FILED
                                                  United States Court of Appeals
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS       Tenth Circuit

                            FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                     September 18, 2012

                                                                      Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                          Clerk of Court
DANA A. MILLER,

             Plaintiff-Appellant,
                                                           No. 11-7076
v.                                               (D.C. No. 6:10-CV-00333-KEW)
                                                           (E.D. Okla.)
MICHAEL J. ASTRUE, Commissioner
of Social Security Administration,

             Defendant-Appellee.


                            ORDER AND JUDGMENT*


Before HOLMES, Circuit Judge, BRORBY, Senior Circuit Judge, and EBEL,
Circuit Judge.


      Dana A. Miller appeals from a district court order affirming the

Commissioner’s denial of her applications for social security disability and

supplemental security income benefits. “We independently review the

Commissioner’s decision to determine whether it is free from legal error and

supported by substantial evidence.” Krauser v. Astrue, 

, 1326

*
      After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
(10th Cir. 2011). Exercising jurisdiction under 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) and 28 U.S.C.

§ 1291, we affirm for the reasons set forth below.

                                    I. Background

      Ms. Miller was born in 1976 and was thirty-three years old at the time of the

Commissioner’s final decision. She has an eighth grade education and has worked as

a grocery cashier, a waitress, and a cook. She sought benefits based on hand

pain/arthritis, dizzy spells, bad knees, migraines, asthma, seizures, obsessive

compulsive disorder (OCD), depression, and anxiety. See Admin. R. at 631-35,

638-41.

      Following administrative denials of her claims for benefits, Ms. Miller had

three hearings before an administrative law judge (ALJ). In a ten-page, single-spaced

decision, the ALJ concluded at steps four and five of the controlling five-step

sequential analysis that Ms. Miller was not disabled. See Wall v. Astrue, 

, 1052 (10th Cir. 2009) (describing five steps); Murrell v. Shalala, 

,

1389 (10th Cir. 1994) (recognizing benefit of alternative dispositions in the social

security review process). He found Ms. Miller had six severe impairments

(degenerative arthritis and levoscoliosis in the lumbar spine, a seizure disorder, a

psychological pain disorder, depression, and a personality disorder), but that her

impairments did not meet or medically equal one of the impairments in 20 C.F.R.

Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1 (the “Listings”). In particular, as relevant here, the

ALJ found Ms. Miller did not meet the “Paragraph B” criteria for Listing 12.08


                                          -2-
(Personality Disorders) because she was not markedly impaired in any functional

areas and had no episodes of mental decompensation of extended duration. The ALJ

also found Ms. Miller not entirely credible and determined that she possessed the

residual functional capacity (RFC)

      to perform light work as defined in 20 C.F.R. 404.1567(b) and
      416.967(b) except lift/carry 20 pounds occasionally, 10 pounds
      frequently; stand/walk for six hours out of an eight hour workday; sit
      for eight hours out of an eight hour workday; cannot climb ladders,
      ropes, and scaffolding; and should avoid hazardous and fast machinery,
      unprotected heights, driving, and pools of water. Mentally, the claimant
      can do moderate to comple[x] work in a habituated work setting.

Admin. R. at 21 (emphasis added); see Poppa v. Astrue, 

, 1171

(10th Cir. 2009) (observing that “the purpose of the credibility evaluation is to help

the ALJ assess a claimant’s RFC,” and that the “the ALJ’s credibility and RFC

determinations are [therefore] inherently intertwined”). At step four, the ALJ

concluded that Ms. Miller was not disabled because she could return to her past

relevant work (PRW) as a grocery cashier. Continuing to step five, the ALJ

concluded in the alternative that even if Ms. Miller could not perform her PRW, she

was not disabled because she possessed the RFC to perform other work that exists in

the regional and national economy.

      The Appeals Council denied review, making the ALJ’s decision the final

agency determination, and the district court affirmed. This appeal followed.




                                          -3-
                                     II. Discussion

       Although Ms. Miller lists four issues on appeal, she interjects numerous

conclusory sub-issues and passing objections, many of which are poorly developed.

