s initial filing of the Notice of Disagreement to

the veteran’s receiving a decision from the Board. It therefore takes approximately

4.4 years from the date of the veteran’s initial filing of a service-connected death


                                          26
and disability compensation claim to the final decision by the Board (not including

any time that may have elapsed between the Regional Office’s initial rating

decision and the veteran’s filing of his Notice of Disagreement, which may be up

to one year).

      During the district court proceedings in this case, senior VA officials were

questioned about the extraordinary delays in the VBA’s claims adjudication appeal

system. None of those officials, however, was able to provide the court with a

sufficient justification for the delays incurred. Bradley Mayes, the Director of

Compensation and Pension Services at the VBA, testified at a deposition that the

VBA had not “made a concerted effort to figure out what [wa]s causing” the

lengthy delays in its resolution of the appeals of veterans claims for service-

connected death and disability compensation. And at trial, James Terry, the

Chairman of the Board of Veterans’ Appeals, was unable to explain the lengthy

delays inherent in the appeals process before the Board.

      The record before the district court suggests that errors made by ratings

specialists at the Regional Office level play a significant role in the lengthy delays

that veterans experience in the adjudication of their claims. On average, the Board

affirms a Regional Office’s disposition of a case only 40 percent of the time, grants

a veteran’s appeal 20 percent of the time, and remands the case to the VBA for


                                          27
further proceedings in 40 percent of cases. Between 19 and 44 percent of these

remands are so-called “avoidable remands,” defined as occurring when “an error is

made by the R[egional] O[ffice] before it certifies the appeal to the B[oard].” The

district court found that almost half of the “avoidable remands” between January 1,

2008, and March 31, 2008, occurred as a result of violations by VBA employees of

their duty to assist veterans. Approximately 75 percent of the claims that are

remanded by the Board of Veterans Appeal are subsequently appealed to the Board

a second time. The district court found that it takes the Board, on average, 149

days to render a second decision on a claim that it has already remanded once to

the VBA.

       The district court found that, following remand, it takes the VBA an average

of 499.1 days to grant or withdraw a service-connected death and disability

compensation claim, or to return it once again to the Board. It takes even longer,

on average, for PTSD claims to be processed on remand – 563.9 days. Many

veterans suffering from serious disabilities, including PTSD, suffer substantial and

severe adverse consequences as a result of this lengthy delay. In just the six

months between October 2007 and April 2008, at least 1,467 veterans died during

the pendency of their appeals.

III.   History of the Case


                                         28
      On July 23, 2007, Veterans for Common Sense and Veterans United for

Truth filed a complaint in the district court seeking declaratory and injunctive

relief, on behalf of themselves, their members, and a putative class composed of all

veterans with PTSD who are eligible for or receive VA medical services, and

veteran applicants for and recipients of service-connected death or disability

compensation benefits based upon PTSD. In the complaint, Veterans raised

numerous statutory and constitutional challenges to the procedures the VA

employs in its provision of health care services and adjudication of benefits

claims.14

      With respect to the VHA’s duty to provide veterans with mental health care,

the Veterans challenged the following VHA practices and procedures, which, they

claim, violate veterans’ statutory entitlements and constitutional right to due

process:

      (1) VHA mental health care waiting lists are extremely long, resulting in
      lengthy delays and in some cases “the absence of any care,” and there are no
      transparent procedures in place for a veteran to appeal his placement on such
      a waiting list

      (2) Mental health care is unavailable or inaccessible at some VHA facilities
      and there are no procedures in place to improve accessibility



      14
        Not all of these claims are maintained on appeal, and this opinion
addresses only those that are.

                                             29
      (3) The VHA has no procedure through which Veterans can obtain expedited
      relief in urgent cases such as an imminent suicide threat

      (4) The VHA had delayed implementing governmental recommendations for
      improve procedures pertaining to clinical care and education

      With respect to the VBA’s duty to provide veterans with service-connected

death and disability benefits, the Veterans challenged the constitutionality of the

following VBA practices and procedures:

      (1) The VBA acts as both the trier of fact and adversary at the Regional
      Office stage of the adjudication of claims for service-connected death and
      disability compensation claims

      (2) There are no neutral judges or trial-like procedures at the VBA Regional
      Office stage of the adjudication of claims for service-connected death and
      disability compensation claims

      (3) There is no procedure through which veterans may obtain discovery to
      support SCDDC claims

      (4) There is no procedure whereby a veteran might compel the attendance of
      any VA employees or most other witnesses to testify and support their
      claims at service-connected death and disability compensation claim
      hearings

      (5) There is no class action procedure available in front of the VA

      (6) The Veterans Court has a limited role and is unable to award injunctive
      or declaratory relief

      (7) There is no judicial authority or mechanism to enforce judicial decisions
      or to require the agency of original jurisdiction (the Regional Offices of the
      VBA) to obey or comply with the rule of law



                                             30
      (8) The attorney’s fee prohibition of 38 U.S.C. § 5904(c)(1) and the related
      provision for criminal penalties, 38 U.S.C. § 5905 prejudice veterans by
      curtailing their ability to bring suit

      Veterans therefore sought declaratory and injunctive relief. Veterans asked

the district court to declare, among other things, that:

      (1) The challenged VA practices, including the lack of procedures to remedy
      delays in the provision of medical care and treatment, violate Veterans’s
      right to due process

      (2) Veterans are not barred from pursuing remedies in the federal courts

      (3) The VA has a mandatory obligation to provide medical care to returning
      veterans under 38 U.S.C. § 1710(e)(1)(D)

Veterans sought to compel the VA to:

      (1) Implement the recommendations of the Mental Health Strategic Plan

      (2) Implement the recommendations of the Feeley Recommendation

      (3) Provide free medical care to all returning veterans for the maximum
      period specified in 38 U.S.C. § 1710(e)(1)(2) (5 years)15

      (4) Expand the VHA clinical appeals process to allow for appeals of
      administrative scheduling delays for the provision of mental health care

And Veterans sought to enjoin the VA from:



      15
         Veterans’s complaint states that this period is “two years.” The statute,
however, specifies that the relevant period is five years. See 38 U.S.C.
§ 1710(e)(1)(D), (e)(3)(C)(i). The district court correctly found “that this language
create[s] an entitlement to health care for veterans for five years after separation
from active duty.”

                                           31
      (1) Permitting very protracted delays in the provision of medical care to
      individuals with PTSD and in the adjudication of PTSD benefits claims

      (2) Destroying, altering, or doctoring records in veterans’ claim files

      (3) Prematurely denying PTSD and other service-connected death and
      disability compensation claims

      (4) Allowing Washington, DC-based officials to assert extra-judicial
      pressure and influence upon the adjudication of individual claims by VA
      Regional Offices

      The VA filed a motion to dismiss, which the district court denied. After

Veterans moved for a preliminary injunction on their mental health care claims, the

district court held an evidentiary hearing. Instead of ruling on the motion for a

preliminary injunction, the district court deferred its ruling and merged the hearing

with a trial on the merits, which began six weeks later. The trial addressed both

Veterans’s mental health care claims and their compensation adjudication claims.

      Veterans objected to the expedited trial schedule and limitations on

discovery, and the district court overruled the objections. To meet the advanced

trial date, the district court created a modified, expedited discovery schedule. On

appeal, Veterans challenge two discovery rulings – one relating to the production

of suicide incident briefs and the other relating to an interrogatory concerning the

average length of time to process a PTSD compensation claim at the initial

Regional Office level – which are addressed further in the Analysis, infra.


                                          32
Veterans argue that, in each instance, they were substantially prejudiced by the

district court’s ruling.

       The district court held a seven-day bench trial. Two months later, the

district court issued a thorough Memorandum of Decision, Findings of Fact and

Conclusions of Law. Veterans for Common Sense v. Peake, 

(N.D. Cal. 2008). The district court concluded that Veterans had standing to bring

suit on behalf of their members, because the interests at stake in the case were

germane to the purposes of both organizations, both organizations’ members had

suffered injuries in fact, there was a causal connection between the injuries and the

VA’s conduct, and the relief sought would likely result in the amelioration of the

(citing Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw

Envtl. Servs., Inc., 

, 181 (2000); Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 

, 560–561 (1992)).16


       16
          We agree with the district court’s conclusion on this point, and the
government does not challenge it. Veterans’ members would individually have
standing; the “interests [they] seek[] to protect are germane to the organization[s’]
purpose[s]”; and because their challenge is a systemic one seeking prospective
relief – not an attack on past, individual benefits determinations – “neither the
claim asserted nor the relief requested requires the participation of individual
members in the lawsuit.” See Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising
Comm’n, 

, 343 (1977).
       We note that in a recent case, the D.C. Circuit concluded that a different
veterans’ organization did not have standing to bring a suit against the VBA on
                                                                          (continued...)

                                          33
       16
         (...continued)
behalf of its members because the suit expressly sought judicial review of “the
average processing time at each stage of the claims process.” Vietnam Veterans of
Am. v. Shinseki, 

, 662 (D.C. Cir. 2010). The D.C. Circuit, noting that
“an association has standing to sue only if one member would have standing on his
or her own right,” interpreted the organization’s claim as not seeking relief for an
injury to any individual member of the organization, because “the average
processing time does not cause affiants injury; it is only their processing time that
is relevant.” 

contrast, Veterans complain of a variety of injuries actually being
experienced or likely to be experienced in the near future by their members,
including stalled disability claims pending in the VBA, and mental health that is
deteriorating in the absence of treatment by the VHA. They allege that those
injuries are caused by the VA’s systemic failures, particularly the lack of adequate
procedures for processing veterans requests for health care from the VHA or
claims adjudication by the VBA, and that appropriate procedural safeguards would
redress their members’ injuries by ensuring that the services and benefits to which
they are entitled are delivered before it is too late – i.e., before their illnesses
worsen or result in their deaths, and before their families are financially ruined.
Veterans do rely upon average waiting times, among much other data and
evidence, to illustrate those failures, but, unlike in Vietnam Veterans, Veterans do
not allege that the “average” wait times themselves cause their members’ injuries.
Rather, they argue that it is the absence of constitutionally required procedural
safeguards that causes those injuries and the high risk of future injury. In a suit for
prospective relief, that potential for immediate harm is sufficient to establish
organizational standing. See, e.g., Florida State Conference of NAACP v.
Browning, 

, 1160 (11th Cir. 2008) (“When the alleged harm is
prospective, we have not required that the organizational plaintiffs name names [of
individual members] because every member faces a probability of harm in the near
and definite future.”) (emphasis added). Veterans may represent their members
interests now; individual members need not wait to bring individual claims until it
is too late to obtain meaningful relief. Cf. Sandusky County Democratic Party v.
Blackwell, 

, 574 (6th Cir. 2004) (“[Plaintiff organizations] have not
identified specific voters who will seek to vote at a polling place that will be
deemed wrong by election workers, but this is understandable . . . . [A] voter
                                                                               (continued...)

                                             34
      The district court nonetheless denied each of Veterans’s claims. With

respect to their APA challenge to the VHA’s untimely and/or ineffective healthcare

appeals procedures and the inadequacies of the implementation of the Mental

Health Strategic Plan, the court concluded that Veterans’s claim did not pertain to a

discrete, “final agency action,” and thus it could not be raised under the APA. See

5 U.S.C. §§ 704, 706(1); Norton v. S. Utah Wilderness Alliance, 

(2004). Moreover, the court found that 38 U.S.C. § 1710 “commits decisions

about the provision of medical care to the Secretary’s discretion,” and that “courts

[have] no meaningful standards against which to judge the agency’s exercise in

discretion.” Finally, the court found insufficient evidence of system-wide delays in

the provision of mental health care to support a determination that agency action

was “unreasonably delayed” under the APA, even if the VA’s action were

reviewable.



