COLE, Circuit Judge.
Appellants U.S. National Bank and Saxon Mortgage Services, Inc., appeal the order of the district court overturning a judgment of the bankruptcy court granting them an equitable mortgage on property owned by Debtors Daniel and Sheryl Sutter. We AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
In September 1994, Daniel and Sheryl Sutter ("the Sutters") bought a home in Lapeer, Michigan ("the Sutter property"). Beginning sometime in the mid to late 1990s, the Sutters experienced financial difficulties that ultimately resulted in the filing of a petition under Chapter 7 of the bankruptcy laws, followed by a grant of discharged issued by the Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Michigan on January 30, 2004.
Prior to entry of the discharge, the Sutters attempted to refinance their existing mortgages on the subject property. Eventually, they came into contact with World Wide Financial Services, Inc. ("World Wide"), also known as LoanGiant.com.
At the April 8 closing, the Sutters signed a note payable to World Wide in the amount of $78,000. The Sutters signed a number of additional documents in connection with their refinancing, but apparently did not sign a mortgage instrument. Nevertheless, New Century provided the funds to pay off the two existing mortgages on the Sutter property, as well as allowed the Sutters to pay off additional existing debts. At some point after the closing, World Wide and New Century assigned the mortgage instrument ("the World Wide mortgage") to U.S. National Bank, with Saxon Mortgage Services, Inc. ("Saxon") as the mortgage servicer (collectively "the Appellants").
Within a few months of the closing, the Sutters began to fall behind on their payments
The Sutters filed an objection to the proof of claim, alleging that it should be disallowed because their signatures on the mortgage instrument were forged. In addition, the Sutters brought an adversary proceeding against the Appellants, asserting a variety of claims for relief under the Bankruptcy Code, other federal statutes, and Michigan law. Count I of the complaint sought the disallowance of the claim pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 502(b)(1). Count II, pleaded in the alternative to Count I, sought avoidance of the World Wide mortgage pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 544(a)(3) (the "strong-arm" provision). Both counts sought a judgment "extinguishing, expunging, and avoiding all claimed interest [of U.S. National Bank and Saxon] in the Debtor's property."
At the April 24, 2007 hearing on the Sutters' adversary proceeding ("the April 2007 hearing"), the bankruptcy court found as part of its findings of fact that "the debtors have established by the necessary burden of proof that the signatures on the mortgage before the Court are not theirs." This determination was based on the uncontested fact that, while the certificate of acknowledgement states that the Sutters acknowledged their signatures on the mortgage in Michigan, the Sutters were in California on April 8, 2004, the date on which they supposedly signed it. The bankruptcy court concluded that those who acquire an interest under a forged instrument are in no better position as to title than if they had purchased with notice. Thus, the bankruptcy court granted summary judgment on Count I to the Sutters, disallowing Saxon's claim.
At the same hearing, the bankruptcy court also indicated that it would grant summary judgment to the Sutters on Count II. In addition, at the end of the hearing, the court raised the issue of whether an equitable mortgage should be imposed between Appellants and the Sutters. Although the court did not render a decision on the issue, it did instruct the trustee to "monitor the case very closely" and noted that the court "reserves the right if need be to address the equitable mortgage issue." The trustee submitted a proposed order stating that the World Wide mortgage "is hereby avoided and preserved for the benefit of the bankruptcy estate pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 551." The court ultimately signed the order tendered by the Chapter 13 trustee ("the July 2007 Order"). Neither the Sutters, U.S. National Bank, nor Saxon appealed this order.
Soon after the hearing, the Sutters filed an Amended Chapter 13 plan. The amended plan listed the Appellants' claim as that of an unsecured creditor and the mortgage as void ab initio. On September 19, 2007, the Chapter 13 trustee filed a motion to sell the World Wide mortgage to Appellants for $30,000, relying on the provision in the July 2007 Order avoiding the World Wide mortgage for the benefit of
The Sutters filed a notice of appeal to the District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 158 on March 7, 2008. In a memorandum opinion and order, the district court reversed the orders of the bankruptcy court and remanded for clarification. The district court relied on the finding of facts made by the bankruptcy court at the April 2007 hearing and concluded that the bankruptcy court made "an inference that the signatures had been forged." Referencing Michigan law, the district court stated that "[w]here a deed is forged, those innocently acquiring interests under the forged deed are in no better position as to title than if they had purchased with notice." The district court noted that the bankruptcy court had suggested, but did not definitively hold, that an equitable mortgage might exist on the Sutter property, and reversed and remanded for consideration of the equitable mortgage issue. This order was not appealed.
