FILED
                                                           United States Court of Appeals
                                                                   Tenth Circuit

                                                                  April 26, 2010
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                  Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                  Clerk of Court
                            FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT


    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                                         No. 09-7037
    v.                                         (D.C. No. 6:08-CR-00035-JHP-1)
                                                         (E.D. Okla.)
    JANICE LYNN RATLIFF,

                Defendant-Appellant.


                            ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before KELLY, PORFILIO, and O’BRIEN, Circuit Judges.



         Defendant Janice Lynn Ratliff appeals from the sentence imposed after she

pled guilty to a criminal information charging her with one count of bank fraud,

in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1344. We affirm.




*
       After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and
collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent
with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
                  I. Factual Background and Procedural History

                         a. The Charge against Ms. Ratliff

      On May 27, 2008, a criminal complaint was filed against Ms. Ratliff,

alleging that from September 2004 through April 2005, she “devised a scheme

and artifice to defraud The Bank N.A., McAlester, Oklahoma, . . ., in order to

obtain funds under the custody or control of said financial institution by means of

false or fraudulent representations.” R., Vol. 1, at 8. The complaint further

alleged that she “obtained approximately 10 checks totaling approximately

$116,430.84, made payable to Wynn’s Electronics, a business owned by the

defendant[’]s employer, Jim Wynn, Inc., and deposited them in the fraudulently

established bank account at The Bank N.A., in violation of” 18 U.S.C. § 1344.

R., Vol. 1, at 8. The FBI agent making the complaint, Special Agent James A.

Dawson, attached an affidavit stating that Ms. Ratliff “exercised complete control

over the disbursement of the funds deposited in the aforementioned account at

The Bank N.A.” 

He further averred that “an additional approximately

$378,642.80 in checks . . . were determined to have been cashed by Janice Ratliff

at Latimer State Bank and Wilburton State Bank, both of Wilburton, Oklahoma[,

and t]he proceeds of these checks remained in the custody and control of Janice

Ratliff.” 

that a total of “approximately $495,073.64 in checks

made payable to Jim Wynn, Inc., was embezzled by Janice Ratliff” between

January 2003 and April 2005. 

June 11, 2008, the U.S. Attorney filed an information charging

Ms. Ratliff only with one count of bank fraud involving $116,430.84 at The Bank,

N.A. in McAlester. 

On June 13, 2008, Ms. Ratliff pled guilty to this

charge. R., Vol. 2, at 8, 19. After two hearings, the district court sentenced her

to sixty months’ imprisonment, thirty-six months of supervised release, a special

assessment of $100.00, and restitution of $484,023.62. 

at 88-91,

Vol. 2, at 188-90.


                            b. The Sentencing Hearings

      James P. Wynn, Ms. Ratliff’s former employer, testified at the first

sentencing hearing. 

at 37. Mr. Wynn stated that he is an entrepreneur

who for many years had owned a business in Wilburton, Oklahoma, that sold

electronics to consumers and leased specialized communications and other

equipment to the oil and gas industry. 

His business was called

“Jim Wynn, Inc.[,]” 

and he had “a Radio Shack dealership as well as a

U.S. Cellular agency.” 

He said that his wife had worked with

Ms. Ratliff at a manufacturing plant in Wilburton and thought she was “a good

gal[,]” so she was hired to work for him. See 

that Ms. Ratliff was one

of the “early” employees hired as his business grew, and she worked for him for

about eighteen years. 

                                         -3-
      On direct examination, Mr. Wynn testified that Ms. Ratliff initially did

sales in the retail store, but she later became the “office manager[,]” 

and

was a “salaried employee[,]” earning “roughly 700 to 800 dollars a week, paid

weekly[,]” 

On cross-examination, he agreed that Ms. Ratliff worked

for him as a “clerk in [his] Radio Shack business and [his] oil field business and

other related businesses[.]” 

He later repeated that “she was the office

manager.” 

He described her duties:

             She . . . was responsible for receiving stock, checking that into
      the computer, she did the payroll, kept track of the payroll records,
      kept track of the incoming stock invoices, put those in the
      receivables – I mean, payables file for my wife. She would do the
      daily reconciliation of the books, she dictated the – when I – in the
      absence of my wife and I, she was the one to take care of business,
      tell other employees what to do.

Mr. Wynn further testified that

             [a]s we earned her trust and as our business grew, we gave her
      additional duties to fulfill. Naturally, as a business grows and
      expands, there’s more to do, more to keep up with, and we gave her
      limited things to do. She never did – my wife was still the
      bookkeeper as far as keeping the general ledger, paying the bills.
      Ms. Ratliff was never on the signature card at any bank, never
      authorized to write any checks.

             In our absence, her duties were to receive payments, whether it
      be daily receipts from the retail operation or payments from the oil
      companies for the lease of equipment, and then in our absence, she
      would take those – receive those payments, show them received in
      the receivables file for my wife to then input into the billing
      computer, and then make deposits.