      16
         (...continued)
cannot know in advance that his or her name will be dropped from the rolls, or
listed in an incorrect precinct, or listed correctly but subject to a human error by an
election worker who mistakenly believes the voter is at the wrong polling place. It
is inevitable, however, that there will be such mistakes. The issues [plaintiffs]
raise are not speculative or remote; they are real and imminent.”). Veterans have
simply done a better job alleging the facts required to establish their standing than
did the plaintiff organization in Vietnam Veterans.

                                          35
      The district court further ruled that it did not have jurisdiction to order the

VA, within 150 days, to fully implement the Mental Health Strategic Plan, because

Veterans’s request was barred by the APA for three separate reasons. First, the

district court considered Veterans’s complaint to be one pertaining to the manner

and speed with which the plan had been implemented – the sufficiency of an

agency action, rather than a complaint about the agency’s failure to act. Second,

because the MHSP “consists of 265 recommendations” the district court found it

“dubious” that it could be characterized as “discrete agency action” and found that

such “recommendations” were not “actions the VA ‘is required to take.’” Third,

and finally, the district court found that as the MHSP was a five-year plan and was,

at the time of the court’s ruling, in its fourth year of implementation, it was still

ongoing, and thus was not a final agency action. The district court used the same

rationale to reject Veterans’s request that it order the VA to fully implement the

recommendations of the Feeley memo within 150 days.

      As to Veterans’s due process challenge to the VHA’s failure to provide

timely care, the district court found no constitutional violation. It reasoned that

while veterans presenting with mental health emergencies are not treated

immediately “every time,” Veterans “did not prove a systemic denial or

unreasonable delay in mental health care.” The court deemed adequate the VA’s


                                           36
clinical appeals process, which struck “an appropriate balance between

safeguarding the veteran’s interest in medical treatment and permitting medical

treatment without overly burdensome procedural protections.”

      The district court also denied each of Veterans’s claims pertaining to

benefits adjudication. The district court concluded that 38 U.S.C. § 511 prevented

it from reviewing delays in the adjudication of individual veterans’ claims, and

“the issue of whether a veteran’s benefits claim adjudication has been substantially

delayed will often hinge on specific facts of that veteran’s claim.” Furthermore, it

concluded that if it were to provide the injunctive relief that Veterans sought,

including ordering the VBA to shorten its average wait times, “such an order

would invariably implicate VA regulations,” which are subject to judicial review in

the Federal Circuit only under 38 U.S.C. § 502.

      The district court further concluded that neither the delays in adjudicating

service-connected death and disability compensation benefits claims, nor the lack

of procedural protections for individuals making such claims, was unreasonable

under the APA or violative of due process. While the court found these delays

“significant” and did not “dispute that the health and welfare of veterans is at

stake,” it determined that it could not find the delays “unreasonable” under the

APA because Congress had established no specific timetable for claims


                                          37
adjudication and because the delays resulted, in part, from “the VA’s decision to

emphasize initial claim adjudication at the expense of appeals.” Finally, the court

found no due process violation because “‘[d]elay is a factor but not the only

factor’” in “‘determining when due process is no longer due process because past

due.’” (Quoting Wright v. Califano, 

, 354 (7th Cir. 1978)).

      Ultimately, the district court concluded that the remedies sought by Veterans

were beyond its power “and would call for a complete overhaul of the VA system,

something clearly outside of this Court’s jurisdiction.” The district court therefore

denied Veterans’s request for a permanent injunction, and granted judgment in

favor of the VA. Veterans timely appealed.17




                                     A NALYSIS

                                          I




      17
          The district court denied Veterans’s request for injunctive relief based
upon its answers to questions of law, so we review its decision de novo. See
Gathright v. City of Portland, 

, 576 (9th Cir. 2006). We rely on the
facts as they were found by the district court, except to the extent those findings
were clearly erroneous. Preminger v. Peake, 

, 765 n.7 (9th Cir.
2008).

                                          38
      We begin by confirming our jurisdiction to hear Veterans’s constitutional

claims.18

A.    Sovereign Immunity

      By seeking an injunction against the VA and its agencies, Veterans have

brought suit against the federal government. The federal government has

historically enjoyed immunity from suit, notwithstanding that the principle of

sovereign immunity derives from the English legal notion that “the King can do no

wrong”; this surely was not a principle that those who fought for our country’s

independence happily imported into our legal system. Nevertheless, it is well-

established that “the United States cannot be lawfully sued without its consent in

any case.” United States v. Lee, 

, 205 (1882). The VA does not assert

that it is immune from suit over Veterans’s constitutional claims, but we address

the issue because the district court determined that sovereign immunity precluded

consideration of those claims.

      We hold that sovereign immunity does not bar adjudication of Veterans’s

constitutional claims, because Congress has expressly waived such immunity. The

second sentence of § 702 of the APA states:


      18
         For the reasons that are set forth below, the agency actions Veterans
challenge under the Administrative Procedure Act are not reviewable under the
terms of that statute, so we need not consider other bars to review of those claims.

                                         39
      An action in a court of the United States seeking relief other than
      money damages and stating a claim that an agency or an officer or
      employee thereof acted or failed to act in an official capacity or under
      color of legal authority shall not be dismissed nor relief therein be
      denied on the ground that it is against the United States or that the
      United States is an indispensable party.

5 U.S.C. § 702. As the Supreme Court has held with regard to this provision,

“complaints [for] declaratory and injunctive relief [are] certainly not actions for

money damages.” Bowen v. Massachusetts, 

, 893 (1988). Veterans’s

prayers for declaratory relief and an injunction thus fit squarely within this waiver.

      The district court nonetheless found that “waiver of sovereign immunity

under § 702 of the APA is limited by § 704.” Section 704 states, in relevant part,

“Agency action made reviewable by statute and final agency action for which there

is no other adequate remedy in a court are subject to judicial review.” The district

court reasoned that because the delays Veterans challenge are neither made

reviewable by any statute nor a “final agency action,” even their constitutional

claims fall outside of § 702’s waiver of sovereign immunity. This was error.

Whether the challenged delays constitute “final agency action” is an inquiry that is

relevant to Veterans’s claims under the APA itself, which are addressed below.

But § 704 in no way limits § 702’s broad waiver of sovereign immunity with

respect to suits for injunctive relief against the federal government – suits for

which the APA itself is not the cause of action.

                                          40
      In Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) v. United States, 

(9th Cir.

1989), we held that “§ 702’s waiver of sovereign immunity is [not] limited to

instances of ‘agency action’” as defined by the APA. 

We found that the

first sentence of § 702 does address “agency action” specifically: “A person

suffering legal wrong because of agency action, or adversely affected or aggrieved

by agency action within the meaning of a relevant statute, is entitled to judicial

review thereof.” 5 U.S.C. § 702. But we determined that the waiver of sovereign

immunity in the second sentence, which was added to the statute in 1976, “contains

no such limitation.”19 Presbyterian 

. To the contrary,


      19
           Reviewing the legislative history of the 1976 amendment, we explained:

      Congress observed that before the amendment to § 702, litigants
      seeking such nonmonetary relief were forced to resort to the “legal
      fiction” of naming individual officers, rather than the government, as
      defendants an approach that was “illogical” and “becloud[ed] the real
      issue whether a particular governmental activity should be subject to
      judicial review, and, if so, what form of relief is appropriate.” The
      need to channel and restrict judicial control over administrative
      agencies, Congress concluded, could better be achieved through
      doctrines such as statutory preclusion, exhaustion, and justiciability,
      rather than through “the confusing doctrine of sovereign immunity.”
      Accordingly, § 702 was designed to “eliminate the defense of
      sovereign immunity as to any action in a Federal court seeking relief
      other than money damages and stating a claim based on the assertion
      of unlawful official action by an agency or by an officer or employee
      of the agency.”

                                                                         (continued...)

                                          41
“[n]othing in the language of the amendment suggests that the waiver of sovereign

immunity is limited to claims challenging conduct falling in the narrow definition

of ‘agency action.’” 

found that sovereign immunity had been

waived as to the Church’s First and Fourth Amendment challenges to surveillance

conducted by the Immigration and Naturalization Service in its congregations,

even though the INS’s investigations did not constitute “agency action” under the

APA. 

court noted, however, that nine years after Presbyterian Church,

we stated summarily: “[T]he APA’s waiver of sovereign immunity contains several

limitations. Of relevance here is § 704, which provides that only ‘[a]gency action

made reviewable by statute and final agency action for which there is no other

adequate remedy in a court, are subject to judicial review.’” 20 Gallo Cattle Co. v.

Department of Agriculture, 

, 1198 (9th Cir. 1998). But it is

Presbyterian Church and not Gallo Cattle that controls where, as here, a plaintiff’s



      19
        (...continued)
Presbyterian 

(internal citations and footnote omitted)
(citing H. Rep. No. 1656, 94th Cong., 2d Sess. 5, reprinted in 1976 U.S.C.C.A.N.
6121, 6123–6130). We assumed that the “legal fiction” referred to by Congress
was that created by Ex parte Young, 

(1908), and its progeny.
Presbyterian 

n.7.
      20
         Gallo Cattle did not cite Presbyterian Church or any other authority for
this holding.

                                          42
challenge is constitutional and thus not dependent on the APA for a cause of

action.

      The first and second sentences of § 702 play quite different roles, each one

significant. The first sentence entitles aggrieved individuals to “judicial review of

federal agency action.” The second sentence, added to the statute decades later,

waived sovereign immunity for “[a]n action in a court of the United States seeking

relief other than money damages . . . .” One such action, of course, is a suit for

“judicial review of federal agency action” of the sort authorized by the first

sentence. But other actions exist too. Injunctions may be sought, for example, to

enforce the Constitution itself; courts need no statutory authorization to undertake

constitutional review. See, e.g., Bell v. Hood, 

, 684 (1946) (“[I]t is

established practice for this Court to sustain the jurisdiction of federal courts to

issue injunctions to protect rights safeguarded by the Constitution . . . .”).

      Gallo Cattle considered a challenge to an agency order denying the plaintiffs

preliminary relief while they adjudicated the merits of their petition before an

administrative board – that is, interim relief to which the plaintiffs believed

themselves entitled by statute and the agency’s regulations.21 

      21
        The plaintiff’s claim on the merits before the administrative board
concerned a First Amendment challenge. Gallo 

. That
                                                                       (continued...)

                                           43
The plaintiffs sought “judicial review of agency action” not because it was

unconstitutional, but because it violated the rules governing the agency. For that

type of suit, the plaintiffs’ cause of action was the APA itself, so we applied

§ 704’s limitation on what agency action is reviewable – meaning subject to

“judicial review” under the first sentence of § 702 – and concluded that because §

704’s terms were not satisfied, the first sentence of § 702 did not authorize judicial

review. Consequently, sovereign immunity could not be waived because the

plaintiffs failed to bring a cognizable “action” in court. 

(addressing the

“waiver of sovereign immunity in suits seeking judicial review of a federal agency

action under [28 U.S.C.] § 1331”) (emphasis added)).

      As in Presbyterian Church, the plaintiffs here raise a constitutional

challenge, which does not depend on the cause of action found in the first sentence

of § 702. Section 704’s limitation of that first sentence is thus inapplicable, and

the district court’s reliance on Gallo Cattle was incorrect.22 Instead, because

      21
       (...continued)
claim was not before the court, however. The plaintiffs appealed only from the
agency’s denial of its request “to pay [the challenged] assessments into escrow
pending a decision on the merits of the petition” – a matter solely of the agency’s
procedure for adjudicating disputes through its administrative process. 

incorrect, the district court’s confusion was reasonable. The district
court cited Gros Ventre Tribe v. United States, 

(9th Cir. 2006), a
prior decision of this court that discussed both Presbyterian Church and Gallo
                                                                        (continued...)

                                          44
Veterans have brought “[a]n action in a court of the United States seeking relief

other than money damages” that arises under the Constitution itself, as in

Presbyterian Church, we find that sovereign immunity has been waived by § 702’s

second sentence.

