In part of our opinion in Partington v. Gedan, 880 F.2d 116 (9th Cir.1989) (Partington I ), we imposed sanctions on Gedan and Chang. We did so based upon three prior cases which held that the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, including Rule 11, were incorporated into our Circuit Rules. 9th Cir.R. 1-1 (old Rule 5).1 See In re Mooney, 841 F.2d 1003, 1005 (9th Cir.1988); Rockwell International Credit Corp. v. United States Aircraft Insurance Group, 823 F.2d 302, 304-05 (9th Cir.1987); In re Curl, 803 F.2d 1004, 1007 (9th Cir.1986). We therefore imposed sanctions on Gedan and Chang pursuant to Rule 11 as, in effect, part of our Circuit Rules. See Partington I, 880 F.2d at 130 & n. 8.

The Supreme Court vacated Partington I, and remanded for further consideration in light of Cooter & Gell v. Hartmarx Corp., --- U.S. ----, 110 S. Ct. 2447, 110 L. Ed. 2d 359 (1990) (Cooter & Gell ). See Gedan v. Partington, --- U.S. ----, 110 S. Ct. 3265, 111 L. Ed. 2d 776 (1990). On remand, we reaffirmed and adopted our earlier opinion. Partington v. Gedan, 914 F.2d 1349, 1350 (9th Cir.1990) (Partington II ). We first acknowledged the Cooter & Gell holding that Rule 11 does not apply to appellate proceedings. Id. at 1349, citing Cooter & Gell, 110 S. Ct. at 2461-62. We emphasized, however, that in Partington I we did not sanction Gedan and Chang on the basis of Rule 11 alone, but "only insofar as Rule 11 had been incorporated into Circuit Rule 1-1 (old Circuit Rule 5)." Id. at 1350.

In imposing sanctions on Gedan and Chang, we followed our holding in In re Curl. In that case, we imposed sanctions on Curl pursuant to Rule 5's incorporation of Rule 11, for bringing an appeal that should never have been brought and for filing a frivolous brief in the court of appeals. In re Curl, 803 F.2d at 1007. Because Cooter & Gell "does not prohibit the incorporation of Rule 11 into a circuit's local rules," we held that it did not overrule the holding of In re Curl. Partington II, 914 F.2d at 1350. As a result, the panel held it was bound to follow our precedent, and did so in reaffirming the award of sanctions against Gedan and Chang. See id. at 1350.

Now in our en banc capacity, we overrule In re Curl, Rockwell, and Mooney to the extent they authorize sanctions on appeal under Rule 11. The Supreme Court has recently stated that Rule 11 should not "require payment for any activities outside the context of district court proceedings." Cooter & Gell, 110 S. Ct. at 2461. We now apply this rationale and hold that Circuit Rule 1-1 cannot incorporate Rule 11 by reference. Accordingly, Rule 11 sanctions may no longer be imposed in our circuit on appeal pursuant to the In re Curl incorporation theory.

In accordance with this holding, we vacate the portion of our opinion in Partington II that reaffirms our ability to impose sanctions on appeal pursuant to the incorporation of Rule 11 into our circuit rules. We have no reason to pass on the remainder of the Partington II decision.

REVERSED AND VACATED IN PART.