                                          -4-
      Mr. Wynn stated that beginning in approximately August 2003, his wife,

Dinah Wynn, was “totally out of the business for several months” due to medical

problems. 

During the period of time that Mrs. Wynn was undergoing

treatment, Mr. Wynn said that he was “out taking care of her as well and was out

the majority of the time, then there fell more responsibilities to [Ms. Ratliff], but

it was – she still never had anything to do with the payment of bills – . . . or

anything to do with the checkbook.” 

Mr. Wynn said that he “trusted

her like a sister. . . . trusted her through and through to the extent that [he and his

wife] didn’t give her full control.” 

When asked if, due to his absence

from work, he was not able to supervise the business as well as he wanted to, he

answered: “Correct.” 

And when asked if he “left it with [his]

employees to do the right thing[,]” he answered: “I left it with Ms. Ratliff, yes.”

stated that “[i]t was Mrs. Ratliff’s duty to deposit the checks

correctly and by law when [my wife and I] had – when [my wife and I] were

unable to. If Ms. Ratliff delegated this duty, which was not correct, to [another

employee], that was beyond me.” 

He said that “[t]here was a stamp,

‘Jim Wynn, Incorporated.’ The policy was for her to stamp the checks and then

make a deposit.” 

Mr. Wynn had directed his employees to use the

stamp. 

      On April 5, 2005, Mr. Wynn got a call from a vice president at Latimer

State Bank, who said: “‘Janice is down here wanting to cash a $3,777 check.

                                           -5-
What should I do?’” 

see also 

Although Mr. Wynn said he

did not know why Ms. Ratliff was “wanting to do that[,]” 

he agreed to

let her cash that check and “follow up on it” later because he “trusted her[,]” 

He said he sometimes had employees cash checks for him and bring him

the cash, but he “assume[d] that the bank and that employee were going to do it

correctly and bring [him] the cash from a deposit.” 

He did not confront

Ms. Ratliff at that time because he did not want to do so unjustly. 

But

he later determined that Ms. Ratliff’s “scheme was . . . to stamp X number of

checks – she may take eleven checks, stamp them with the stamp, take the twelfth

check and take it and present it with a handwritten endorsement and say, I want to

deposit these eleven, Ms. Cashier or Ms. Teller, but here, give me cash for this

one.” 

      Mr. Wynn then “research[ed] back to January 1 of ’03[,]” 

and

determined that “approximately [$]484,000 or [$]495,000 . . . was the loss

experienced by the Wilburton bank, the Bank N.A., and Latimer State Bank”

based on “actual physical evidence that [he and his wife] could produce.” 

He broke down the amounts allegedly converted by Ms. Ratliff through

improperly handled checks as follows: “$252,620.55 through the Wilburton State

Bank[,]” 

“$115,327.56, through Latimer State Bank,” 

and

“$116,075.51 to the Bank, N.A.,” 

The total of those three losses was

$484,023.62. 

Wynn testified that Ms. Ratliff had set up a bank account “in the name

of ‘Janice Ratliff, doing business as Wynns Electronics[,]’” but she actually had

no rights or permission from him to do business under that name. 

101.

He stated that she falsified a bill of sale, forging Mrs. Wynn’s signature to it, and

falsified other documents to present to The Bank, N.A., in order to “open[] a bank

account in that name to further her scheme.” 

She then deposited

checks for his company into her new account. 

      Mr. Wynn testified that it had been very time-consuming to determine the

loss, 

65-66, 71, 88-90, and that three experts had told him that the fraud

“was difficult to catch because of the way it was done[,]” 

see also 

88-89. When asked if over $400,000 had been stolen from him and he did

not catch it for over a year, he answered: “True, true.” 

He explained

that even if he “had had an accountant or a bookkeeper, three of them have stated

that they probably would not have caught this embezzlement.” 

When

asked why he had had difficulty determining that there was money missing from

his business, Mr. Wynn also testified that he and his wife “were not in [their]

normal means of business because of [his] wife’s illness and [his] time out of the

business.” 

      The government called no witnesses other than Mr. Wynn at the first

hearing. See 

Both sides offered certain documents into evidence

during the initial sentencing hearing, and the district court continued the hearing.

                                          -7-
At the second sentencing hearing, the government offered the testimony of

Special Agent Dawson, who had investigated the fraud case against Ms. Ratliff.

His investigation involved reviewing the records, checks, and

documents, and interviewing witnesses associated with this case at The Bank,

N.A., in McAlester, and Wilburton State Bank and Latimer State Bank in

Wilburton. 

      Agent Dawson explained that Ms. Ratliff had used fraudulent documents to

establish an account at The Bank, N.A., had deposited checks made payable to

Jim Wynn, Inc. or an entity owned by Jim Wynn into that account, and then had

used the money for her own purposes. See 

He said she used

approximately ten checks to procure approximately $116,000 at The Bank, N.A.