      We find additional support for this conclusion in a decision of the D.C.

Circuit that rejected similar arguments to those made by the government and

accepted by the district court here. In Trudeau v. FTC, 

(D.C. Cir.

2006), that court declined to adopt the FTC’s position that “(1) the waiver [of

sovereign immunity under § 702] applies only to actions arising under the APA;

and (2) since review under APA § 704 is limited to ‘final agency action,’ the

waiver of sovereign immunity is similarly restricted to conduct that falls within

that compass.” 

Undertaking an analysis identical to ours in

Presbyterian Church, the court determined that “nothing in the language of the

second sentence of § 702 . . . restricts its waiver to suits brought under the APA,”




      22
         (...continued)
Cattle and observed in passing that it “saw no way to distinguish” the two cases.

The Gros Ventre Tribe court ultimately resolved the case on other
grounds. For the reasons just provided, we find Presbyterian Church and Gallo
Cattle readily distinguishable: Presbyterian Church concerns § 702’s waiver of
sovereign immunity as to constitutional challenges, while Gallo Cattle concerns
challenges under the APA itself. Section 704 constrains only the latter situation,
and it is the former type that we are presented with here.

                                          45
and thus the waiver applied to the plaintiff’s First Amendment claim there. 

court “h[e]ld that the waiver applies regardless of whether the

[agency’s challenged conduct] constitutes ‘final agency action’” under § 704. 

(citing Presbyterian 

). This is consistent with our

holding that § 702’s waiver of sovereign immunity applies more broadly than to

actions under the APA itself. We therefore hold that, as to Veterans’s

constitutional claims for “relief other than money damages,” § 702 waives

sovereign immunity regardless of whether the claims arise from “agency action” as

defined by the APA.23

B.    The Veterans Judicial Review Act

      The Veterans Judicial Review Act (“VJRA”) prohibits judicial review of

“the decision of the Secretary [of Veterans Affairs] as to any” “question[] of law

and fact necessary to a decision by the Secretary under a law that affects the

provision of benefits by the Secretary to veterans or the dependents or survivors of

veterans.” 38 U.S.C. § 511(a). The VA argues that this provision precludes us

from considering Veterans’s second constitutional challenge, concerning the




      23
        We note that even if we did not find a waiver of sovereign immunity here,
Veterans’s constitutional challenge could proceed against all individual defendants
under Ex Parte Young – precisely the fiction for which Congress sought to
eliminate the need in adding the second sentence of § 702.

                                         46
procedure for the adjudication of claims for disability benefits. The dissent goes

even further and suggests that the VJRA forecloses our ability to decide Veterans’s

first constitutional challenge, regarding delays in mental health care services, as

well. We disagree as to both challenges, and shall explain why below in the

context of each claim.

                                            II

      We first address Veterans’s statutory and constitutional claims concerning

the delays in VHA’s provision of mental health care. The number of veterans

diagnosed as suffering from mental illnesses, and the percentage of those who are

awaiting treatment, is simply staggering. As of April 2008, at least 85,450

veterans were languishing on VHA waiting lists for mental health care – a number

that may significantly under-represent the scale of the problem both then and

now.24 The urgent need to provide veterans with the mental health care to which

they are entitled is clear, not least in light of the high suicide rate among this

vulnerable population. In the absence of procedures designed specifically to

safeguard veterans’ rights to timely, effective treatment, veterans are suffering and

dying, heedlessly and needlessly.




      24
        As noted earlier, supra note 9, some veterans are not even placed on
formal waiting lists until they have already waited for a month.

                                           47
      Veterans contend that the introduction of a formal appeals process to allow a

veteran to contest an administrator’s decision to place him on a waiting list for

mental health care, of more transparent clinical appeals procedures, and of a

procedure permitting veterans with PTSD to seek expedited access to mental health

care in acute cases, would save lives. The district court ruled that Veterans have no

recourse in the federal courts to contest the VA’s systematic failure to provide

veterans with procedures safeguarding their access to the mental health care to

which they are statutorily entitled. In some respects, the district court is correct. In

others, it erred in so ruling. Although our power is limited under the APA and we

cannot grant Veterans the relief they seek as to their statutory challenge, we hold

that their constitutional right to due process has been violated, reverse the district

court’s ruling in this respect, and remand this appeal for further proceedings.

A.    APA Challenge to Mental Health Care Delivery Delays

      Given the provisions of the APA and controlling Supreme Court law, the

district court properly denied Veterans’s APA challenge to the VHA’s delays in

providing timely and effective mental health care, notwithstanding the many

evident deficiencies in the VHA’s provision of such care.

      Under the APA, courts are empowered to “compel agency action unlawfully

withheld or unreasonably delayed.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(1). In Norton v. Southern



                                           48
Utah Wilderness Alliance, however, the Supreme Court interpreted the scope of

this statutory provision and held that “a claim under § 706(1) can proceed only

where a plaintiff asserts that an agency failed to take a discrete agency action that it

is required to take.” 

, 64 (2004). With regard to the discreteness

requirement, the Court stated that the “failure to act” is “properly understood as . . .

a failure to take one of the agency actions (including their equivalents) earlier

defined in [5 U.S.C.] § 551(13).” 

Agency actions defined in 5 U.S.C.

§ 551(13) include issuance of a rule, order, license, sanction, relief or equivalent

benefit. The Norton Court suggested that, for example, “the failure to promulgate

a rule or take some decision by a statutory deadline” would constitute the failure to

take a discrete agency action. 

.

      An agency action may therefore be reviewed and compelled by a federal

court under § 706(1) only if that action is one which is legally required. 

Attorney General’s Manual on the APA, the Norton Court stated

“§ 706(1) empowers a court only to compel an agency ‘to perform a ministerial or

non-discretionary act,’ or ‘to take action upon a matter, without directing how it

shall act.’” 

(quoting Attorney General’s Manual on the Administrative

Procedure Act 108 (1947)). In limiting APA review to required agency actions,




                                           49
the Court held, Congress “rule[d] out judicial direction of even discrete agency

action that is not demanded by law” under the APA. 

      Veterans assert here that the VA has unreasonably delayed the provision of

timely and effective mental health care to eligible veterans by failing to implement

the Mental Health Strategic Plan and the Feeley Memorandum. Implementation of

the Plan and Memorandum would undoubtedly improve the lot of veterans who are

suffering unduly as a result of delays in the provision of their mental health care.

Such implementation does not, however, fall within the definition provided by the

Supreme Court in Norton of a “discrete action” that the agency is “required” to

take, because no statute or regulation demands it. Veterans contend that the VA is

statutorily required to provide timely and acceptable medical care under 38 U.S.C.

§ 1710(a) and 38 U.S.C. § 1705. True, but those requirements are not so specific

as the particular action Veterans seek to compel.

      In relevant part, 38 U.S.C. § 1710 requires that the VA furnish hospital care

and medical services to certain veterans:

      The Secretary . . . shall furnish hospital care and medical services
      which the Secretary determines to be needed—

      (A) to any veteran for a service-connected disability; and

      (B) to any veteran who has a service-connected disability rated at 50
      percent or more.



                                            50
38 U.S.C. § 1710(a)(1). Veterans “who served on active duty in a theater of

combat operations . . . after November 11, 1998” are eligible for health care and

services for five years following discharge. 38 U.S.C. § 1710(e)(1)(D),

(e)(3)(C)(i). Section 1705(a) then obligates the Secretary “[i]n managing the

provision of hospital care and medical services under section 1710(a)” to prescribe,

establish, and operate a system of annual patient enrollment. In designing this

“enrollment system,” the Secretary “shall ensure that the system will be managed

in a manner to ensure that the provision of care to enrollees is timely and

acceptable in quality . . . .” 38 U.S.C. § 1705(b)(1).

      Veterans claim that § 1705(a) creates an obligation to ensure that the VHA

as a whole is managed so as to provide timely care of acceptable quality. We

agree. We disagree, however, with Veterans’s contention that this statutory

obligation mandates the implementation of the Mental Health Strategic Plan and

the Feeley Memorandum, which Veterans characterize as the VA’s “own

determination of what § 1710 requires.” Such a reading overstates the reach of the

specific provisions of § 1705 – particularly in light of the fact that Veterans have

not filed any direct challenge to the Secretary’s management of the enrollment

system itself.




                                          51
       The VA does not dispute that the it is required to provide mental health care

to certain veterans. Nor should it dispute that a delay in providing necessary

mental health care would amount to a wholesale failure to provide care to at-risk

veterans under § 1710 and § 1705, insofar as some at-risk veterans will take their

own lives during the delay. The VA is, thus, obviously required to take action to

ensure that, system-wide, mental health care is provided to at risk veterans in a

timely manner. There is, however, no statutory language that would specifically

obligate the VA to fully implement the remedies sought by Veterans – the Mental

Health Strategic Plan or the Feeley Memorandum. We are therefore bound by the

Supreme Court’s instruction in Norton that: “General deficiencies in compliance,

unlike the failure to issue a ruling . . . lack the specificity requisite for agency

action.” 

.

       As the Norton Court recognized, however, agencies may be required to take

actions not only by Congress, but also by themselves. Agency action “demanded

by law . . . includes, of course, agency regulations that have the force of law.”

. Even a less formal agency “plan” may “itself create[] a

commitment binding on the agency,” if there is “clear indication of binding

commitment in the terms of the plan.” 

71. Thus we have held that

“agencies may be required to abide by certain internal policies,” such as their own



                                            52
“internal procedures.” Alcaraz v. INS, 

, 1162 (9th Cir. 2004) (citing

Morton v. Ruiz, 

, 235 (1974)).

      Veterans argue that the Mental Health Strategic Plan and Feeley

Memorandum are such required internal policies. But neither document supports

that view. The Plan was designed to “identif[y] overlap, include[] gap analyses,

and present[] goals and objectives that articulate a set of proposed strategies that

directly support all the mental health needs of the enrolled veteran population.”

The VA cast the Plan’s particular strategies as “recommendations.” Nowhere did

the agency commit to binding itself, and we do not find any implied intent to do so.

      The Feeley Memorandum, by contrast, does impose the affirmative

obligation that procedures to ensure veterans receive mental health evaluations

within twenty-four hours of seeking help “must be implemented by August 1,

2007.” But the memorandum – a document sent from the Deputy Under Secretary

for Health for Operations and Management to the VA’s Network Directors – is an

internal administrative communication that lacks the force of law. See Rank v.

Nimmo, 

, 698-99 (9th Cir. 1982). Unlike an internal rule that is

officially published within an agency and binding on its employees, for example,

the Memorandum is merely a charge from a supervisor to his subordinates.




                                          53
      Veterans’s APA claim concerning timely and acceptable mental health care

therefore cannot proceed because Veterans do not assert that the VA “failed to take

a discrete agency action that it is required to take” within the meaning of § 706(1),

, and so we affirm the district court’s ruling on Veterans’s

APA-based challenge.

B.    Due Process Clause Challenge to Mental Health Care Delivery Delays

      Veterans also claim that the lack of adequate procedures to ensure that

veterans will not suffer needlessly because of severe delays in the receipt of mental

health care violates the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. We agree.

                                           1

      We first consider whether the VJRA deprives us of jurisdiction to consider

this claim. We note at the outset that while the VA argues vigorously that the

VJRA forecloses our consideration of Veterans’s second due process claim,

regarding the disability benefits adjudication process, it does not contend that it

affects this claim at all. To the contrary, the VA acknowledges that “the general

nature of plaintiffs’ claims – which asserted ‘systemic’ delays in the provision of

health care” – falls outside the VJRA’s jurisdictional bar to “challenges to the

medical care or other benefits provided in specific cases.” Gov’t Br. 33 n.7. A

potential jurisdictional flaw is not a litigant’s issue to waive, of course, so we must



                                          54
consider the issue ourselves notwithstanding the parties’ agreement. See Arbaugh

v. Y & H Corp., 

, 514 (2006). Still, because the sole participant in this

case to even suggest that the VJRA precludes review of Veterans’s constitutional

challenge to the mental health care delays is our dissenting colleague, we discuss

the issue only briefly.