On remand, after a hearing, the bankruptcy court imposed an equitable mortgage on the Sutter property. The court relied on the Sutters' receipt of the benefits of the mortgage as the basis for imposing the equitable mortgage. The court also rejected the Sutters' "unclean hands" argument on the theory that "[d]ebtors did not allege or prove that U.S. Bank or Saxon engaged in any improper conduct."
The Sutters appealed the bankruptcy court's decision to the district court. The district court once again reversed the bankruptcy court, ruling that, because "no transfer ever occurred" as a result of the World Wide mortgage, the mortgage was void ab initio and there could be no equitable transfer of the interest to the trustee. This appeal followed.
Before us in this appeal is the district court's judgment holding that an equitable mortgage does not exist on the Sutter property. The district court also found, in both this order and its previous order, that the World Wide mortgage was void under Michigan law. Legal conclusions made by the district court when functioning as an appellate court for bankruptcy decisions are reviewed de novo. McMillan v. LTV Steel, Inc., 555 F.3d 218, 225 (6th Cir.2009); In re Batie, 995 F.2d 85, 88 (6th Cir.1993). We directly review a bankruptcy court's factual findings for clear error. McMillan, 555 F.3d at 225.
As a threshold matter, Appellants argue that the district court should not have considered whether the mortgage was void under Michigan law, because the bankruptcy court entered an order providing that the mortgage was avoided and preserved for the benefit of the bankruptcy estate pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 551; it did not hold that the mortgage was void as a matter of law. This claim is unavailing for several reasons.
First, Appellants are incorrect that the Sutters sought only to avoid the mortgage in their original filing. The Sutters did seek to avoid the mortgage for the benefit of the estate in Count II of their challenge
While the Sutters did not use the specific phrase "void ab initio," there is no question that Count I sought to have the mortgage declared void pursuant to Michigan law.
Appellants further argue that the Sutters waived this issue by not appealing the July 2007 order. That order granted relief to the Sutters on both Counts I and II of their complaint. Appellants argue that because all subsequent rulings of the bankruptcy court were based on the mortgage being avoided pursuant to Count II, the July 2007 Order actually held that the World Wide mortgage was not void and instead avoided in favor of the estate. By failing to appeal the July 2007 Order, Appellants argue the Sutters waived any argument that the World Wide was mortgage was void. This is an unreasonable interpretation of the July 2007 order. The order clearly grants the relief the Sutters were requesting in Count I. When later orders of the bankruptcy court construed the Sutters' mortgage as avoided, rather than voided, the Sutters filed timely appeals of those decisions. The Sutters preserved their claims for appeal.
In any event, before us is the decision of the district court concluding that no equitable mortgage arose on the Sutter property. There is no question that the district court considered whether the mortgage was void in issuing both of its rulings in this case, and thus both the legal conclusion and factual findings of the district court are before us. Even construing Appellants' argument as a challenge to the district court's consideration of the status of the World Wide mortgage, the Appellants' claim fails. Appellants forfeited any objections to consideration of whether the mortgage is void by failing to appeal the first order of the district court. The district court clearly ruled that the mortgage was void when it remanded the case back to the bankruptcy court. To the extent that this was an improper consideration by the district court, the Appellants should have appealed that ruling to this court. Failure to do so bars later attempts to raise the issue. JGR, Inc. v. Thomasville Furniture Indus., Inc., 550 F.3d 529, 532 (6th Cir.2008) ("The law-of-the case doctrine bars challenges to a decision made at a previous stage of litigation which could have been challenged in a prior appeal, but were not.") (quoting United States v. Adesida, 129 F.3d 846, 850 (6th Cir. 1997)).
The district court's conclusion that the World Wide mortgage was void ab initio was based on the bankruptcy court's factual findings that the Sutters did not sign the World Wide mortgage and that their signatures had been forged. The bankruptcy court held that "[t]he Court is well satisfied the debtors have established the necessary burden of proof that the signatures on the mortgage before the Court are not theirs." The court based its findings on the fact that the World Wide mortgage indicates that the Sutters signed
The district court also held that, under Michigan law, a forged mortgage is void ab initio. In Horvath v. National Mortgage Co., the plaintiffs challenged a deed that bore their signatures, on the theory that they had been led to believe they were signing power of attorney documents, not a deed. 238 Mich. 354, 213 N.W. 202, 202-03 (1927). After determining that there was no "distinction between the act of simulating a signature and procuring the signature [by trickery]," the Michigan Supreme Court concluded that the deed in question was void. 213 N.W. at 204. The Court made clear that "[t]here can be no such thing as a bona fide holder under a forgery, whose good faith gives him any rights against the party whose name has been forged or his heirs." Id. (quoting Austin v. Dean, 40 Mich. 386 (Mich.1879)). As a result, the deed and subsequent transactions based on the deed "are void and should be set aside. . . ." Id. More recent Michigan cases have confirmed this principle and emphasized that parties that take possession of interests granted by the forged instrument, even if they do so innocently, have no rights under the forged document. Special Property VI v. Woodruff, 273 Mich.App. 586, 730 N.W.2d 753, 756 (2007); VanderWall v. Midkiff, 166 Mich.App. 668, 421 N.W.2d 263, 270 (1988). Mortgages are treated in the same manner as deeds under Michigan law, and equally grant no interests to the holder of a forged mortgage. La Prad v. Sherwood, 79 Mich. 520, 44 N.W. 943, 944 (1890).