We will consider and discuss only those of her contentions that have been adequately

briefed for our review. See Garrett v. Selby Connor Maddux & Janer, 

,

841 (10th Cir. 2005) (observing that under Fed. R. App. P. 28, “a brief must

contain . . . more than a generalized assertion of error” (internal quotation marks

omitted)); Chambers v. Barnhart, 

, 1142 (10th Cir. 2004) (“The scope

of our review . . . is limited to the issues the claimant . . . adequately presents on

appeal.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).1 Accordingly, we focus on Ms. Miller’s

claims that that the ALJ failed to: (1) properly consider opinion evidence from

Wanda Manos, a mental health counselor; (2) perform a proper credibility

determination; and (3) make proper determinations at steps four and five of the

sequential evaluation process.

A.     Wanda Manos’ Opinion

       Ms. Manos, an outpatient counselor at Creoks Behavioral Health Services,

wrote a letter in 2009 regarding Ms. Miller’s functioning. In it, Ms. Manos opined


1
       For example, we deem waived what is identified as the fourth issue on appeal.
It consists of a conclusory, one-paragraph assertion recommending that an
“investigation” be launched because the ALJ engaged in what Ms. Miller contends
were ex parte communications with a consultative examiner, thereby violating the
due process rights of Ms. Miller and any other claimant examined by that physician
for this particular ALJ. Aplt. Opening Br. at 41; see also Aplt. Reply Br. at 14.

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that “it would be difficult for Ms. Miller to hold employment due to her OCD

symptoms and depression.” Admin. R. at 570. The ALJ specifically acknowledged

Ms. Manos’ letter, as well as treatment notes from other Creoks’ counselors, see,

e.g., 

also observed that mental evaluations indicated Ms. Miller’s

“alleged symptoms [were] more severe than the findings from the evaluations [on]

file” and that “[o]bjective testing . . . indicat[ed] mild problems compared to

claimant’s alleg[ations].” 

the ALJ did not give Ms. Manos’

“letter . . . any weight,” explaining that “[t]here d[id] not appear to be any records

from this counselor and . . . she is not a psychologist or medical doctor.” 

the ALJ erroneously rejected Ms. Manos’ opinion because

“he could find no therapy notes from [her],” despite his “promise[] to subpoena the

therapy records.” Aplt. Opening Br. at 28. We disagree. At the close of her first

administrative hearing the ALJ, having found “a lot of complaints in the record about

depression and anxiety,” ordered a consultative psychological examination.

Admin. R. at 653. Because that exam revealed “essentially . . . no problems,” 

ALJ then requested from Creoks “[a]ll medical records from 2005 to

present,” 

added). Creoks responded with more than twenty

pages of records (none of which were from Ms. Manos). This material was entered

into the record without objection, and no objection was lodged at the end of

Ms. Miller’s final administrative hearing. Thus, contrary to Ms. Miller’s position,

the ALJ did not fail to develop the record with respect to medical records from


                                          -5-
Creoks. Cf. Carter v. Chater, 

, 1022 (10th Cir. 1996) (observing that

the “ALJ has the duty to develop the record by obtaining pertinent, available medical

records which come to his attention during the course of the hearing”).

      We also disagree with Ms. Miller’s contention that the ALJ did not properly

weigh Ms. Manos’ opinion as an “other source” opinion or explain how he arrived at

the weight he gave her opinion.2 This argument fails to account for the

      distinction between what an adjudicator must consider and what the
      adjudicator must explain in the disability . . . decision[.] [T]he
      adjudicator generally should explain the weight given to the opinions
      from . . . “other sources,” or otherwise ensure that the discussion of the
      evidence in the . . . decision allows a . . . subsequent reviewer to follow
      the adjudicator’s reasoning, when such opinions may have an effect on
      the outcome of the case.

SSR 06–03p at *6. Thus, we have held that it is not necessary for the ALJ to address

each factor expressly or at length. See Oldham v. Astrue, 

, 1258

(10th Cir. 2007) (observing that “not every factor for weighing opinion evidence will

apply in every case”) (alteration and internal quotation marks omitted). What matters

is that the decision is “sufficiently specific to make clear to any subsequent

reviewer[] the weight the adjudicator gave to the . . . opinion and the reasons for that

weight.” 