      Section 511(a) provides,

      The Secretary shall decide all questions of law and fact necessary to a
      decision by the Secretary under a law that affects the provision of
      benefits by the Secretary to veterans or the dependents or survivors of
      veterans. . . . [T]he decision of the Secretary as to any such question
      shall be final and conclusive and may not be reviewed by any other
      official or by any court, whether by an action in the nature of
      mandamus or otherwise.25

The “question of law” presented here is whether the VA’s lack of procedural

safeguards to ensure that veterans timely obtain the mental health care to which

they are entitled – such as an appeals process to challenge appointment scheduling

– violates the Due Process Clause by providing insufficient process. It is debatable

whether that question of law is one that is “necessary to a decision by the

Secretary” affecting veterans’ benefits, like the question of what evidence is


      25
        Section 511(b) provides for four exceptions, none applicable here: (1) the
review of VA rules and regulations under § 502, (2) suits in district court
concerning claims related to federally provided insurance, (3) suits under specific
provisions relating to housing and small business loans, and (4) review by the
Board of Veterans’ Appeals and the Veterans Court.

                                         55
required to make out a benefits claim for service-connected PTSD. See, e.g.,

Stressor Determinations for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, 75 Fed. Reg. 39,843,

39,843 (July 13, 2010); see 38 C.F.R. § 3.304(f)(3) (2010). We need not resolve

the issue of necessity, however, because the Secretary has not actually issued a

“decision” answering this constitutional question at all. The VA may assume and

even argue that its system for providing mental health care services is

constitutionally sound, but it has not issued a “decision” on the question that is

“final and conclusive and” unreviewable, the way it might issue, for example, a

“rating decision” concerning a particular veteran’s degree of disability for purposes

of calculating compensatory benefits. See 38 U.S.C. § 1156(b)(1)(B).

      The dissent argues that “there is simply no way to adjudicate the due process

claim without ‘determining first’ whether the VA’s administrative staff ‘acted

properly in handling’ veterans’ requests for appointments,” which “will depend on

the facts of each veteran’s case” – which we may not review. Dissenting op. at 15

(quoting Price v. United States, 

, 422 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (per curiam)

and citing Thomas v. Principi, 

, 974 (D.C. Cir. 2005)) (internal

alterations omitted)). But of course there is: Veterans challenge the lack of

adequate procedural safeguards to ensure that veterans receive timely care. To

make out that claim they must simply demonstrate “the risk of an erroneous



                                          56
deprivation” of care “through the procedures [currently] used, and the probable

value, if any, of additional of substitute procedural safeguards.” Mathews v.

Eldridge, 

, 335 (1975) (emphasis added). Veterans need not, and do

not, seek to relitigate in federal court whether VA staff actually “acted properly in

handling” individual veterans’ requests for appointments, dissenting op. at 14, 15;

no individual veteran is before us seeking to challenge the timing of an individual

appointment that he just received. Rather, Veterans point to the past as evidence of

the “risk of an erroneous deprivation” their members now face.

       Put differently, this is not a tort suit brought by an individual veteran, as in

the two cases cited by the dissent, where “underlying the claim is an allegation that

the VA unjustifiably denied him a veterans’ benefit.” 

(emphasis added). The relevant “decision[s]” as to “question[s] of law and fact” in

those cases were “decision[s]” about individual benefit determinations, which were

insulated from review as soon as the Secretary had made those “decision[s].”

Instead, this is a suit for an injunction to require that “additional or substitute

procedural safeguards” be provided in the future, if the cost to the government of

such safeguards is justified by the reduction in risk they would produce. 

. The relevant “decision” here as to a “question of law” is whether

the existing safeguards are constitutionally sufficient; the Secretary has not



                                            57
rendered a “decision” on that question, so the triggering condition for § 511’s

preclusive effect does not now exist – assuming the Secretary’s answer to a

“question of law” such as this could ever fit within the meaning of “decision,”

which is most unlikely. See infra, at 79–80. The VA is not mistaken in

understanding that the nature of Veterans’s suit falls outside the reach of § 511(a).

                                          2

      We turn, then, to the merits of Veterans’s due process claim. The record

before us shows that some veterans with severe depression or PTSD are forced to

wait over eight weeks for mental health referrals. During that period, some of

those veterans take their own lives. The district court found that there are about 18

suicides per day among veterans, including four to five suicides per day among

veterans enrolled to receive VA health care.26 In 2008, one VHA physician

identified “about 1,000 suicide attempts per month” among the veterans seen in

VHA facilities.27 The precise constitutional question with which we are presented

      26
         The VA’s statistics do not differentiate between veterans who are simply
enrolled with the VA, veterans who are receiving other types of (non-mental health
related) medical treatment, veterans who are on waiting lists for mental health
treatment, and veterans currently receiving mental health care.
      27
         This figure comes from an email written by the Deputy Chief of Patient
Care Services for VA’s Office of Mental Health on February 13, 2008. The email
read as follows:

                                                                         (continued...)

                                          58
is whether the VA’s delays in the provision of care amount to a deprivation of

“property” without due process, a violation of the Fifth Amendment.

                                          a

      First we must find that Veterans allege a deprivation of life, liberty, or

property. As we discuss above, 38 U.S.C. § 1710 creates an entitlement to health



      27
        (...continued)
      Shh!
      Our suicide prevention coordinators are identifying about 1000
      suicide attempts per month among the veterans we see in our medical
      facilities. Is this something we should (carefully) address ourselves in
      some sort of release before someone stumbles on it?

That email was obtained by Veterans during discovery in this litigation, and first
made public as a result. This message and others like it generated significant
media attention. See, e.g., Armen Keteyian, VA Hid Suicide Risk, Internal E-Mails
Show, CBS News (Apr. 21, 2008), available at
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/04/21/cbsnews_investigates/main4032921.s
html. That attention, in turn, prompted a congressional investigation. See The
Truth About Veterans’ Suicides, Hearing Before the H.R. Comm. on Veterans
Affairs, 110th Cong., 2d Sess. (May 6, 2008).
       The dissent gets political reality exactly backwards when it asserts that
“Congress already exercises vigorous oversight of the VA through its ability to
hold hearings on the agency’s operations,” and that “[b]ecause Congress is already
actively involved in the agency’s affairs, programmatic improvements should be
made in the offices of the VA or the halls of Congress, not through litigation.”
Dissenting op. at 34 (internal quotation marks and brackets omitted). To the
contrary, this case demonstrates the crucial role for litigation initiated by injured
parties in forcing the government to respond. Had the resulting oversight then
yielded actual solutions, this case might have become moot. It is only because the
government continued to fail to correct the VA’s problems that we are compelled
to address the constitutional questions presented here.

                                          59
care for eligible veterans. The VA does not dispute that this entitlement creates a

property interest protected by the Due Process Clause. Indeed, it is well-

established that “the interest of an individual” in receipt of government benefits or

services to which he is entitled “is a statutorily created ‘property’ interest protected

by the Fifth Amendment.” 

.

                                           b

      Second, we must determine whether Veterans’s members have been

deprived of their property interest. In cases involving the termination of

government benefits, the “deprivation” is clear. See, e.g., Goldberg v. Kelly, 

(1970). Similarly, we have long held that the outright denial of benefits

to which an individual is entitled constitutes deprivation of a recognized property

interest. See, e.g., Nat’l Ass’n of Radiation Survivors v. Derwinski, 

,

588 n.7 (9th Cir. 1992) (denial of application for veterans’ benefits implicates due

process); Griffeth v. Detrich, 

, 120-21 (9th Cir. 1979). Veterans’s

claim differs somewhat. They argue not that their members’ requests for care have

been decided by the VA and finally rejected, but instead that the delay in the

provision of care sought “is tantamount to a denial of care,” particularly for

veterans who are suicidal. We agree.




                                           60
       In a related context, the Supreme Court has recognized that “the possible

length of wrongful deprivation of . . . benefits is an important factor in assessing

the impact of official action on . . . private interests.” Fusari v. Steinberg, 

, 389 (1975). Thus in Fusari, the Court found that excessive delay in the

adjudication of claims for unemployment benefits, during which time benefits were

withheld, could yield a deprivation in its own right regardless of whether benefits

were ultimately restored. And in Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill, 

(1985), the Court reasoned that “[a]t some point, a delay in [a]

post-termination hearing would become a constitutional violation,” though that

point had not been reached in that case. 

see also Barry v. Barchi, 

, 66 (1979) (“[I]t was necessary that Barchi be assured a prompt post-

suspension hearing, one that would proceed and be concluded without appreciable

delay. Because the statute as applied in this case was deficient in this respect,

Barchi’s suspension was constitutionally infirm under the Due Process Clause of

the Fourteenth Amendment.”). Indeed, “at some point delay must ripen into

deprivation, because otherwise a suit alleging deprivation would forever be

premature.” Schroeder v. City of Chicago, 

, 960 (7th Cir. 1991)

(Posner, J.).




                                           61
      We understand these cases to support the commonsense proposition that an

unreasonable delay in the delivery of an entitlement can amount to a deprivation of

that entitlement.28 Veterans who are deprived of timely mental health care are

denied the opportunity to rehabilitate in a more timely manner and to avoid sinking

deeper into depression and disability. And, of course, for those veterans whose

illness causes them to take their own lives in the interim, the deprivation is final.

                                           c

      Finally, we must decide whether the process designed to protect veterans

against the deprivation of their property interest is sufficient, or whether additional

process is due. We apply the traditional balancing test Mathews v. Eldridge in the

context of veterans’ entitlements. See, e.g., National Ass’n of Radiation Survivors

v. Derwinski, 

, 588 (9th Cir. 2002).29 The Mathews Court explained

      28
        Whether that deprivation is actually unconstitutional, because inflicted
without due process, is a distinct question to which we turn next.
      29
         Contrary to the dissent’s suggestion, Walters v. National Association of
Radiation Survivors, 

(1985), did not create a new, special “high
hurdle” for all due process challenges involving veterans. See Dissenting op. at 24,
32–33. Walters applied the Mathews formulation and determined that, in light of
the government’s strong, centuries-old interest in maintaining a veterans’ claims
system that is “as informal and nonadversarial as possible,” “[i]t would take an
extraordinarily strong showing of probability of error under the present system –
and the probability that the presence of attorneys would sharply diminish that
possibility – to warrant a holding that the fee limitation denies claimants due
process of law.” 

326.
                                                                         (continued...)

                                           62
that “procedural due process imposes constraints on governmental decisions which

deprive individuals of ‘liberty’ or ‘property’ interests within the meaning of the

Fifth . . . Amendment, ” 

. According to Mathews, the

“identification of the specific dictates of due process” with regard to a deprivation

of a protected interest “generally requires consideration of three distinct factors:

First, the private interest that will be affected by the official action; second, the risk

of an erroneous deprivation of such interest through the procedures used, and the

probable value, if any, of additional or substitute procedural safeguards; and

finally, the Government’s interest, including the function involved and the fiscal

and administrative burdens that the additional or substitute procedural requirement

would entail.” 

       29
        (...continued)
       Moreover, Walters was clear that government’s interest in an “informal and
nonadversarial” system, as defined by that case, was limited to “the system for
administering benefits” within the VA. 

The dissent cannot be serious
when it suggests that the government has an interest in an “informal and
nonadversarial” resolution to the years of federal-court litigation in this case.
Dissenting op. at 1–2, 24. Although our decision today is the product of
adversarial litigation and results in an injunction being entered against the VA, it
does nothing to compromise the “informal and nonadversarial” procedures within
the VA during the initial adjudication of claims for veterans benefits. Indeed, in
part IV of this opinion we reaffirm Walters’s holding that the limitation on
payments to attorneys during regional-level agency adjudications does not violate
due process.