He said that at Wilburton State Bank, Ms. Ratliff had received cash or

cashier’s checks after presenting checks, made payable to Jim Wynn, Inc. or an

entity owned by Jim Wynn, which were endorsed on the back with her signature

and/or the forged signature of Jim Wynn. 

Agent Dawson

determined from talking to Mr. Wynn that she did not have permission to use his

name to cash checks, 

and testified that “there is no reason . . . any

reasonable person would ever suspect or believe that that cash was ever in the

hands of Mr. Wynn[,]” 

The government presented several exhibits of

cashier’s checks made payable to accounts belonging to Ms. Ratliff, see 

158, and Agent Dawson testified that “the funds ultimately came from

                                          -8-
Jim Wynn, Incorporated[,]” 

He said that at Latimer State Bank,

Ms. Ratliff had cashed checks made payable to Jim Wynn, Inc. or another entity

owned by Jim Wynn, using endorsements of her signature and/or the forged

signature of Jim Wynn, and had used the money for her own purposes. 

Agent Dawson determined from talking to Jim Wynn that Mr. Wynn

did not receive these funds, either. 

Agent Dawson testified that all of

the checks mishandled at all three banks were cashed in a common scheme or plan

over a common period of time, from 2003 into 2005. 

He said that the

loss to Wilburton State Bank was $252,620.55, the loss to Latimer State Bank was

$115,327.56, and the loss to The Bank, N.A., was $116,075.51, making a total

loss of “approximately $484,000.00[,]” 

specifically

$484,023.62.


                             c. The Sentencing Factors

      As noted above, ultimately, Ms. Ratliff was not charged with embezzlement

from Jim Wynn, Inc., but was charged only with one count of bank fraud based on

the phony account she opened at The Bank, N.A. See 

25. She stated at

her change-of-plea hearing that, in August 2004, she “opened a bank account

under Wynn’s Electronics that had [her] name and [her] social security number at

McAlester, Oklahoma, The Bank N.A.” 

She admitted that her purpose

in opening the bank account was to defraud her employer of money by depositing


                                         -9-
his checks in that checking account. See 

admitted that she intended

to execute a scheme that defrauded the bank, and intended to obtain money by

false or fraudulent pretenses. See 

She also agreed that the

government’s evidence would show that she

      represented to the bank that the interest in a particular business that
      the Wynns[] owned was being sold to [her], at which point in time
      there was a document prepared at which she forged the signature of
      Mrs. Wynn in order to establish that relationship, which in turn not
      only defrauds the Wynns, but it defrauds the bank because it’s a . . .
      misrepresentation to the bank.

She admitted that she executed that document with the intent to

defraud. See 

      At the end of the second sentencing hearing, the district court pronounced

Ms. Ratliff’s sentence. Overruling Ms. Ratliff’s objection, the court found by a

preponderance of the evidence “that there was a common scheme or plan

regarding the funds obtained from the checks fraudulently presented and/or

converted at Wilburton State Bank and Latimer State Bank and . . . the funds

associated with those checks [were] appropriately considered as relevant

conduct.” 

Counsel for Ms. Ratliff argued that when she cashed checks

at Wilburton State Bank and Latimer State Bank—which amounted to nearly

$300,000—she gave the cash to Mr. Wynn. See 

The court rejected

her argument, and added fourteen points to the base offense level for the amount

of loss. 

                                         -10-
      Further, overruling Ms. Ratliff’s objection, the court also added two points

for abuse of a position of trust under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.3, finding that Ms. Ratliff

“was a trusted employee, given very little oversight.” 

The court noted

that Mr. Wynn “described her position as office manager and added that while he

and his wife were not present at the business, Ms. Ratliff had control of the

same.” 

The court also noted that another employee, Rachel

Sennet, stated at a deposition prepared for another case that Ms. Ratliff acted as

supervisor for her and other employees when the Wynns were not present. 

The court found by a preponderance of the evidence that Ms. Ratliff’s

“position facilitated her ability to carry out and conceal this scheme.” 

Ms. Ratliff’s objection, the court also added two points

for the use of sophisticated means under U.S.S.G. § 2b1.1(b)(9). 

The court found that she “went to extraordinary lengths to carry out this

offense[,] . . . creating a false bill of sale and establishing – and establishment of

a bank account and under false pretenses.” 

The court also mentioned

the government’s “documentation of various exhibits[,]” although the court did

not describe them. See 

found that the total offense level was 25 and the criminal

category was I, resulting in an advisory sentencing range of 57 to 71 months. 

The court adopted the presentence report as the factual basis for the

sentence, except where corrected by the court’s findings. 

above, the

                                          -11-
court sentenced Ms. Ratliff to sixty months’ imprisonment, thirty-six months of

supervised release, a special assessment of $100.00, and restitution of

$484,023.62. 