ALJ’s decision meets this test. Moreover, the

weight the ALJ accorded Ms. Manos’ “other source” opinion was not based solely on her

status as a counselor. The ALJ noted that there did “not appear to be any records from
2
       Opinion evidence from “other sources” is evaluated using the factors outlined
in sections 404.1527(d) and 416.927(d), as explained in further detail in Social
Security Ruling (SSR) 06-03p, 

(Aug. 9, 2006).


                                          -6-
this counselor” other than her letter. Admin. R. at 23. And, as previously alluded to,

we did not find any records from Ms. Manos, and Ms. Miller has not directed our

attention to any. Cf., e.g., Frantz v. Astrue, 

, 1302 (10th Cir. 2007)

(observing that “it may be appropriate to give more weight to the opinion of a

medical source who is not an acceptable medical source if he or she has seen the

individual more often than the treating source and has provided better supporting

evidence and a better explanation for his or her opinion” (internal quotation marks

omitted)).

B.    Credibility Determination

      The ALJ found Ms. Miller’s “statements concerning the intensity, persistence

and limiting effects of [her] symptoms . . . not credible to the extent they [were]

inconsistent with [her RFC].” Admin. R. at 22. She challenges this determination,

complaining that the ALJ used boilerplate language and “failed to state which of

[her] statements he accepted as true and which he considered not credible.”

Aplt. Opening Br. at 30.

      “Credibility determinations are peculiarly the province of the finder of fact,

and we will not upset such determinations when supported by substantial evidence.

However, findings as to credibility should be closely and affirmatively linked to

substantial evidence and not just a conclusion in the guise of findings.” Hackett v.

Barnhart, 

, 1173 (10th Cir. 2005) (citation, brackets, and internal

quotation marks omitted).


                                          -7-
       Here, the ALJ began his credibility analysis by citing the applicable Social

Security regulations and rulings governing the evaluation of symptoms. He recited

portions of Ms. Miller’s hearing testimony regarding her ailments and alleged

functional limitations. For example, Ms. Miller’s testimony that she “is unable to

grip things due to her hands hurting so badly”; she “gets dizzy and her knees give

out”; she “falls all the time”; she “had asthma real bad”; she had a petit mal seizure

six months ago “and it had been a year since a grand mal seizure”; she experiences

one or two migraines (that “last two days”), every fourteen days; her “mind races and

she cannot sleep or concentrate”; she “cries every day due to pain or feeling

worthless”; and she “has three bad days a week,” during which time she “does not

eat.” Admin. R. at 21-22. The ALJ also identified subjective complaints Ms. Miller

reported to physicians. He then cited numerous grounds, tied to the evidence, for his

credibility finding.

       Thus, despite the use of disfavored language, we are persuaded that the ALJ’s

credibility determination is closely and affirmatively linked to substantial evidence.

The ALJ did more than “recite the general factors he considered.” Qualls v. Apfel,

, 1372 (10th Cir. 2000); cf. Hardman v. Barnhart, 

, 679

(10th Cir. 2004) (observing that the “use of . . . [a] boilerplate paragraph is

insufficient, in the absence of a more thorough analysis”). The ALJ supported his

ultimate determination with specific evidence. See 

(“[We

do] not require a formalistic factor-by-factor recitation of the evidence. So long as


                                           -8-
the ALJ sets forth the specific evidence he relies on in evaluating the claimant’s

credibility, the dictates of Kepler [v. Chater, 

(10th Cir. 1995)] are

satisfied.”).