Therefore, the district court was correct in holding that the World Wide mortgage on the Sutters' property was void ab initio.
Even though the World Wide mortgage was void, the trustee's proposed plan to sell the mortgage back to Appellants likely could be salvaged if an equitable mortgage exists on the property. An equitable mortgage is generally imposed when one party intended to grant a secured interest but the instrument actually transferred the property in total to the other party. See Townsend v. Chase Manhattan Mortg. Corp., 254 Mich.App. 133, 657 N.W.2d 741, 744 n. 1 (2002) (discussing the normal uses of equitable mortgages). Michigan law is clear that equitable mortgages are appropriate in circumstances where the underlying mortgage is void, particularly when one party received the benefits of the mortgage. See Fair v. Moody, No. 278906, 2008 WL 5382648 (Mich.Ct.App. Dec. 23, 2008) (holding that an equitable mortgage can exist where there are allegations of forged mortgage instruments); In re Estate of Moukalled, 269 Mich.App. 708, 714 N.W.2d 400, 407-09 (2006) (granting an equitable mortgage where a land contract, which purported to give a security interest in real property, was invalid under the Uniform Commercial Code).
Rose, 646 N.W.2d at 461 (quoting Stachnik v. Winkel, 394 Mich. 375, 230 N.W.2d 529, 532 (1975) (emphasis in the original) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)). The clean hands doctrine applies to actions involving the resolution of claims on real property. McFerren v. B & B Investment Group, 253 Mich.App. 517, 655 N.W.2d 779, 783 (2002). When a party is assigned a contract such as a mortgage, the party stands in the place of the original party for equitable purposes, and is subject to all of the same equitable defenses to which the originating party would be subject. Burkhardt v. Bailey, 260 Mich.App. 636, 680 N.W.2d 453, 462 (2004). This is true whether or not the assignee has notice of the existence of the defense. McKenna v. Kirkwood, 50 Mich. 544, 15 N.W. 898, 898-99 (1883). This principle extends to a defense that the mortgage is forged. Waterbury v. Andrews, 67 Mich. 281, 34 N.W. 575, 578 (1887).
When U.S. National Bank took ownership of the mortgage from World Wide, they inherited the mortgage subject to all equitable defenses that the Sutters would have against World Wide. Thus, to determine whether Appellants have unclean hands, we look not to U.S. Bank's actions, but to the actions of World Wide. As we have noted, the district court found that at some point during the period of time when World Wide had possession of the mortgage instrument, World Wide or its agents forged the Sutters' signatures. Neither World Wide, nor by extension Appellants, may seek an equitable remedy that would protect them from the consequences of their own improper conduct. See Society of Good Neighbors v. Van Antwerp, 324 Mich. 22, 36 N.W.2d 308, 310 (1949) ("He who hath committed iniquity shall not have equity . . ."). The consequence of the forgery of the Sutters' mortgage is that the mortgage is void ab initio. Appellants may not receive an equitable remedy to eliminate that consequence.
Appellants cite Richardson v. Richardson and Fair v. Moody as Michigan authority for applying an equitable mortgage despite allegations of misconduct regarding the purported mortgage on the property. Those cases are distinguishable on their facts, as they both involve scenarios where there is no doubt that the original mortgagee was a innocent actor. Richardson involved a claim that a son convinced his illiterate mother to place her mark on a mortgage document without telling her what she was signing. There was no claim that the bank participated in this deception, and thus the bank was entitled to equitable relief. Richardson, 253 N.W. at 266. In Fair, LaSalle Bank and the other mortgage institutions were arguably the only party with clean hands in the complex series of transactions leading up to the mortgage. See 2008 WL 5382648 at *10
Likewise, our decision in Schram v. Burt is not controlling. 111 F.2d 557 (6th Cir.1940). Schram involved a forgery of a woman's signature on a mortgage, carried out by her husband and the teller at the bank. 111 F.2d at 559. When the wife attempted to void the mortgage after the death of her husband, the court acknowledged the forged mortgage as invalid but imposed an equitable mortgage, relying on the fact that she had benefitted from the proceeds of the mortgage loan. Id. at 562.