Ms. Ratliff appeals.


                                 II. Issues on Appeal

      Ms. Ratliff argues that the district court: (1) employed an incorrect

definition of a “position of trust” and lacked a sufficient factual basis to support

the application of the enhancement for abuse of a position of trust under

U.S.S.G. § 3B1.3, because she was not an agent or employee of the victim of the

bank fraud, The Bank, N.A., and lacked the requisite managerial discretion in her

position with Jim Wynn, Inc.; (2) lacked a sufficient factual basis to support a

two-point enhancement for use of sophisticated means under

U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(9)(C) because her bank fraud scheme was not especially

complex or intricate, as required by the commentary accompanying the Guideline;

(3) improperly failed to find relevant conduct of embezzlement beyond a

reasonable doubt instead of under the usual preponderance of the evidence

standard when the court determined that the amount of loss and restitution was

higher than the amount she had admitted, $116,430.84; (4) improperly determined

the amount of loss and restitution because, under any evidentiary standard, it was

error to include alleged criminal acts of embezzlement as relevant conduct to the




                                         -12-
offense of bank fraud; and (5) improperly failed to subtract three points for

acceptance of responsibility.


                                   III. Discussion

             a. Position of Trust Enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.3

      The district court imposed a two-point enhancement pursuant to

U.S.S.G. § 3B1.3 for abuse of a position of trust. 1 “Whether a defendant

occupied a position of trust under USSG § 3B1.3 is generally a factual matter that

we review for clear error.” United States v. Spear, 

, 1153

(10th Cir. 2007) (quotation omitted). Ms. Ratliff argues that the district court

used the wrong definition for a position of trust, however, which is a legal

question that we review de novo. 

argues that the position of trust

enhancement does not apply because the position of trust must be in relation to

the victim of the charged offense, which was The Bank, N.A., not Jim Wynn, Inc.

We review this legal question de novo. See 

asserts that the

district court lacked a sufficient factual basis as a matter of law to support the

application of the enhancement for abuse of a position of trust, which we also

review de novo. United States v. Hamilton, 

, 1222 (10th Cir.

2009). We reject Ms. Ratliff’s arguments.

1
       U.S.S.G. § 3B1.3 provides, in pertinent part: “If the defendant abused a
position of public or private trust, or used a special skill, in a manner that
significantly facilitated the commission or concealment of the offense, increase
[the offense level] by 2 levels.”

                                         -13-
      “To invoke § 3B1.3, the defendant must either occupy a formal position of

trust or must create sufficient indicia that [s]he occupies such a position of trust

that [s]he should be held accountable as if [s]he did occupy such a position.”

United States v. Haber, 

, 891 (10th Cir. 2001) (quotation omitted).

             In the fraud context, we have applied § 3B1.3 in two types of
      cases. The first is where the defendant steals from his employer,
      using his position in the company to facilitate the offense. See, e.g.,
      United States v. Levy, 

(10th Cir. 1993) (official of
      bankrupt company embezzled from company, defrauding trustee and
      company’s creditors); United States v. Chimal, 

      (10th Cir. 1992) (embezzlement by company comptroller). The
      second is where a “fiduciary or personal trust relationship exists”
      with other entities, and the defendant takes advantage of the
      relationship to perpetrate or conceal the offense. United States v.
      Brunson, 

, 677 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 

      (1995).

United States v. Koehn, 

, 201 (10th Cir. 1996).

      “Before imposing this enhancement, a district court must find two things:

(1) the defendant possessed a position of trust; and (2) the defendant abused the

position to significantly facilitate the commission or concealment of the offense.”

United States v. Guidry, 

, 1159 (10th Cir. 1999) (citing United

States v. Burt, 

, 998-99 (10th Cir. 1998)). “However, to reach the

second prong of Burt a district court must first find the defendant occupied a

position of trust, and our case law clearly states the position of trust must be

found in relation to the victim of the offense: The question of whether an




                                          -14-
individual occupied a position of trust is evaluated from the victim’s perspective.”

(quotation omitted).

      The question of how narrowly or broadly the term “victim” should be

defined is in dispute among the circuits. United States v. Edwards, 

, 1188 n.1 (10th Cir. 2003) (noting circuit split is discussed in 

n.6). We affirm the district court’s conclusion that Mr. Wynn

was a victim of Ms. Ratliff’s bank fraud, see R., Vol. 2, at 181, because his

company, Jim Wynn, Inc., was the true owner of the checks she converted to her

own use through that fraud. She relies upon Guidry, but that case is clearly

distinguishable because the crime in that case was filing false income tax returns,

and the government was necessarily the only victim of that crime. 

. We move on to Ms. Ratliff’s other arguments.

