NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 05a0434n.06
                             Filed: May 25, 2005

                                           No. 03-2131

                            UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
     Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                                      On Appeal from the
               v.                                     United States District Court for
                                                      the Eastern District of Michigan
HUSSEIN AMR,
     Defendant-Appellant.

______________________________/


       BEFORE: KENNEDY and COOK, Circuit Judges; and VARLAN, District Judge.*

       KENNEDY, Circuit Judge. A jury found Defendant Hussein Amr guilty on a total of 22

counts: three counts of health care fraud, 18 U.S.C. § 1347(1) and (2), nine counts of mail fraud, 18

U.S.C. § 1341, three counts of illegal kickbacks, 42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7b(b)(2)(B), three counts of

money laundering, 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1)(A)(i), and four counts of engaging in illegal transactions,

18 U.S.C. § 1957. The jury also returned a forfeiture verdict in the sum of $1,015,384.55.

Defendant appeals raising one issue, namely, that the district court erred when it permitted the

government to introduce evidence establishing the high profit margin that the Defendant received

on selling power wheelchairs because the evidence was either irrelevant to any issue in the case, or,

if relevant, was overly prejudicial. For the reasons that follow, we AFFIRM.



       *
        The Honorable Thomas A. Varlan, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of
Tennessee, sitting by designation.

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                                         BACKGROUND

       In 1995, Hussein Amr started United States Medical Supply (USMS), a company which

dealt in durable medical equipment. Durable medical equipment includes products such as

hospital beds, electric scooters, walkers, manual wheelchairs, and power wheelchairs. In

February 1998, pursuant to a complaint of Medicare billing improprieties from Amr’s office

manager, an FBI agent began an investigation into possible health care fraud by Hussein Amr

and his company. After an investigation, Amr was indicted on November 2, 2000. The

indictment charged a scheme to defraud Medicare, Michigan Medicaid, and Blue Cross/Blue

Shield of Michigan (BC/BS) by inducing patients to purchase power wheelchairs they did not

want or need, offering free lift chairs to induce patients to purchase power wheelchairs, failing to

offer patients the option of renting rather than purchasing the wheelchairs, charging for standard

accessories which were already included in the wheelchairs, and inflating repair charges.

       The vast majority of the durable medical equipment that USMS sold were power

wheelchairs. The government introduced evidence that USMS would purchase power

wheelchairs for $2,250. USMS would bill medicare $4,300 for the wheelchair and an additional

$800 for accessories, resulting in a request of $5,100 from Medicare. USMS would then receive

a co-pay (usually either from Medicaid or BC/BS) of $1,200, resulting in a total of $6,300, and a

profit of over $4,000, from the sale of one power wheelchair.

       Part of this profit USMS earned on each chair it sold was obtained by charging Medicare

for more expensive products than that which it actually provided the patient (a fraudulent

practice known as “up-coding”). For instance, on every power wheelchair that USMS sold

during the period covered in the indictment, USMS billed Medicare $360 for a gel seat cushion.


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However, every power wheelchair USMS sold during that period, except for one, contained only

a foam cushion, which costs $60. Part of the profit that USMS earned on each chair was also

obtained by charging extra for accessories that came standard with the chairs. For instance,

USMS would charge Medicare separately for accessories such as tire and electric controllers,

which were standard equipment on all power wheelchairs.

       The government introduced evidence that Amr steered patients toward purchasing power

wheelchairs rather than other cheaper equipment, such as a lift or manual chairs. For instance,

although it is a violation of Medicare rules to steer a patient toward purchasing a power

wheelchair without advising the patient that he or she has the option to rent or lease the chair

rather than to buy it outright, no one at USMS ever advised the patients that they had a right to

lease the chairs. Moreover, when USMS would receive calls from patients who were primarily

interested in purchasing a lift or a manual chair (which can cost as little as $125), Amr would

talk the patient into ordering a power wheelchair, often offering a lift chair or manual wheelchair

for free. It is a violation of Medicare rules, however, for a DME supplier to steer a patient to the

purchase of a power wheelchair if the patient has only expressed interest in a lift chair. As

evidence that Amr steered patients toward the purchase of electric wheelchairs, the government

offered testimony that more than half of the patients who purchased wheelchairs from USMS

during the indictment period neither wanted nor needed a power wheelchair.

                                           ANALYSIS

       The Defendant argues that the district court abused its discretion when it permitted the

government to introduce evidence establishing the high profit margin that the Defendant earned

when he sold power wheelchairs because, the Defendant asserts, this evidence was not relevant


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to any issue in the case (and thus should be precluded pursuant to Fed. R. Evid. 401), or, if

relevant, its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice (and

thus should be precluded pursuant to Fed. R. Evid. 403).

       The Defendant argues that the evidence of the high profit margin he earned on selling

power wheelchairs is not relevant since there was no allegation that USMS was gouging

Medicare on the price it was charging for wheelchairs. Although it is true that there was no

allegation that the Defendant was gouging Medicare on the price it was charging for the power

wheelchairs, the government did allege that the Defendant committed fraud by steering patients

who only wanted to purchase lift or manual chairs (and who in most cases did not even need

power wheelchairs) into purchasing (rather than renting or leasing) power wheelchairs. The

evidence of the high profit margin that the Defendant earned on selling power wheelchairs was

highly relevant to showing why the Defendant, in violation of Medicare rules, steered patients

who expressed interest only in lift or manual chairs to purchase power wheelchairs and did not

inform the patients that they had a right to lease the chairs. He did so because otherwise he

would not have obtained the over $4,000 profit per power wheelchair sold. Thus, since the

evidence was relevant to establishing the Defendant’s motive, the district court properly

admitted the evidence pursuant to Rule 401.

       The Defendant next argues that, even if this evidence is relevant, it should not have been

admitted since its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.

In support of this argument, the Defendant asserts that many people might consider the

Defendant’s mark up on the wheelchairs excessive and fraudulent on its face. Rule 403 provides

that relevant “evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the


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danger of unfair prejudice . . . .” (emphasis added). This Court has previously noted that “[f]or a

Rule 403 violation to occur, the admitted evidence must result in “unfair prejudice in that ‘the

evidence must suggest a decision on an improper basis.’” United States v. Bonds, 

,

567 (quoting United States v. Schrock, 

, 333 (6th Cir. 1988). “Unfair prejudice does

not mean the damage to a defendant’s case that results from the legitimate probative force of the

evidence.” 

quotation marks omitted). In this case, the evidence of the high

profit margin was prejudicial against the Defendant only in the sense that it was damaging to the

Defendant’s case, and not in that it suggested a decision to the jury on an improper basis. Thus,

we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in finding that the probative value

of the evidence of the high profit margin that the Defendant earned on selling power wheelchairs

was not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.

       For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM.




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