       The ALJ pointed to Ms. Miller’s reported daily activities of shopping, paying

bills, going to the doctor, and participating in school functions with the children. He

cited July 2008 radiology reports of her hands and knees, observing that the “reports

of the hands were normal,” while the reports of her knees showed “mild degenerative

changes of the medial compartment of the left knee and right knee.” Admin. R.

at 22. He noted that a consultative physical examiner found “all range[s] of motions

were full, good grip strength, no joint deformities and no tenderness, redness, or

swelling, and normal gait and heel to toe gait.” 

asthma, he

recounted doctors’ instructions that Ms. Miller should quit smoking and that she had

been told her “smoking impacts her health every day.” Id.; see Decker v. Chater,

, 955 (10th Cir. 1996) (“The failure to follow prescribed treatment is a

legitimate consideration in evaluating the validity of an alleged impairment.”). He

noted contradictions in Ms. Miller’s testimony concerning her seizures, and he

observed that headaches were documented in the record but she was “not taking any

medication for headaches according to her medication list” and was “only taking an

over-the-counter medication for the pain in her hands.” Admin. R. at 23.3


3
      Ms. Miller’s July 2009 medication list supports this statement, but the ALJ’s
statement is incomplete. Three times during a nearly four-year time span, Ms. Miller
                                                                           (continued)
                                       -9-
       Further, noting that he had assessed Ms. Miller’s depression and personality

disorder as severe at step two, the ALJ rejected State agency opinion evidence that

her mental impairments were non-severe. But the ALJ also noted that the mental

evaluations indicated that Ms. Miller’s alleged symptoms were more severe than the

findings in the evaluations on file and that objective testing had indicated mild

problems compared to claimant’s allegations.

       Ms. Miller offers various explanations, qualifications, and excuses in an effort

to downplay these considerations. But, as in Hackett, such argument “constitutes an

invitation to this court to engage in an impermissible reweighing of the evidence and

to substitute our judgment for that of the Commissioner, an invitation we must

.

C.     Step Four Determination

       Ms. Miller also contends, as best we can discern, that the ALJ erroneously

omitted all of the limitations of record in the RFC determination underlying his

inquiries to the vocational expert (VE), and that as a result he “failed to ascertain that

she had the required RFC to perform” her PRW as a grocery cashier. Aplt. Opening

Br. at 20.

       In Winfrey v. Chater, 

(10th Cir. 1996), we described the

three-phases of a step-four analysis. At phase one, an ALJ determines the claimant’s

saw a physician, complained exclusively of a headache, and was prescribed pain
medication. This does not, however, undermine the ALJ’s thorough credibility
analysis, which is supported by substantial evidence.


                                          - 10 -
physical and mental RFC. 

phase two, the ALJ determines the

physical and mental demands of the claimant’s PRW. Id.4 At phase three, the ALJ

determines whether the claimant’s RFC is consistent with the ability to meet the job

demands of the claimant’s PRW. 

. Here, it is uncontested

that the ALJ determined Ms. Miller’s RFC. But, Ms. Miller contends that the ALJ

should have included limitations in her RFC due to hand pain and limited dexterity,

painful headaches, a moderate impairment in concentration and memory, brain

damage, and a personality disorder. At phase two, the ALJ explicitly set forth the

demands of Ms. Miller’s PRW of grocery cashier, finding it a “semi-skilled light

exertional job.” Admin. R. at 23. Semi-skilled work, among other things, requires

“some skills but does not require doing . . . more complex work duties.” 20 C.F.R.

§ 404.1568(b); 

contrary to Ms. Miller’s suggestion, the ALJ

had sufficient information regarding the mental demands of Ms. Miller’s PRW as a

grocery cashier relevant to the mental limitations in her RFC—moderate to complex

work in a habituated work setting. At phase three, the ALJ relied on the VE’s

testimony in comparing Ms. Miller’s RFC with the physical and mental demands of

the grocery cashier job, finding that she could perform the job as generally


4
        To make such findings, an ALJ must obtain adequate “factual information
about those work demands which have a bearing on the medically established
limitations.” Social Security Ruling (SSR) 82–62, 

, at *3 (1982).
The ALJ’s phase-two task is case-dependent. See 

. . . mental demands [of past relevant work] . . . must be obtained as appropriate.”
(emphasis added)).