      Ms. Ratliff asserts error on the first step of Burt, arguing that the

imposition of the position of trust enhancement was legal error because she did

not occupy a position of trust vis-a-vis either The Bank, N.A. or Jim Wynn, Inc.,

under the correct definition of the term as applied to the facts elicited at

sentencing. The district court made no explicit finding that Ms. Ratliff occupied

a position of trust with regard to either The Bank, N.A. or Jim Wynn, Inc., but the

court’s decision may be read to imply that the court viewed Ms. Ratliff to occupy

a formal position of trust with respect to Jim Wynn, Inc. See R., Vol. 2,

at 181-82.

                                          -15-
      In defining a position of public or private trust, the Guidelines’ Application

Note 1 to § 3B1.3 provides that:

      “Public or private trust” refers to a position of public or private trust
      characterized by professional or managerial discretion (i.e.,
      substantial discretionary judgment that is ordinarily given
      considerable deference). Persons holding such positions ordinarily
      are subject to significantly less supervision than employees whose
      responsibilities are primarily non-discretionary in nature.

(quoting U.S.S.G. § 3B1.3, cmt. n.1) (emphasis in

original). “The commentary goes on to illustrate the scope of the

enhancement—it applies, for example, to professionals like lawyers or doctors,

but not to bank tellers or hotel clerks.” 

.

      We have previously explained that “the term ‘position of trust’ is a bit of a

misnomer” because this enhancement “has little to do with trustworthiness and

everything to do with authority and discretion.” 

(discussing 

) (emphasis in original). A position of

trust is “a position of authority characterized by the exercise of professional or

managerial discretion[.]” 

held that “discretion” means, in general,

that an employee was charged “with deciding, on a case-by-case basis, whether a

particular expenditure or transfer of company funds or other valuables is

necessary or beneficial to the organization.” 

. Where

a defendant, in her position as a buyer, was “authorized to purchase goods and

services for [her employer] costing up to $100,000 without supervisory


                                         -16-
approval[,]” we concluded that the district court correctly found that she was in a

position of trust. See United States v. Arreola, 

, 1346-47 (10th Cir.

2008). More generally, managerial discretion is shown by “authority to engage in

case-by-case decision-making, to set policies, and to grant exceptions to

governing policies or protocols.” 

. However, “[t]hese

factors are non-exhaustive, and no one factor is dispositive of the analysis.” 

that [the defendant] was trusted by her employer with significant

responsibility . . . is not determinative.’” 

(quoting 

(alteration in original; emphasis added)). And “‘job titles themselves do

not control; actual duties and authorized activities do.’” 

(quoting

). The fact that a defendant was given little

supervision does not necessarily mean that her duties were not ultimately

ministerial. See 

“The commentary for § 3B1.3 contemplates a

continuum of discretion from bank teller to professional[, and s]omewhere along

the continuum an employee moves from ministerial to discretionary in the

performance of job duties.” 

. To reach a conclusion, the

court “must undertake a functional analysis of job responsibilities” to determine

whether those duties were actually managerial rather than merely ministerial. 

      We have emphasized “that the lack of ‘any [ ] authority to make substantial

discretionary judgments’ is key in determining whether the enhancement applies.”

                                         -17-


(quoting 

(holding that employee in

accounting department was not in position of trust)). And the fact that “company

officials trusted [her], and that her position gave her access to customers’ checks

and important company records” is not enough if the evidence does not support

the conclusion that she had authority to make substantial discretionary judgments.

See 

. This is so because “[o]pportunity and access do

not equate to authority, or to the kind of ‘substantial discretionary judgment that

is ordinarily given considerable deference.’” 

§ 3B1.3, cmt.

n.1). If “the facts show no more than that [defendant’s] job was responsible but

ministerial[,]” they will not meet the “higher level” bar set by Application Note 1.

See 

The district court relied on the fact that Mr. Wynn said her title

was “office manager[,]” 

and a former coworker said she was a

“supervisor[,]” 

The court also relied on the fact that Ms. Ratliff was “a

trusted employee, given very little oversight[,]” 

and said that when the

Wynns were not present, she had “control” of the business, 

      Additionally, Mr. Wynn’s testimony indicated he believed Ms. Ratliff’s

duties entailed a managerial level of discretion. This belief is manifest in the fact

he left her in charge of the operation of the business during his long absences.

Also, when Mr. Wynn was notified by a vice president of the Latimer State Bank

that Ms. Ratliff wanted cash for a check payable to Jim Wynn Incorporated, he




                                         -18-
authorized the transaction. He did so and did not challenge her even though he

could not understand why Ms. Ratliff wanted to make the transaction.