                                            63
      (1) The district court correctly concluded that, with respect to the first

Mathews factor, “the private interest of veterans in receiving health care is high.”

Proper care can alleviate the severe toll that PTSD takes on veterans and their

families, and it reduces the incidence of suicide. The district court erred, however,

in its conclusion that the risk of erroneous deprivation was low, and in its

determination that Veterans had failed to prove a systemic denial or unreasonable

delay in mental health care provision that would create a high risk of erroneous

deprivation. It similarly erred in its conclusion that the third Mathews factor

weighs against imposing additional procedural safeguards, based upon its

erroneous assumption that such safeguards would impose undue administrative

burdens on the VA. We examine each of the latter two factors in turn.

      (2) In weighing the second Mathews factor, the district court substantially

underestimated the risk of erroneous deprivation faced by veterans with serious

mental illnesses and disorders. Veterans did not prove conclusively at trial that

veterans seeking mental health care face a high risk of detrimental delays in the

provision of care, but the district court’s factual findings support the conclusion

that there is a significant risk that delays in treatment will harm veterans. Mathews

requires us to balance that risk of erroneous deprivation against the “probable

value, if any, of additional . . . procedural safeguards.” 

.



                                          64
In the area of scheduling veterans for mental health care appointments, the

marginal value of “additional” procedural safeguards is extraordinarily high,

because at present no procedure is in place to ensure that mental health

appointments are provided soon enough to be effective.

      Although a “clinical” decision made by a mental health care professional –

such as a nurse, doctor, or psychologist – to place a veteran on a waiting list for

care may be appealed, a veteran has no opportunity at all to appeal a receptionist or

call center’s “administrative” decision that he must wait to receive mental health

care.30 In the district court, Dr. Murawsky, the chief medical officer of one of the

VA’s 21 national regions, was asked what would happen “if the veteran is told that

‘You get an appointment in 60 days,’ and the veteran wants an earlier

appointment.” He responded that the VA’s “policy doesn’t cover appointment

time.” (Emphasis added.) Indeed, veterans whose delayed care stems from

administrative decisions have no right to speak with a supervising administrator

about their need for more immediate care, nor to insist that they be evaluated by a

medical professional, nor to secure any other review that would lessen the

likelihood that diagnosis and treatment are delayed too long for their cases.




      30
        Veterans do not challenge the clinical appeals process, described supra at
17–18, here, and so we do not address its adequacy.

                                          65
      Only if a scheduling decision were made by a medical professional – for

example if a “nurse or physician sa[id] ‘You’re medically stable . . . – an

appointment in six weeks is appropriate’” – would a veteran have any opportunity

to request a review, through the clinical appeals process. Of course, at that point

the veteran would at least have been evaluated by a medical professional –

something that a veteran calling by phone or speaking to a receptionist would not

automatically get, unless he walked into a VA emergency room or clinic and

actually “expressed suicidal intentions.” Like most medical patients, veterans are

generally scheduled first by administrative staff, and then seen second by medical

personnel (at their scheduled appointments) – not the other way around, as the

dissent suggests.

      There is, quite simply, no process for review of a scheduler’s assignment of

a mental health care appointment weeks in the future. The district court’s

suggestion that the clinical appeals process offers a sufficient procedural safeguard

for all veterans on VHA waiting lists, including those placed on such lists by

administrators, is clearly contrary to the record. So too does the dissent improperly

confuse the distinction between clinical delays, for which some process is

provided, and administrative ones, for which there is none.31

      31
           We have not “misunderst[ood] [the] evidence” of the existing procedural
                                                                        (continued...)

                                           66
      The record before us is replete with examples of deleterious delay in the

VHA’s provision of mental health care, and shows that many veterans throughout

the country have no means available to appeal the delays to which they are

subjected. The record contains one story, for example, of a veteran who committed

suicide after calling the VA to report his suicidal thoughts but was told he would

be over 25 places down on a waiting list for treatment. In another case, a former

U.S. Marine who was at the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, and later served in

Iraq, reported a delay of almost eight weeks before the VA would see him after

“telling the VA repeatedly that I was suicidal” and having already been diagnosed

with PTSD. All told, over 84,000 veterans are on waiting lists for mental health

care. The district court made no finding as to the number of veterans who were

placed on waiting lists by administrators, as opposed to clinicians. Veterans argue

that vast numbers of veterans are denied access to mental health care by

administrators, and the VA offers no evidence to rebut this claim. What is clear is

that veterans have no recourse when they are told that they cannot be scheduled

sooner for a mental health appointment.


      31
         (...continued)
safeguards, as the dissent suggests, dissenting op. at 25; we have simply avoided
the error made by the district court and the dissent of improperly confusing the
distinction between clinical delays and administrative ones and conflating the
issues unique to each. See Dissenting op. at 25–30.

                                          67
      This absence of procedural safeguards is particularly alarming in view of the

apparent ineffectiveness in the scheduling system. In July 2005, an “Audit of the

Veterans Health Administration’s Outpatient Scheduling Procedures” conducted

by the VA’s Office of Inspector General found that the “VHA did not follow

established procedures when scheduling medical appointments for veterans seeking

outpatient care,” including mental health care. Two years later, a follow-up audit

revealed that five of the eight recommendations for improvement made in 2005

had not been implemented. Specifically, the 2007 report found: 72 percent of

patient appointments had “unexplained” delays between dates care was requested

by veterans and their clinicians and the dates appointments were scheduled;

schedulers were not adequately trained, particularly on scheduling consult

appointments with specialists; and that pressure to reduce the length of patient

waiting lists had caused schedulers to avoid placing patients on lists for

appointments at all.

      Similarly, a 2005 U.S. Government Accountability Office report on VA

services for PTSD found that the VA had not developed referral mechanisms to

provide PTSD services when those services were not available at community-based

clinics, and challenged the “VA’s capacity to identify and treat veterans returning

from military combat who may be at risk for developing PTSD, while maintaining



                                          68
PTSD services for veterans currently receiving them.” And the district court found

that, while the Feeley Memorandum states that veterans who present to a Medical

Center or Community Based Outreach Center for the first time with mental health

issues should be evaluated within 24 hours, the VA lacks any method to ensure

compliance with this 24-hour evaluation policy and does not know whether the

policy has been implemented.

      This is therefore not a case in which existing procedures are sufficient, such

that additional process is unlikely to produce significant marginal reductions in the

risk of erroneous deprivation. See, e.g., 

. Instead, the

underlying scheduling system is flawed, and there is no procedure whatsoever for

veterans to challenge their delays. Consequently, any additional procedure would

produce a meaningful improvement in ensuring that veterans are not left to wait

too long to get the care they need.

      (3) The district court’s weighing of the third Mathews factor was similarly

erroneous. It concluded that “additional safeguards” in the VHA’s system for

treating veterans with mental health issues would impose unwarranted “burdens on

the VA.” The district court did not make any specific factual findings based on the

record in the case before us as to the nature and extent of additional administrative

burdens that would be imposed upon the VA, if additional procedural safeguards



                                          69
were introduced to facilitate veterans’ ability to secure their entitlement to mental

health care in a timely and effective manner. Instead, it appears to have based this

conclusion solely on a quotation plucked from a Supreme Court case regarding the

government’s “‘genuine interest in allocating priority to the diagnosis and

treatment of patients . . . rather than to time-consuming procedural minuets.’”

(Quoting Parham v. J.R., 

, 605 (1979)). The VA now cites this same

language.

      Cases are not quotations, however, to be relied upon like entries in Bartlett’s

purely for their convenient turns of phrase.32 Rather, cases are clusters of facts and

applications of legal principles to those facts that must be read in whole. Parham,

which examined the due process rights of minors committed to state psychiatric

facilities by their parents, emphasized Georgia’s “significant interest in not

imposing unnecessary procedural obstacles that may discourage the mentally ill or

their families from seeking needed psychiatric 

. That

is, the Court was concerned that additional procedure would create delay, which

would harm the state’s interest in making hassle-free treatment available to

families that need it. Indeed, the unabridged sentence from Parham is: “The State


      32
        See B ARTLETT’S F AMILIAR Q UOTATIONS: A C OLLECTION OF P ASSAGES,
P HRASES, AND P ROVERBS T RACED TO T HEIR S OURCES IN A NCIENT AND M ODERN
L ITERATURE (17th ed. 2002).

                                          70
also has a genuine interest in allocating priority to the diagnosis and treatment of

patients as soon as they are admitted to a hospital rather than to time-consuming

procedural minuets before the admission.” 

Here, the

government is not prioritizing the diagnosis and treatment of patients over

unnecessary delay. To the contrary, it is embracing delay over effective treatment.

      If there is any justification for the VA’s interest in maintaining the status

quo, it has not told us, and we cannot imagine one. Cost – often claimed by the

government as an interest in less robust process – does not seem to be at issue here.

The VA does not mention expense, and as the district court found, “the VHA’s

Chief Financial Officer testified that the VHA is not currently facing a budget

crisis and has adequate money to ‘meet the mission requirements.’” Moreover, the

VA has hired more than 3,800 new mental health staff over the past few years, and

500-600 positions still remain unfilled. In fact, the only governmental interest we

can conceive of is the same as Veterans’s: expediting the provision of mental

health care to save the lives of men and women who have fought for our country.

As the government represented at oral argument, “The VA is firmly committed to

ensuring that our nation’s veterans receive top-quality health care.” Oral Arg.

Audio at 25:12.

                                      *    *   *



                                          71
      We have determined that veterans have a towering interest in avoiding

delays in their mental health care, the risk of erroneous deprivation is high given

the absence of review procedures, the value of additional procedural safeguards

would be great, and the government’s interest does not weigh against additional

protections. The current delays therefore constitute a deprivation of Veterans’s

mental health care without due process, in violation of the Fifth Amendment.

      We reverse the district court’s judgment to the contrary, and remand for

further proceedings. On remand, the district court shall conduct hearings in order

to determine what additional procedures or other actions would remedy the

existing due process violations in three core areas. The district court shall consider

what procedural protections are necessary to ensure that:

      (1)    individuals placed on VHA waiting lists for mental health care have

             the opportunity to appeal the decision in a timely manner and to

             explain their need for earlier treatment to a qualified individual;

      (2)    individuals determined to be in need of mental health care receive that

             treatment in a timely manner; and

      (3)    individuals with urgent mental health problems, particularly those at

             imminent risk of suicide, receive immediate mental health care.




                                             72
Although, as we have noted earlier, the district court may not order the VHA to

implement the Mental Health Strategic Plan or institute the recommendations of

the Feeley Memorandum, it may consider specific procedures or measures

mentioned in both to aid in its determination as to what procedures are necessary.

The district court’s determination may also draw upon the findings of the 2007 VA

Office of Inspector General Report, and other evidence already in the record or

adduced at a hearing following remand; we recognize that circumstances may have

evolved since the district court last took evidence three years ago.

      We still remain hopeful that at least some of the problems in this case can be

resolved by the parties working together. The district court should encourage them

to meet and confer to propose a remedial plan that addresses the mental health care

delivery problems described above, to be presented to the court for approval. It is

within the discretion of the district court to consider obtaining the assistance of a

Magistrate Judge or appointing a Special Master to aid the court in any way

deemed necessary. In the end, the district court shall either approve a plan agreed

upon by the parties or enter an appropriate order instructing the VHA to provide

Veterans with the procedural safeguards to which they are entitled.

                                          III




                                           73
      We next address Veterans’s statutory and constitutional claims concerning

the delays in the VBA’s claims adjudication system, particularly in the claims

appeals process.