                                        - 11 -
performed. Given the foregoing, we reject Ms. Miller’s assertion that the ALJ did

not perform the “required analysis” because “the conclusion at step 4 occur[red] only

in the VE’s head,” leaving “nothing left to review.” Aplt. Opening Br. at 23.

      1.     Hand pain and limited dexterity, headaches, impaired
             concentration and memory, and brain damage

      We also reject Ms. Miller’s argument that the ALJ erred in not including

limitations in her RFC due to hand pain and limited dexterity because a psychological

consultative examiner, John Hickman, Ph.D., noted that she reported pain in

her hands while using a dynamometer and that her “fine motor dexterity was

markedly slow with her right hand,” Admin. R. at 521. Further, Ms. Miller’s

assertion—without citation to any authority—that a psychologist is qualified to

render an opinion regarding a claimant’s physical impairment, is without merit.

See Buxton v. Halter, 

, 775 (6th Cir. 2001) (observing that a

psychologist “was not qualified to diagnose” “underlying physical conditions”);

20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1527(c)(5) (“We generally give more weight to the opinion of a

specialist about medical issues related to his or her area of specialty than to the

opinion of a source who is not a specialist”), 

      The ALJ stated that he carefully considered all of the evidence, and he

specifically discussed Dr. Hickman’s report insofar as it assessed Ms. Miller’s mental

impairments. See generally 

(noting well-established principle

of taking ALJ at his word when he indicates he considered all of the evidence). The

ALJ acknowledged Ms. Miller’s testimony that she could not work because she

                                          - 12 -
cannot “grip things due to her hands hurting so badly.” Admin. R. at 21. But he

discounted this testimony to the extent it was inconsistent with her RFC. He likewise

discounted her testimony regarding headaches and impaired concentration and

memory. And, as previously discussed, the ALJ’s credibility determination enjoys

substantial evidentiary support. Moreover, the omission of limitations due to hand

pain and limited dexterity, headaches, concentration and memory, and brain damage

was not error because no limitations in this regard were borne out by the record

evidence. 

.

      2. Personality Disorder

      Finally, Ms. Miller contends that the ALJ “failed to explain why he did not

consider [her] personality disorder[] in his RFC.” Aplt. Opening Br. at 25.

Ms. Miller ignores, however, that even though a personality disorder was one of the

severe impairments identified at step two, the ALJ found (before assessing her RFC)

that she did not meet the “Paragraph B” criteria for Listing 12.08 (Personality

Disorders) because she was not markedly impaired in any functional areas and had

no episodes of mental decompensation of extended duration. Ms. Miller does not

offer any record evidence to the contrary, outside of her own self-reports, which she

incorrectly refers to as “findings.” Aplt Opening Br. at 25. The record evidence does

not support any mental functional limitations arising from a personality disorder

(beyond those already assessed), and Ms. Miller has not identified any medical

findings attributable to a personality disorder that would impose such limitations.


                                         - 13 -
Cf. Bernal v. Bowen, 

, 301 (10th Cir. 1988) (observing that the “mere

fact that [the claimant] was diagnosed as suffering from major depression does not

automatically mean that he is disabled”).

       Accordingly, we conclude that the ALJ’s RFC determination underlying his

inquires to the VE adequately reflected the “impairments and limitations that [were]

borne out by the evidentiary record,” and that Ms. Miller has not identified any

reversible error in the ALJ’s decision to deny benefits at step four of the sequential

evaluation process. 

(citation omitted); Evans v. Chater,

, 532 (10th Cir. 1995) (stating that the ALJ’s hypothetical questions

“must include all (and only) those impairments borne out by the evidentiary record”).

Because we affirm the ALJ’s finding of nondisability at step four, we need not

consider Ms. Miller’s step five arguments. See 

(“[D]ue to

the way the sequential analysis is structured, a proper finding of . . . nondisability (at

steps two, four, or five) is conclusive and, thus, cannot be overturned by

consideration of a subsequent step.”).

                                    III. Conclusion

       The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.




                                                   Entered for the Court


                                                   Wade Brorby
                                                   Senior Circuit Judge

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