Almost every state requires landlords to provide tenants with living conditions that meet basic health and safety standards. These standards apply even when leases don’t mention them, implying a guarantee for tenants that their rentals will always be habitable.

The Implied Warranty of Habitability

The above legal doctrine is called the “implied warranty of habitability.” Under it, landlords have a duty to provide habitable rentals—even when a lease doesn’t contain explicit promises about the property’s condition or quality. The implied warranty of habitability is law in all states except Arkansas (although local laws might create a similar warranty).

In general, anything that threatens tenants’ health or safety and makes the rental unfit to live in violates the implied warranty of habitability. Although laws vary, most states consider a rental to be habitable so long as a landlord maintains:

• Structural soundness. Rental properties must be waterproof and weatherproof, and have unbroken windows and doors.
• Plumbing or gas facilities. Plumbing and gas typically must meet the legal requirements that were in place at the time of installation. The rental must have a legally approved sewage disposal system.
• Water. Most states require landlords to provide both hot and cold running water.
• Heating. The heating system must work (and conform to applicable laws).
• Electricity. Rentals have to have functioning electricity that’s maintained in good working order.
• Cleanliness. Landlords have to handle issues that would make a home unsanitary, as by exterminating pests, providing waste disposal facilities, and preventing accumulation of debris.
• Compliance with health and safety codes. If a violation of a state or local code creates a situation that’s dangerous to a tenant’s health or safety, it likely also violates the implied warranty of habitability.

Minor issues or nuisances, such as a noisy furnace or a leaking faucet, usually don’t rise to the level of violating the implied warranty of habitability. When those sorts of issues escalate to threaten tenants’ health and safety, though—for example, by failing to heat an apartment in winter or causing mold—the landlord’s duty to repair kicks in.

Knowing Your Habitability Law

Landlords need to know and follow the state’s minimum habitability standards in their rentals, and tenants need to know how to enforce the implied warranty when landlords shirk their duties. Habitability laws are created by state statutes, local ordinances, or court rulings.

• Statutory law. In many states, the implied warranty of habitability is statutory law—law that a legislature wrote and passed. Many local (county and city) laws supplement their state’s statutes or case law (discussed below) with more-detailed conditions or requirements.
• Case law. In states that recognize a landlord’s implied warranty of habitability but don’t have an applicable statute, court decisions create the warranty. For example, the Supreme Court of Illinois recognized the implied warranty of habitability as state law while deciding a landlord-tenant dispute. The court reasoned that a lease gives tenants the right to use the rental for shelter for a particular period of time, so the landlord must ensure that the unit is habitable for the whole lease. (Jack Spring, Inc. v. Little, 280 N.E.2d 208 (Ill. 1972).)

When a state statute or local ordinance creates the implied warranty, it most likely covers the steps tenants must take to enforce the law. When a court’s decision creates the implied warranty, determining what the minimum requirements for habitability are, along with how tenants can enforce them, can be more difficult. If you have any questions about the implied warranty of habitability in your area, consider consulting with a local landlord-tenant attorney—it’s an attorney’s job to understand the laws and help you apply them to your situation.