      A more precise questioning of Mr. Wynn could have produced more

specific answers from Mr. Wynn about the full nature of Ms. Ratliff’s

employment, but we do not believe that to be consequential. When all the

evidence on point is taken together, as it must be, we believe it is sufficient to

establish Ms. Ratliff held a position of trust as governed by U.S.S.G. § 3B1.3.


      b. Sophisticated Means Enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(9)(C)

      The district court added two points for the use of sophisticated means under

U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(9)(C). “When reviewing a district court’s application of the

Sentencing Guidelines, we review legal questions de novo and we review any

factual findings for clear error, giving due deference to the district court’s

application of the guidelines to the facts.” United States v. Jones, 

,

1305 (10th Cir.) (quotation omitted), cert. denied, 

(2008). As in

Jones, “[h]ere, Ms. [Ratliff has] not contested findings of fact or the district

court’s interpretation of the Guidelines; [she] contest[s] only the district court’s

application of the Guidelines to the facts.” 

will review the

district court’s decision deferentially rather than de novo.” 

Ms. Ratliff’s argument that her challenge to the court’s application of the




                                          -19-
sophisticated means enhancement on the facts of this case presents a question of

law that we should review de novo.

      Section 2B1.1(b)(9) provides that a sentencing court must assess a

two-level increase in the offense level of a defendant

      [i]f (A) the defendant relocated, or participated in relocating, a
      fraudulent scheme to another jurisdiction to evade law enforcement
      or regulatory officials; (B) a substantial part of the fraudulent scheme
      was committed from outside the United States; or (C) the offense
      otherwise involved sophisticated means . . . .

(quoting U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(9)) (alteration in original).

We have noted that “[t]he accompanying commentary explains that ‘sophisticated

means’ refers to an ‘especially complex or especially intricate offense conduct

pertaining to the execution or concealment of an offense.’” 

§ 2B1.1(b)(9) cmt. n.8(B)) (emphasis added). And we have also noted

that the commentary “that interprets or explains a guideline is authoritative unless

it violates the Constitution or a federal statute, or is inconsistent with, or a plainly

erroneous reading, of that guideline.” 

      The district court based the sophisticated means enhancement under

§ 2B1.1(b)(9)(C) on the admitted facts that Ms. Ratliff forged a bill of sale

showing that she owned Wynn’s Electronics and then established an account in

her name at The Bank, N.A. under those false pretenses. See R., Vol. 2, at 183.

Ms. Ratliff argues that opening a phony bank account is not especially complex or

intricate and does not satisfy the meaning of the Guideline applied in this case.

                                          -20-
      We acknowledged in Jones that the commentary to the Guideline requires

that a “sophisticated” scheme be “especially” complex or “especially” 

. Nevertheless, we upheld the application of the sophisticated

means enhancement under the facts of that case. See 

argues that

this case falls instead within the facts of United States v. Rice, 

,

849-50 (10th Cir. 1995), which involved a different sophisticated means

Guideline, and where we did not uphold the application of that enhancement.

      We believe that the facts of this case fall between those in Rice and Jones.

Rice was a tax case where the defendant “merely claimed to have paid

withholding taxes he did not 

. In this case, by way of

contrast, Ms. Ratliff told lies to The Bank, N.A. and, to sell her lies, forged both a

bill of sale and also a second document purporting to show Mrs. Wynn conveying

a particular company check to Ms. Ratliff.

      Jones is also distinguishable on the facts—in addition to creating fraudulent

checks on their home computers, those defendants also recruited a “sizeable

group” of accomplices to provide them with confidential, non-public bank

account 

. In this case, however, although there

was evidence that other employees also mishandled a few checks, there was no

evidence that Ms. Ratliff enlisted any accomplices in her scheme.

      The government asserts that Ms. Ratliff manipulated the company’s

financial records to conceal her fraud. Aplee. Br. at 38. The evidence cited,

                                         -21-
however, indicates only that Ms. Ratliff exploited a vulnerability in the audit

process—Mr. Wynn testified that a normal audit does not correlate deposits to

income and that experts told him that a normal audit would not have caught

Ms. Ratliff’s fraud. R., Vol. 2, at 88-89. Nevertheless, Mr. Wynn testified that

Ms. Ratliff recorded the mishandled checks “paid written in hand, . . . but it was

never, quote, rung up or run through the point-of-sale computer that would have

showed [sic] it for the sales that day.” 

This evidence shows that failing

to enter some checks into the computer was part of Ms. Ratliff’s overall scheme

to deposit most checks correctly by stamping them for deposit with the company’s

stamp, but to then misdirect/mishandle one check out of a stack by handwriting an

endorsement and presenting it for cash at one of the company’s banks in

Wilburton or depositing it into her phony company account at The Bank, N.A. in

McAlester, making the fraud difficult to detect. See 

      The sophisticated means enhancement applies if the overall scheme was

sophisticated, even if the individual acts were not. 

. In

Jones, we noted in particular the Fifth Circuit’s decision in United States v.

Wright, 

, 377-79 (5th Cir. 2007). We called the scheme in Wright

“less complex than the one at issue.” 