      On appeal, Veterans challenge the district court’s denial of relief for these

claims and contend that relief is warranted under both the APA and the Due

Process Clause. Once again, we affirm the district court’s denial of Veterans’s

statutory claim, but reverse the district court’s ruling on their constitutional claim.

We hold that Veterans’s entitlement to service-connected death and disability

compensation is a property interest protected by the Due Process Clause, and that

the lack of adequate procedures to prevent undue delay in the provision of that

property constitutes a deprivation that violates Veterans’s constitutional rights.

A.    APA Challenge to Delays in Compensation Claim Appeals

      In considering Veterans’s APA claim with respect to benefits adjudication,

we are, once again, bound by the Supreme Court’s instruction in Norton that:

“General deficiencies in compliance, unlike the failure to issue a ruling . . . lack the

specificity requisite for agency action.” 

. Veterans’s APA

claim concerning timely and acceptable adjudication of veterans’ service-

connected death and disability claims cannot proceed because Veterans do not




                                           74
assert that the VA “failed to take a discrete agency action that it is required to

take.” 

.

      The district court erred in stating: “It is uncontested the adjudication of

benefits claims is a discrete agency action that the VA is required to take.” That

analysis failed to consider the cornerstone of Veterans’s APA claim. Veterans are

challenging pervasive deficiencies in the adjudication process that harm their

members, not delays in discrete benefits adjudications that the VA is required to

make. As discussed above, agency action to remedy widespread delays is not a

discrete, “required” action under § 706(1). On this basis alone, Veterans are barred

from seeking statutory relief that is dependent upon the VA’s waiver of sovereign

immunity under the APA. See 

-65. We therefore affirm the

district court’s dismissal of Veterans’s APA claim, on the basis that it does not

meet the APA requirement for reviewability.33

B.    Due Process Clause Challenge to Delays in Compensation Claim
      Appeals

                                           1




      33
         Because Veterans are barred from seeking statutory relief under the APA,
we need not consider the VA’s alternative arguments that 38 U.S.C. § 502 or § 511
also bar consideration of Veterans’s statutory claims.

                                           75
       First we must consider whether we may hear Veterans’s constitutional claim.

The VA argues that we lack jurisdiction to do so, because the VJRA divests all

federal courts but the Veterans Court and the United States Court of Appeals for

the Federal Circuit of jurisdiction to review any question concerning veterans

benefits. We reject that contention. In our view, the VJRA does not strip district

courts of jurisdiction to hear constitutional challenges to the VA’s system-wide

conduct, divorced from challenges to individual benefits determinations.

       The VA points to two sections of the VJRA, sections 502 and 511. Neither

applies here.

       a. Section 502. 38 U.S.C. § 502 states, “An action of the Secretary to

which [5 U.S.C. §§ 552(a)(1), 553 (the APA provision concerning rulemaking)]

refers is subject to judicial review. Such review . . . may be sought only in the

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.” The district court

determined that, given § 502’s grant of exclusive jurisdiction to the Federal

Circuit, “any challenge by [Veterans] to VA regulations is not reviewable in this

Court.” It found that provision relevant because, in its view, granting Veterans the

relief they seek “would invariably implicate VA regulations.” Consequently, it

held that “any such challenge is reviewable only in the Federal Circuit” under §

502.



                                          76
      By its plain text, however, § 502 concerns only “judicial review” of

“action[s] of the Secretary” as defined by the APA. We are thus presented with

Norton’s complement: for the same reason that the delays Veterans challenge are

not “action[s] of the Secretary” that are reviewable under the APA, see supra at

49–54, they are not actions that may be challenged in the Federal Circuit only.

Section 502 is clear in its purpose of directing APA-based challenges to the VA’s

rules and regulations to a single federal court, in derogation of the APA’s general

grant of judicial review in all courts. So we cannot read its jurisdiction-stripping

provision any more broadly than the narrow class of actions that may actually be

challenged under the APA after Norton.

      In addition to § 502’s plain text, our precedent dictates this result. In

Preminger v. Principi, 

(9th Cir. 2005), we held that § 502 bars

review outside the Federal Circuit of “direct challenges to VA rules and

regulations” only. 

(emphasis added). And in Nehmer v. Department of

Veterans Affairs, 

(9th Cir. 2007), we determined that § 502 concerns

only suits that “directly challenge either the merits of the VA’s regulation or the

VA’s rulemaking authority.” 

(emphasis added). Veterans

challenge neither, but only the VA’s failure to discharge its duty to veterans in a




                                          77
short enough time to avoid depriving them of their property interest without due

process.

      Finally, we find that the district court’s concern that “an order expediting

claims adjudications . . . would force the VA to alter or repeal some of [its]

regulations,” and thus would violate § 502, was entirely misplaced. As just

explained, § 502 limits judicial review of discrete agency actions, not claims of the

type asserted here. Veterans’s only surviving claim with regard to benefits is a

facial constitutional challenge to the VA’s actual conduct, not its codified rules, so

§ 502 is not implicated at all. See 

–859 (where plaintiffs

“challenge[d] the actions of the VA in failing to comply with the terms of” a court

order, § 502 did not bar review “irrespective of the existence of the VA

regulations” that were adopted in response to the order, because the claim was not

a “facial challenge to VA regulations”). While the VA may choose to modify its

regulations to comply with a remedial order, that future remedy would not convert

Veterans’s suit into an action for judicial review of an agency action subject to

§ 502. Thus, § 502 does not affect our ability to review Veterans’s constitutional

claims.

      b. Section 511. The district court understood § 511 to preclude “review of

individual benefits decisions,” but not “facial constitutional challenges to the VA



                                          78
benefits system.” Nonetheless, the court determined that § 511 barred review,

because “the determination of whether the delay is unreasonable may depend on

the facts of each particular claim,” which individually may not be reviewed in

district court.

       Section 511 blocks review of “decision[s] of the Secretary” as to any

“questions of law and fact necessary to a decision by the Secretary under a law

that affects the provision of benefits.” 38 U.S.C. § 511(a) (emphasis added).

Under the statute’s plain text, there are three problems with the district court’s

analysis.

       First, the conduct Veterans challenge is not a “decision” within the meaning

of § 511. While the term “decision” is not expressly defined in the statute, we

understand it in the context of the statute to mean individual benefits adjudications

– the type of individualized decisions Congress sought to keep out of the district

courts. See H.R. Rep. No. 100-963, 1988 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5782, 5803–5804. Section

1156, for example, discusses “ratings decision[s]” by the Secretary that determine

the degree of disability of a temporarily disabled veteran. 38 U.S.C.

§ 1156(b)(1)(B). Section 3107 concerns vocational rehabilitation benefits for

veterans, and provides that “[t]he Secretary shall review [a veteran’s] statement [of

disagreement with his rehabilitation plan] and render a decision on such



                                          79
review . . . .” 38 U.S.C. § 3107(c)(3). Later sections that refer to § 511 shed

further light on the meaning of “decisions” as “individual determinations.” Section

5104, for example, is titled “Decisions and notices of decisions,” and explains that

the Secretary must give a claimant notice “of a decision by the Secretary under

§ 511 of this title affecting the provision of benefits to a claimant.” 38 U.S.C.

§ 5104(a) (emphasis added). And § 7104, which outlines the jurisdiction of the

Board of Veterans’ Appeals, provides, “All questions in a matter which under

section 511(a) of this title is subject to decision by the Secretary shall be subject to

one review on appeal to the Secretary. Final decisions on such appeals shall be

made by the Board [of Veterans’ Appeals].” 38 U.S.C. § 7104. Veterans do not

challenge a “decision by the Secretary” here. Instead, they challenge systemic

delays in the benefits adjudication process that deprive them of the aid to which

they are entitled.

       Second, even if the term “decision” did apply, § 511 precludes judicial

review only of “decision[s]” actually made by the Secretary. As with Veterans’s

constitutional challenge to the delays in the delivery of mental health care,

whatever “questions of law” the challenge may require us to answer are not

questions the VA has already answered. Nor has the VA made a final decision in

Veterans’s members’ appeals; that their appeals languish undecided is the very



                                           80
basis for their claim.34 We thus agree with the Federal Circuit’s interpretation of

this provision: “Section 511(a) does not apply to every challenge to an action by

the VA. As we have held, it only applies where there has been a ‘decision by the

Secretary.’ In the context of the history of this provision, the statute plainly

contemplates a formal ‘decision’ by the Secretary or his delegate.” Bates v.

Nicholson, 

, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (citation omitted). Veterans do

not challenge the VA’s initial ratings decision in their members’ cases here, just

the VA’s systematic failure to timely render decisions on appeal.

      Finally, unlike § 502, § 511 does not grant exclusive jurisdiction to any

agency or court over a class of legal claims, except challenges to “decision[s]”

within the meaning of § 511 that have actually been made by the Secretary.

Nothing in § 511 prevents claims that could be (but have not yet been) adjudicated

by the Secretary, and then reviewed by the Court of Veterans Claims and the

Federal Circuit, from being raised in another court of competent jurisdiction

instead. Our view in this regard accords with that of the D.C. Circuit:

      Section 511(a) does not give the VA exclusive jurisdiction to construe
      laws affecting the provision of veterans benefits or to consider all
      issues that might somehow touch upon whether someone receives


      34
        The VA’s argument (Gov’t Br. 41 n.10) that “there is no question that the
VA is actually deciding benefits claims” is thus misplaced; § 511 is concerned only
with extant, not potential, decisions.

                                           81
        veterans benefits. Rather, it simply gives the VA authority to
        consider such questions when making a decision about benefits,
        and . . . prevents district courts from “review[ing]” the Secretary’s
        decision once made.

Broudy v. Mather, 

, 112 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (emphasis added). Thus in

Broudy, the plaintiffs’ claim that VA officials had obstructed their access to

benefits proceedings by withholding or covering up relevant information was not

barred by § 511 because “the Secretary ha[d] never decided th[o]se questions.” 

        The Federal Circuit agrees as well. In Hanlin v. United States, 

(Fed. Cir. 2000), that court explained:

        We do not read [§ 511] to require the Secretary, and only the
        Secretary, to make all decisions related to laws affecting the provision
        of benefits. Rather, once the Secretary has been asked to make a
        decision in a particular case (e.g., through the filing of a claim with
        the VA), 38 U.S.C. § 511(a) imposes a duty on the Secretary to decide
        all questions of fact and law necessary to a decision in that case.”

Consequently, the plaintiff in that case, an attorney for a veteran to

whom the VA was supposed to send a portion of his client’s benefit award as a fee,

was permitted to sue the VA in the Court of Federal Claims, notwithstanding the

fact that his “claim arises under [the attorney’s fees provision of title 38], which is

‘a law that affects the provision of benefits’ within the meaning of” § 511. 

                                           82
      We recognize, however, that the Sixth Circuit has construed § 511 more

broadly than have the D.C. Circuit and Federal Circuit. In Beamon v. Brown, 

(6th Cir. 1997), the court considered a putative class action brought by

veterans to challenge delays in the processing of veterans’ benefits. The court

found these claims barred by § 511, reasoning:

      Such a challenge raises questions of law and fact regarding the
      appropriate methods for the adjudication of veterans’ claims for
      benefits. Determining the proper procedures for claim adjudication is
      a necessary precursor to deciding veterans benefits claims. Under
      § 511(a), the VA Secretary shall decide this type of question.

We fail to understand how the Sixth Circuit squared its reasoning with

the plain text of the statute, which makes no mention of “precursors” or

“procedures,” but only decisions. Its conclusion is all the more odd in light of

§ 511(b), which excepts from § 511(a) challenges to the VA’s rules and

regulations. Even if the term “decision” did encompass the Secretary’s

“[d]etermin[ation] [of] the proper procedures for claim adjudication,” that

determination would typically be made by rule and thus exempt from § 511(a)’s

bar to review.