Schram does not address Michigan's unclean hands jurisprudence with regard to the bank's role in the forgery, despite the fact that the case arose in Michigan. Presumably this is because the actions of the teller could not be attributed to the bank because the teller had no authority to notarize any signatures, and thus the bank could not be held liable for the actions of the teller. Id. at 564. Nevertheless, a federal court is obligated to look to state law to determine a party's legal and equitable rights to property, unless there is a federal interest at issue. In re Bergman, 467 F.3d 536, 538 (6th Cir. 2006). To the extent that Schram is in conflict with Michigan case law regarding unclean hands, we are obligated to follow the Michigan cases. In addition, Schram focuses on the rule that a married couple are "one person" for legal purposes, and is thus "subject to all the equities of creditors of the co-ownership" when the property is a tenancy by the entireties. Schram, 111 F.2d at 561. Thus, the court concluded that the wife is implicated by the husband's participation in the forgery. No similar scenario is present here. See also Townsend, 657 N.W.2d at 744 (distinguishing Schram from the facts of its case on both the agency and attribution elements in declining to grant an equitable mortgage).
Similarly, cases from other jurisdictions that have applied equitable mortgages to similar factual scenarios are inconsistent with Michigan equity jurisprudence. In In re Cox, the bankruptcy court held that an equitable mortgage could be imposed where the purported mortgage was forged because the homeowners expressed that they would have signed the document if it had been presented to them. 408 B.R. 407, 414 (Bankr.D.Kan.2009). From this, the court reasoned, the home-owners did not suffer any harm from the forgery, and thus would have no basis for opposing the imposition of an equitable remedy. "The clean hands doctrine is not properly invoked where the objectionable act does not affect the equitable relations between the parties." Cox, 408 B.R. at 418 (citing Brooks v. Weik, 114 Kan. 402, 219 P. 528, 532 (1923)). The bankruptcy court cited a Wisconsin state court case, Security Pacific Nat'l Bank v. Ginkowski, 140 Wis.2d 332, 410 N.W.2d 589 (App.1987), that similarly held that homeowners suffered no harm from a forgery where they intended to enter into a mortgage. Id. at 416.
Whether or not it is true that homeowners such as the Sutters are not harmed by a forged mortgage, the analysis in Cox is inconsistent with the Michigan Supreme Court's approach to the unclean hands doctrine as articulated in Rose. In Rose, a landowner, Rose, entered into a contract with an auction house to auction a piece of property, subject to Rose's right to withdraw the property prior to the auction. 646 N.W.2d at 457-58. Prior to the auction, Rose sought to withdraw the property out of concerns about
The Michigan Supreme Court concluded that unclean hands barred Rose from seeking equitable relief against the auction house, regardless of the merits of Rose's fraud and breach of fiduciary duty claims. Rose, 646 N.W.2d at 460-461. In reaching this conclusion, the Court did not analyze whether the party seeking to assert an unclean hands defense, the auction house, suffered any harm from the inequitable conduct of Rose. If they had, the Court could not have reached the result it did, because it is clear that the auction house did not suffer any harm from the inequitable conduct. After all, the auction house suggested and participated in the same scheme. It would be incongruous for the Michigan Supreme Court to allow an unclean hands defense where a party affirmatively participated in and benefited from inequitable conduct, but to foreclose a defense to a party that was simply unharmed by the conduct. As we are bound to follow the directions of the Michigan Supreme Court, we conclude that whether the Sutters were harmed by the forgery is irrelevant to whether an equitable mortgage can be imposed on the Sutter property, and cases saying otherwise are not applicable here.
Finally, Appellants argue that the balance of equities supports finding an equitable mortgage on the Sutter property. At the heart of this argument is the concern, expressed by the bankruptcy court at the April 2007 hearing, that the Sutters will receive a windfall in the form of a "free house," particularly as it is undisputed that the Sutters intended to grant a mortgage interest to World Wide. In the Appellants' view, the Sutters have exploited the bankruptcy process on two occasions to free themselves of otherwise valid obligations. Even if we were to consider a balance of the equities, the result would be the same. The fact that the Sutters have sought relief under the Bankruptcy Code twice is not, in itself, inequitable conduct that would justify imposing an equitable mortgage. Moreover, the Sutters have not receive and cannot receive a bankruptcy discharge and remain liable for the now-unsecured note that was validly signed in California.
The district court correctly held that no mortgage, equitable or otherwise, exists on the Sutters' property. Therefore, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