. We pointed out

that in Wright, “the defendant, a mortgage broker, misrepresented the net worth of

some of his clients to potential lenders. He did so by purchasing cashier’s checks

in the names of his clients and forwarding copies of the checks to the lenders,

                                         -22-
thereby giving the impression that the checks were the borrowers’ assets.” 

. Those facts strike us as very similar to Ms. Ratliff’s scheme.

Giving due deference to the district court’s decision, we conclude that the court

did not err in applying the sophisticated means enhancement to Ms. Ratliff.


                        c. Relevant Conduct—Legal Standard

      The district court determined that the government proved by a

preponderance of the evidence that Ms. Ratliff was accountable for losses at all

three banks where Wynn Electronics’ checks were mishandled and ordered her to

make restitution in the amount of $484,023.62. R., Vol. 2, at 184, 189. However,

the amount she admitted she fraudulently converted to her own use through her

phony account at The Bank, N.A. in McAlester was only $116,430.84. See R.,

Vol. 1, at 11-12; 

at 19.

      Ms. Ratliff argues that the district court should not have included losses

due to embezzlement separate from the bank fraud as relevant conduct unless

those losses were proved beyond a reasonable doubt. She maintains that because

she was unwilling to plead guilty to embezzlement, and the government did not

include the count charging embezzlement in the information, the court unfairly

increased her sentence by including losses due to embezzlement based on proof

by a preponderance of the evidence.




                                        -23-
      “We review de novo any legal questions underlying the district court's

application of the Guidelines.” United States v. Griffith, 

, 1011

(10th Cir. 2009). Ms. Ratliff acknowledges that we have held that “[b]oth before

and under the Guidelines, facts relevant to sentencing have generally been found

by a preponderance of the evidence.” United States v. Magallanez, 

,

684 (2005) (citing United States v. Watts, 

, 156 (1997)). Indeed, the

Supreme Court has held that “[a] jury verdict of acquittal on related conduct . . .

‘does not prevent the sentencing court from considering conduct underlying the

acquitted charge, so long as that conduct has been proved by a preponderance of

the evidence.’” 

, 519 U.S. at 157) (emphasis added).

Nevertheless, Ms. Ratliff asks us to reconsider our holding in Magallanez based

on the reasoning of some of the other circuits that a higher standard of proof may

be necessary to satisfy due process where “a sentence enhancement factor

becomes the ‘tail which wags the dog of the substantive offense.’” Aplt. Opening

Br. at 53 (quoting United States v. Townley, 

, 369 (8th Cir. 1991)

(quoting McMillan v. Pennsylvania, 

, 88 (1986))).

      There are two problems with Ms. Ratliff’s argument. First, in McMillan,

the Supreme Court rejected the argument that “if a State wants to punish visible

possession of a firearm [in a defendant’s sentence] it must undertake the burden

of proving that fact beyond a reasonable doubt.” 

(emphasis

added). The Court also rejected an argument that due process requires that a fact

                                         -24-
treated “as a sentencing consideration rather than an element of a particular

offense” must “be proved by at least clear and convincing evidence” rather than

by a preponderance of the evidence. 

The Court pointed out that

“[s]entencing courts have traditionally heard evidence and found facts without

any prescribed burden of proof at all.” 

are foreclosed by our own

prior holding in Magallanez that sentencing factors are generally proved by a

preponderance of the 

. “[W]e are bound by the

precedent of prior panels absent en banc reconsideration or a superseding contrary

decision by the Supreme Court.” United States v. Albert, 

, 1197

n.11 (10th Cir. 2009) (quotation omitted). The district court correctly found

relevant conduct by a preponderance of the evidence.


     d. Relevant Conduct—Determination of Losses to Include in Restitution

      Ms. Ratliff argues in the alternative that the district court erred in setting

the amount of restitution at $484,023.62 because, under any evidentiary standard,

it was error to include alleged criminal acts of embezzlement as relevant conduct

to the admitted offense of bank fraud. We disagree.

      “While we review for clear error the district court’s factual findings in

support of a determination of relevant conduct, we review the ultimate

determination of relevant conduct de novo.” 

(quotation omitted). “Relevant conduct under the Guidelines . . . comprises more,


                                         -25-
often much more, than the offense of conviction itself, and may include

uncharged and even acquitted conduct.” 

(quotations omitted). We

have held “that for a district court to consider a defendant’s conduct as ‘relevant’

under the Sentencing Guidelines, the Government must prove by a preponderance

of the evidence that the defendant (1) engaged in conduct (2) related to the

offense of conviction pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3 and (3) constituting a criminal

offense under either a federal or a state statute.” 

.

      “The Sentencing Guidelines provide that the court should take into account

all activities that form part of the ‘same course of conduct or common scheme or

plan as the offense of conviction,’ U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(2), even if the defendant

was never charged with that additional conduct and the jury never found h[er]

guilty of it.” United States v. Caldwell, 

, 1350 (10th Cir. 2009).