      Not only do we find more persuasive the positions of the D.C. Circuit and

Federal Circuits, but we would be prohibited from adopting the Sixth Circuit’s

view even if we were inclined to do so because of the particular nature of this case.



                                         83
The Sixth Circuit relied heavily in its analysis on the availability to the plaintiffs of

an alternate forum for their constitutional claims in the Veterans Court. 

–974. But, as the district court recognized, the Veterans Court

would lack jurisdiction over the type of claims raised by the plaintiffs here, even if

they were raised by Veterans’ members individually. The Veterans Court has

acknowledged that “[n]owhere has Congress given this Court either the authority

or the responsibility to supervise or oversee the ongoing adjudication process

which results in a BVA decision.” Clearly v. Brown, 

, 308 (1995)

(emphasis added); see also Dacoran v. Brown, 

(1993) (noting that

constitutional challenges could be “presented to this Court only in the context of a

proper and timely appeal taken from such decision made by the VA Secretary

through the BVA”) (emphasis added).

      Moreover, organizations such as Veterans could not present claims to the

Veterans Court, whose jurisdiction is limited to appeals from the BVA. If we were

to adopt the Sixth Circuit’s broad reading of § 511, then the plaintiff organizations

would be deprived of any forum in which to raise their claims.35 As the Beamon


      35
        The plaintiff organizations are, of course, separate entities from their
members. We fail to understand how the dissent can suggest that these
independent corporate persons litigating in their own names, although borrowing
their members’ standing, are no different from a group of individual veterans
                                                                         (continued...)

                                           84
court itself noted, the possibility of interpreting the predecessor to § 511 “as a

complete bar to the judicial review of all challenges to such decisions” has led the

Supreme Court to decide that the provision did not preclude district courts from

hearing constitutional challenges relating to veterans benefits, for fear “of the

constitutional danger of precluding judicial review of constitutional claims.” 

         (...continued)
litigating as a plaintiff class. See Dissenting op. at 12–13. Indeed, the Supreme
Court years ago rejected the argument that “[b]oth associational standing and [class
actions] are ‘designed to serve precisely the same purpose.’” United Auto. Workers
v. Brock, 

, 288 (1986). The Court explained,

      While a class action creates an ad hoc union of injured plaintiffs who
      may be linked only by their common claims, an association suing to
      vindicate the interests of its members can draw upon a pre-existing
      reservoir of expertise and capital. Besides financial resources,
      organizations often have specialized expertise and research resources
      relating to the subject matter of the lawsuit that individual plaintiffs
      lack. These resources can assist both courts and plaintiffs. As one
      court observed of an association’s role in pending litigation: “[T]he
      interest and expertise of this plaintiff, when exerted on behalf of its
      directly affected members, assure ‘that concrete adverseness which
      sharpens the presentation of issues upon which the court so largely
      depends for illumination of difficult . . . questions.’ ”

(first internal quotation marks and citations omitted). That is, an
organization is much more than a mere “tool, like class actions, for vindicating
individual members’ interests.” Dissenting op. at 13.

                                           85
971–972 (citing Johnson v. Robison, 

(1974)). For that same reason,

we could not construe § 511 so broadly here given the specific nature of this case.36

       The purpose of the VJRA was to keep thousands of suits concerning

individual benefits determinations from crowding the dockets of the federal courts,

on top of the social security cases and immigration petitions for review that already

keep them busy reviewing agency actions. Although the VA and the dissent

struggle mightily to ignore the nature of this suit, it is plain that a structural

constitutional challenge is beyond the jurisdiction of the Veterans Court to hear




       36
          A recent case before the D.C. Circuit considered a challenge similar to
Veterans’s claim here as to the benefits adjudication system. See Vietnam Veterans
of Am. v. Shinseki, 

(D.C. Cir. 2010). That case was decided solely on
standing grounds, as noted supra at 34 n.16. See Vietnam 

–662. In the six pages of dicta that preceded that holding, however, the court
discussed Beamon favorably before stating, “[o]ur discussion of this issue is
tentative.” 

We give no weight to the tentative dictum of other
courts. In any event, Vietnam Veterans considered Beamon not for its holding as
to § 511, but rather for its finding that the adequate alternative remedy in the
Veterans Court barred review of the plaintiffs’ APA-based challenge, because
APA § 704 precludes review if an alternate remedy exists elsewhere. 

(citing 

–970). Vietnam Veterans went on to muse, “we
think it virtually inevitable that it would be held that the [Veterans Court] has
exclusive jurisdiction to hear due process claims” too, because those claims were
“essentially identical” to the plaintiffs’ “unreasonable delay claim” under the APA.

& n.7. We are aware of no principle that limitations on a statutory cause
of action may be transferred wholesale to a constitutional claim simply because it
arises from the same underlying events.

                                            86
and, due in part to the Secretary’s prolonged indecision on appeals, outside the

preclusive sweep of § 511.

                                           2

      Turning, at last, to the merits of Veterans’s constitutional claim, we hold that

the district court rightly acknowledged that “many veterans have a protected

property interest [under the Due Process Clause] as applicants for and recipients of

SCDDC benefits.” Accord Cushman v. Shinseki, 

, 1298 (Fed. Cir.

2009) (holding that veterans’ benefits are a protected property interest under the

Fifth Amendment, because they are statutorily mandated and nondiscretionary in

nature).

      Confronted with the stark and sobering evidence of inexplicable delays in

the benefits adjudication process, the district court stated that it could not conclude

that the due process rights of veterans were violated by the absence of procedures

designed to reduce delays in claim appeals, “in light of many of the factors creating

these delays.” To reach this conclusion, the district court relied primarily on the

Seventh Circuit’s decision in Wright v. Califano, 

(7th Cir. 1978),

which found that 180-day delays in the adjudication of social security benefits did

not constitute a due process violation under Mathews v. Eldridge, given the Social




                                          87
Security Administration’s “severe resource constraints.” 

4–356. The court

found Wright’s “reasoning applicable to the present case.”

      In so ruling, however, the district court failed to properly analyze Veterans’s

due process claim by conducting a Mathews analysis of its own based on the facts

of this case. “‘[D]ue process,’ unlike some legal rules, is not a technical

conception with a fixed content unrelated to time, place and circumstances.”

Cafeteria & Restaurant Workers v. McElroy, 

, 895 (1961). Instead,

“due process is flexible and calls for such procedural protections as the particular

situation demands.” Morrissey v. Brewer, 

, 481 (1972). Wright itself

acknowledged that there could come a time “when due process is no longer due

process because past due”; it just found that, on the facts of that case, that time had

not yet been reached. 

. So we must undertake that analysis

to see if process is “past due” here by “examin[ing] the importance of the private

interest and the harm to this interest occasioned by delay; the justification offered

by the Government for delay and its relation to the underlying governmental

interest; and the likelihood that the interim decision may have been mistaken.”

FDIC v. Mallen, 

, 242 (1988).

      First, we find that veterans’ property interest in their service-connected death

and disability compensation could not be more vital – many recipients of such



                                          88
benefits are totally or primarily dependent upon that compensation for their

financial support and the support of their families. A veteran receives no monies

from the VA until his claim has been approved, which means that during the initial

period of claim assessment and during the pendency of any appeal he and his

family suffer tremendous privation. To pursue a claim to completion, for example,

may take in excess of 4.4 years, even excluding “the time between an . . . initial

decision [at the Regional Office level] and a veteran’s NOD filing, which may be

as long as one year”). During the pendency of such appeals, the record before us

shows that many veterans perish, after living in want. The district court’s

memorandum of decision states, for example, that “[b]etween October 1, 2007, and

March 31, 2008, alone, at least 1,467 veterans died during the pendency of their

appeals,” thus extinguishing their appeals. The private interest is thus strong – as

is, indeed, the public interest, given the nature of the claimants.

      Second, the VA attributes the delays in claims appeals, in part, to its placing

a priority on adjudicating initial claims. We fail to understand, however, why

prioritizing initial claim adjudications must come at the expense of timely appeals

processing. Much of the delay appears to arise from gross inefficiency, not

resource constraints. We are particularly doubtful, for example, that any

government interest could justify the 573-day average delay for a Regional Officer



                                           89
to certify an appeal to the BVA after receiving a veteran’s form requesting an

appeal – a step that we understand to be a ministerial task. We are as confounded

as the Chairman of the BVA, who at trial “was unable to explain” the overall

“lengthy delay in the resolution of appeals.” If resource constraints are an issue,

the VA has not asserted as much, and the record does not suggest that staffing or

funding shortages are responsible for the delays in the adjudication process. To the

contrary, the district court found that the VBA is rapidly increasing its staff.

       Finally, we might find the VA’s argument more compelling if it were not

clear that prioritizing initial determinations over appeals has not worked, given the

high reversal rate of those determinations. Only forty percent of initial decisions

appealed are affirmed.37 Between 19 and 44 percent of remands by the BVA, when

appellate decisions are eventually reached, are “avoidable,” meaning “an error

       37
          See also Transcript of Oral Arg., Astrue v. Ratliff, No. 08-1322 (U.S. Feb.
22, 2010):
                   [Assistant to the Solicitor General Anthony] YANG: [The
reversal rate in the VA context is] in the order of either 50 or maybe slightly
more than 50 percent. It might be 60. But the number is substantial that you get
a reversal . . . .
                   CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS: Well, that’s really startling,
isn’t it? In litigating with veterans, the government more often than not takes
a position that is substantially unjustified?
                   MR. YANG: It is an unfortunate number, Your Honor. And it is
– it’s accurate.



                                           90
[was] made by the R[egional] O[ffice] before it certifie[d] the appeal to the

B[oard].” It is unlikely that initial adjudications can approach perfect accuracy

even if priority is given to them. Under those circumstances, we do not find that

the VA’s interest outweighs veterans’ in ensuring that those initial determinations

that are incorrect get corrected quickly, even if the VA did actually have to make

such a trade-off. Given that 60 percent of all appeals result in grants or remands,

the risk of prolonged erroneous deprivation during these delays is high. We

therefore find that the delays in the VA’s claims appeals process amount to

deprivation of property without due process.

      We find support for our conclusion in the reasoning of other courts facing

similar balancing determinations. Some courts, like the Seventh Circuit in Wright,

have found no due process violation when faced with relatively short delays in the

provision of benefits and substantial government interests. In Barrett v. Roberts,

(5th Cir. 1977), for example, the Fifth Circuit found that 8- to 20-day

delays in the receipt of a single month’s welfare check did not deny due process,

because those delays occurred during a semi-annual review for program eligibility,

which was necessary to the government’s interest in preventing undeserving

recipients from claiming entitlements. In Littlefield v. Heckler, 

(3d

Cir. 1987), the Third Circuit determined that a nine-month delay between the



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issuance of an ALJ’s “recommended decision” in a social security benefits case

and a final decision by the Social Security Administration’s Appeals Council was

constitutional, given the volume of cases before the Appeals Council. 

And the Second Circuit found that a 19-month delay in Medicare

reimbursements of claims of under $500, caused by the government’s requirement

that claim disputes be heard by a private hearing officer prior to being adjudicated

by an ALJ, was justified because (1) the private interest was low where the amount

of benefits was small and not related to financial need, (2) the lack of information

about the risk of erroneous deprivation during the delay, and (3) the government’s

substantial interest in resolving more claims through the informal procedure.

Isaacs v. Bowen, 

(2d Cir. 1989).

      By contrast, the Third Circuit determined that a three-year and nine-month

delay in evaluating an application for a disabled child’s annuity under the Railroad

Retirement Act violated due process. Kelly v. R.R. Retirement Bd., 

(3d Cir. 1980). The applicant sought disability benefits to sustain her while she

fought severe depression. The court found it “wholly inexcusable” that “the

administrative review process of a single disability application extended to nearly

four years.” 

It reasoned, “Although there is no magic length of time

after which due process requirements are violated, we are certain that three years,



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nine months, is well past any reasonable time limit, when no valid reason for the

delay is given.” 

rejected the Board’s argument that the delay was

necessary to gather evidence, because it found that no decision issued until more

than one year after all evidence was gathered. Moreover, it found “the backlog of

cases and limited resources of the Board” to be no excuse, because “[w]hatever its

internal problems, the Board has the power to implement regulations that would

accelerate the agency review process. Four years is totally out of phase with the

requirements of fairness.” 

      And in Kraebel v. New York City Department of Housing Preservation &

Development, 

(2d Cir. 1992), the Second Circuit found a likely due

process violation when the city delayed granting property tax benefits to a landlord

who was entitled to the tax benefits after rehabilitating her buildings as part of a

city program. It took one and half years for the city to determine that the landlord

was in fact entitled to the benefit. But, the court reasoned, “even before the state

makes a definitive decision as to entitlement, the road to that determination must

be paved by due process.” 

The court remanded for the district court to

consider in the first instance whether the delay was justified, weighing the

landlord’s interest in prompt payment for her voluntary participation in a socially




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beneficial program against the difficulty faced by the city in making eligibility

determinations. 

      We are confident that the present case fits comfortably within the latter

category of cases rather than the former. This is not a case involving short but

justified delays of critical benefits, cf. Barrett, moderate delays of important

benefits caused by a system overload, cf. Littlefield, or long delays of minor

benefits due to government interest in efficiency, cf. Isaacs. Instead, like Kelly,

this case involves critical benefits to sustain those incapacitated by mental

disability, delayed for an excessive period of time without satisfactory explanation.

      Again, we remand to the district court with the instruction that it

conduct evidentiary hearings in order to determine what procedures would remedy

the existing due process violations in the VBA claims adjudication process. The

hearings shall explore what procedural protections are most appropriate to permit

the appeals of veterans to be expedited in the most efficient manner, with a

particular emphasis on the procedural protections necessary for veterans suffering

the most financial hardship during the adjudication of their claims. The district

court may consider the need for setting maximum time periods for determinations

at various stages of the claims adjudication process and/or the need for a procedure

to expedite claims where emergency circumstances are shown to exist. As stated



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above, the district court may seek the assistance of a Magistrate Judge or Special

Master in creating and implementing a remedial plan, and the court should first

encourage the parties to meet and confer to propose a remedial plan. In the end,

the district court shall either approve an agreement reached by the parties or enter

an appropriate order instructing the VBA to provide Veterans with the procedural

safeguards to which they are entitled.

                                          IV

      Veterans also assert that there is a lack of adequate procedures when

veterans initially file their claims for service-connected death and disability

benefits at their local VBA Regional Office (“RO”).

      Veterans file an initial claim for service-connected death and disability

compensation with their RO. Veterans claim that the VA violates veterans’ due

process rights by failing to afford adequate procedural protections to veterans

during the initial submission of their claims and the adjudication of those claims at

the RO level, because there is no right to a pre-decisional hearing and discovery

and veterans are prohibited from retaining paid counsel to assist them in the

submission of their initial claim.38 Veterans do not challenge the time period


      38
        After the veteran files a Notice of Disagreement, thereby appealing from
the RO level, the veteran is exempt from the prohibition on retaining paid counsel.
                                                                       (continued...)

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required for the initial adjudication of claims at the RO level, but rather they

challenge solely the procedures in place (or lack thereof) to facilitate veterans’

submission of their claims. We affirm the district court on this claim because the

non-adversarial procedures at the VA level are sufficient to satisfy the dictates of

due process.

      In reaching its conclusion that the RO level procedures do not violate

veterans’ due process rights, the district court conducted an analysis of the

Mathews factors. While the first factor weighs in favor of relief (“veterans and

their families have a compelling interest in receiving disability benefits and . . . the

consequences of erroneous deprivation can be devastating”), the district court

concluded that the second and third factors do not support relief. In concluding

that the risk of erroneous deprivation at the RO level is relatively low, the district

court noted that a small percentage of cases are affected, given the small

percentage of RO determinations that are appealed.39 In addition, the district court

noted that the third factor weighed against relief where the VA would face




      38
       (...continued)
38 U.S.C. § 3904(c)(1).
      39
          We accord little weight to this fact as a measure of actual accuracy, in
light of the uninviting appeals process.

                                           96
“significant” fiscal and administrative burdens if required to implement Veterans’s

proposed additional procedural requirements at the RO level.

      We note that the government also has an interest in maintaining the non-

adversarial nature of RO level proceedings. With regard to the prohibition on

retaining paid counsel, the Supreme Court has said:

      The Government interest, which has been articulated in congressional
      debates since the fee limitation was first enacted in 1862 during the
      Civil War, has been this: that the system for administering benefits
      should be managed in a sufficiently informal way that there should be
      no need for the employment of an attorney to obtain benefits to which
      a claimant was entitled, so that the claimant would receive the entirety
      of the award without having to divide it with a lawyer.

. The Court noted that allowing the payment of attorneys

“would seriously frustrate the oft-repeated congressional purpose for enacting [the

fee limitation].” 

The Walters Court characterized the government’s

interest as warranting “great weight,” and concluded that “[i]t would take an

extraordinarily strong showing of probability of error under the present system –

and the probability that the presence of attorneys would sharply diminish that

possibility – to warrant a holding that the fee limitation denies claimants due

process of law.” 

The plaintiffs in Walters failed to make this strong

showing, and the court therefore held that there was no due process violation. 

We are bound by that holding. If the Supreme Court’s view of the benefits



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and consequences of allowing veterans to have legal representation is to be

changed or modified, it will have to be done by the Supreme Court itself, and not

by a circuit court.

         Although Veterans challenge a wider array of procedural restrictions than

those at issue in Walters, the Supreme Court’s analysis is directly applicable to the

case before us. Underlying all the procedural restrictions cited by Veterans is what

the Court has already held to be the government’s interest in the creation and

preservation of a non-adversarial system. Instead of allowing for paid attorneys to

represent claimants and formal discovery, Congress imposed on the VA a duty to

assist claimants in substantiating their claims for benefits. See 38 U.S.C. § 5103A.

Veterans have failed to make a strong showing that the current system carries with

it a high probability of error or that a more formal process would decrease the

probability of error. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s ruling.

                                            V

         Finally, Veterans contend that the district court erred in refusing to compel

discovery of all suicide incident briefs and refusing to compel a response to an

interrogatory seeking the average number of days PTSD claims take at the RO

level.




                                            98
      We review for abuse of discretion the district court’s discovery rulings and

management of the trial. “[B]road discretion is vested in the trial court to permit or

deny discovery, and its decision to deny discovery will not be disturbed except

upon the clearest showing that denial of discovery results in actual and substantial

prejudice to the complaining litigant.” Hallett v. Morgan, 

, 751 (9th

Cir. 2002) (quoting Goehring v. Brophy, 

, 1305 (9th Cir. 1996)). To

succeed on this challenge, Veterans must show “actual and substantial prejudice”

resulted from the discovery rulings. 

.

A.    Suicide Incident Briefs

      At a status conference, Veterans sought to compel discovery of suicide

incident briefs – reports prepared by the VA following the suicide or attempted

suicide of a veteran under VA care. The VA represented that there are 15,000

suicide incident briefs that would be subject to extensive redaction and argued that

the redacted suicide incident briefs would be of little probative value. The district

court asked Veterans what they would do with that information. Veterans

responded: “I think it would potentially subject to analysis . . . to try to amalgamate

the data across the system to show in practice how the procedures and policies that

are in place with respect to mental health care, in fact, the small—.” The district




                                          99
court interjected “I don’t think I have any authority to talk about their policies,”

and thereafter denied Veterans’s motion to compel production.

      Veterans claim that full discovery of all suicide incident briefs would have

allowed them to establish links between the VA’s failure to comply with its

policies and procedures and veterans’ suicides. Veterans, however, do not argue

how they were prejudiced by the discovery ruling in the context of their specific

APA and due process claims. There is no contention that the suicide incident

briefs would have allowed Veterans to fulfill the APA’s statutory requirements for

judicial review set forth at 5 U.S.C. § 706(1) and delineated in Norton. It is

possible that access to the suicide incident briefs might have provided Veterans

with additional useful material in support of their due process claim concerning

veterans’ inability to appeal administrative scheduling decisions that delay

necessary mental health care. However, such material is not necessary for

Veterans to make out a valid claim – indeed, as we hold above, their eligibility for

relief under Mathews has already been established by the district court’s factual

findings. In light of our holding reversing and remanding this case to the district

court for the entry of an appropriate order remedying the due process violation that

Veterans have suffered because of the VHA’s delay in the provision of mental

health care, we conclude that it is unnecessary to address this discovery issue.



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B.    Average Time for Processing PTSD Claims at the RO Level

      Veterans also sought to compel a response to their interrogatory requesting

the average amount of time it takes to process PTSD compensation claims at the

Regional Office level. During the trial, Veterans raised the issue with the district

court. The VA represented that Michael Walcoff, then Deputy Under Secretary for

Benefits in the Department of Veterans Affairs,40 would testify as to what data the

VA has and why the VA cannot produce the data sought by Veterans. After

Walcoff testified, Veterans filed a motion to compel by letter contending that

“Walcoff’s testimony, although consistent with the explanation provided by

counsel for Defendants, does not support the ‘not available’ interrogatory answer

provided by Defendants.” The following day, April 29, 2008, the court denied

Veterans’s motion to compel.

      Veterans contend that the district court abused its discretion in refusing to

compel an answer to that interrogatory. We fail to see how this specific

information would bolster Veterans’s APA or due process claims. Veterans’s

statutory claims are foreclosed for the reasons we discuss above. Veterans’s due

process arguments concerning delays in claims adjudication focus on the time it

takes to appeal benefits determinations. At the RO level, Veterans claim only that

      40
       Walcoff was appointed Acting Under Secretary for Benefits in the
Department of Veterans Affairs on Jan. 4, 2010.

                                         101
the failure to provide more formal procedures for adjudicating benefits claims and

the VA’s use of a procedure to reduce benefits awards system violates due process.

Veterans make no argument as to how further information on delays in processing

PTSD claims at the RO level would support their due process claims regarding

RO-level procedures. In the absence of any showing of how this additional

information would have strengthened Veterans claims, we affirm the district

court’s ruling on this issue.



                                     C ONCLUSION

      The United States Constitution confers upon veterans and their surviving

relatives a right to the effective provision of mental health care and to the just and

timely adjudication of their claims for health care and service-connected death and

disability benefits. Although the terms of the Administrative Procedure Act

preclude Veterans from obtaining relief in our court for their statutory claims, their

entitlements to the provision of health care and to veterans’ benefits are property

interests protected by the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. The

deprivation of those property interests by delaying their provision, without

justification and without any procedure to expedite, violates veterans’

constitutional rights. Because neither Congress nor the Executive has corrected the



                                          102
behavior that yields these constitutional violations, the courts must provide the

plaintiffs with a remedy. We therefore remand this case to the district court with

the instruction that, unless the parties resolve this dispute first, it enter an order

consistent with this opinion.

       AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, and REMANDED.




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                                    COUNSEL

Gordon P. Erspamer (argued), Heather A. Moser, Ryan G. Hassanein, M. Natalie
Naugle, and Stacey M. Sprenkel, Morrison & Foerster LLP, San Francisco, Cal.;
and Sidney M. Wolinsky, Ronald Elsberry, Katrina Kasey Corbit, and Jennifer
Bezoza, Disability Rights Advocates, Berkeley, Cal., for the plaintiffs-appelants.

Michael F. Hertz, Acting Assistant Attorney General; Joseph P. Russoniello,
United States Attorney; and William Kanter and Charles W. Scarborough (argued),
Appellate Staff, Civil Division, Department of Justice, for the defendants-
appellees.




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