“The Guidelines commentary . . . explains that

      For two or more offenses to constitute part of a common scheme or
      plan, they must be substantially connected to each other by at least
      one common factor, such as common victims, common accomplices,
      common purpose, or similar modus operandi. . . .

      . . . . Offenses that do not qualify as part of a common scheme or
      plan may nonetheless qualify as part of the same course of conduct if
      they are sufficiently connected or related to each other as to warrant
      the conclusion that they are part of a single episode, spree, or
      ongoing series of offenses.

(quoting U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3 cmt. n.9(B)). “We have

interpreted this language to mean that if the conduct is sufficiently similar and


                                         -26-
within the same temporal proximity, it may be considered relevant for purposes of

determining the guideline range.” 

      We have thoroughly reviewed the evidence. Special Agent Dawson

testified that all of the checks Ms. Ratliff mishandled at all three banks were

cashed in a common scheme or plan over a common period of time, from 2003

into 2005. R., Vol. 2, at 145. We conclude that the district court properly

rejected Ms. Ratliff’s argument that she cashed nearly $300,000 in checks and

took the money back to Mr. Wynn (despite his testimony that she did not), and

affirm the court’s inclusion of all of the mishandled checks attributable to

Ms. Ratliff as relevant conduct.


                          e. Acceptance of Responsibility

      Ms. Ratliff argues that the district court erred by failing to subtract three

points for acceptance of responsibility because she accepted responsibility for the

bank fraud that was the sole charge of the information. We reject this argument.

      “The district court’s acceptance of responsibility determination is subject to

the clearly erroneous standard of review.” United States v. Quarrell, 

, 682 (10th Cir. 2002). “Because the ‘sentencing judge is in a unique position

to evaluate a defendant’s acceptance of responsibility,’ his or her decision is

‘entitled to great deference on review.’” 

§ 3E1.1, cmt. n.5

(2001)). “The burden of proving acceptance of responsibility is on the defendant,


                                         -27-
who must establish by a preponderance of the evidence a recognition and

affirmative acceptance of personal responsibility for h[er] criminal conduct.” 

“Among the considerations used in determining whether a

defendant should receive the acceptance of responsibility adjustment are whether

the defendant admitted to the elements of the crimes and whether the defendant

admitted to, or at least did not falsely deny, any other relevant conduct.” 

3E1.1, cmt. n.1(a)) (emphasis added). “If a defendant denies relevant

conduct and the court determines such conduct occurred, the defendant cannot

claim to have accepted responsibility for h[er] actions.” United States v. Brown,

, 204 (10th Cir. 1995).

      The district court found “by a preponderance of the evidence that the

Defendant’s actions are inconsistent with an affirmative acceptance of

responsibility. Not only does the Defendant maintain that she only committed

fraud based on ten checks [taken to The Bank, N.A. in McAlester], she now

implies that her employer was somehow involved in her fraudulent activities.

Since the Defendant has falsely denied or frivolously contested relevant conduct

found by this court, she should not receive points for acceptance of

responsibility.” R., Vol. 2, at 186. We have concluded that the court did not err

in determining the extent of relevant conduct, and we also agree with the court’s

finding that Ms. Ratliff refused to accept the responsibility for the full extent of




                                          -28-
her criminal conduct. We conclude that the court properly determined that

Ms. Ratliff was not entitled to a reduction for acceptance of responsibility.


                                  IV. Conclusion

      The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.


                                                    ENTERED FOR THE COURT
                                                    PER CURIAM




                                         -29-
United States v. Ratliff

PORFILIO, J., dissenting.

      I respectfully dissent.

      Although I agree with most of the court’s analysis of the issues of this case,

I have reservations about the sufficiency of the evidence to support the district

court’s conclusion Ms. Ratliff held a “position of trust.” I believe, as the

majority notes, our caselaw requires that a person in a position of trust within a

commercial setting be more than trustworthy. Here, to have a position of trust,

Ms. Ratliff had to have been in a managerial rather than a ministerial position.

Although Mr. Wynn testified Ms. Ratliff was “trusted” and needed “very little

oversight,” the actual substance of her duties is unclear. Indeed, I believe

Mr. Wynn’s testimony on that subject was internally conflicting.

      The prosecutor framed his questions to Mr. Wynn in terms of the trust and

responsibility he gave Ms. Ratliff, and Mr. Wynn answered in kind. As a result,

the evidence elicited during the sentencing hearings failed to show the details of

the discretion and authority Ms. Ratliff had in her position with Jim Wynn, Inc.

What did she do on a regular basis to distinguish her as the leader of other

employees, either when the Wynns were present to supervise her, or when they

were not? Consequently, as distasteful as it may seem, I believe this case should

be remanded for a fuller exploration of what Ms. Ratliff actually did that would

show she had managerial authority.