FILED
                                                   United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS       Tenth Circuit

                             FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                    November 21, 2012
                                                                     Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                         Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.                                                        No. 12-2042
                                                 (D.C. No. 1:05-CR-00920-JB-2)
LEOBARDO MORALES-RAMIREZ,                                   (D. N.M.)

               Defendant-Appellant.


                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT *         0F




Before GORSUCH, ANDERSON, and EBEL, Circuit Judges.



      Leobardo Morales-Ramirez appeals pro se the district court’s denial of his

Motion for Return of $3,100 under Fed. R. Crim. P. 41(g). Exercising jurisdiction

under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we dismiss the appeal in accordance with this court’s firm

waiver rule.


*
      After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of this
appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
                                          I.

      Morales-Ramirez was arrested on April 12, 2005, in the Southern District of

California, based on a federal arrest warrant issued in New Mexico. At the time of

his arrest, federal officers seized $1,642 in currency from his person and $1,500 from

his residence in San Diego, California. A federal grand jury returned a two-count

superseding indictment against Morales-Ramirez in July 2005, charging him with

conspiracy and possession with intent to distribute more than one kilogram of heroin.

In August 2005, the Drug Enforcement Administration issued declarations of

forfeiture for the currency that was seized from Morales-Ramirez pursuant to

21 U.S.C. § 881, declaring the property forfeited under 19 U.S.C. § 1609.

Morales-Ramirez proceeded to trial in February 2006 in the United States District

Court for the District of New Mexico (USDC-NM). A jury found him guilty on both

counts in the superseding indictment, and the district court sentenced him to

240 months’ imprisonment.

      On April 13, 2010, Morales-Ramirez filed a pro se motion in the USDC-NM

seeking return of $3,100 seized from him in April 2005. The district court referred

the motion to a magistrate judge, who issued a report and recommendation (R&R) on

May 13, 2011. The R&R construed Morales-Ramirez’s motion as brought pursuant

to Fed. R. Crim. P. 41(g), which provides:

      Motion to Return Property. A person aggrieved by an unlawful search
      and seizure of property or by the deprivation of property may move for
      the property’s return. The motion must be filed in the district where the
      property was seized. The court must receive evidence on any factual

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      issue necessary to decide the motion. If it grants the motion, the court
      must return the property to the movant, but may impose reasonable
      conditions to protect access to the property and its use in later
      proceedings.

Because Rule 41(g) states that “[t]he motion must be filed in the district where the

property was seized,” 

no dispute that the currency was seized from

Morales-Ramirez in the Southern District of California, the magistrate judge

concluded that the USDC-NM did not have jurisdiction to order a return of the

property. The R&R also concluded that transfer of the matter to the Southern District

of California was not feasible because Morales-Ramirez had filed his motion under

the criminal procedure rules in a closed criminal case. The R&R therefore

recommended dismissal of Morales-Ramirez’s motion without prejudice based on a

lack of jurisdiction. It also advised the parties that they must file written objections

within fourteen days of service of the R&R in order to preserve their right to

appellate review of its findings and recommendations.

      Neither party objected to the R&R. On February 23, 2012, after de novo

review, the district court adopted the R&R and denied Morales-Ramirez’s motion

without prejudice. On March 8, 2012, Morales-Ramirez filed a document titled,

among other things, “Notice of Appeal,” which the district court construed as a

notice of appeal directed to its denial of his Rule 41(g) motion. Like the district

court, we construe Morales-Ramirez’s March 8, 2012, filing as a notice of appeal.




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                                           II.

      We must first resolve whether Morales-Ramirez waived appellate review by

failing to file objections to the magistrate judge’s R&R. “This circuit has adopted a

firm waiver rule when a party fails to object to the findings and recommendations of

the magistrate judge.” Casanova v. Ulibarri, 

, 1123 (10th Cir. 2010)

(quotation and brackets omitted). Under this rule, “the failure to make timely

objection waives appellate review of both factual and legal questions.” 

omitted). But

      [w]e may . . . grant relief from the rule in the interests of justice.
      Among the factors this court has considered in determining whether to
      invoke the interests-of-justice exception are [1] a pro se litigant’s effort
      to comply, [2] the force and plausibility of the explanation for his
      failure to comply, and [3] the importance of the issues raised.

brackets omitted).

      We ordered Morales-Ramirez to show cause why this appeal should not be

dismissed on the basis of firm waiver. As to the first two factors, Morales-Ramirez

responds only that the R&R was not served on him. He does not, however, present

any evidence that there were problems with delivery of mail to him at the address in

the district court’s records. See 

pro se party’s assertion of

mail-delivery problems as supporting plausibility of his claim he did not receive

R&R). The government replies with its assumption that the district court would have

served Morales-Ramirez with the R&R in the ordinary course of the court’s business.




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But the government also acknowledges there was no certificate of service attached to

the R&R.

       Although Morales-Ramirez does not point to it, the record further reflects that

he did not fail to respond to other filings in this proceeding. See 

party’s attentive responses to other filings). He filed a reply to the

government’s response to his motion, and seven days after the magistrate judge

issued the R&R, he filed a further reply to a supplemental response submitted by the

government. The latter filing suggests that Morales-Ramirez had not yet received the

R&R at that time.

       Morales-Ramirez was nonetheless aware, per the district court’s order

referring his motion to a magistrate judge, that the magistrate judge would be issuing

an R&R and that he would have an opportunity to file objections to it within fourteen

days. And he was certainly aware of the existence of the R&R once he received the

district court’s order adopting it. Yet Morales-Ramirez presents no evidence that he

ever contacted the district court regarding his failure to receive a copy of the R&R—

either before or after the district court’s order, or even after receiving this court’s

order to show cause. Compare Theede v. U.S. Dep’t of Labor, 

, 1268

(10th Cir. 1999) (declining to apply interests-of-justice exception where pro se party

“failed to identify any efforts he made to obtain the magistrate’s recommendation

after being made aware of its existence”), with Wirsching v. Colorado, 

, 1197 (10th Cir. 2004) (applying exception where pro se party requested copy


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of R&R after this court informed him it was considering summary dismissal based on

his failure to file objections), and 

(applying exception

where pro se party claiming non-receipt of R&R inquired numerous times about

filings in the district court). Thus, we conclude that the first and second factors

weigh against Morales-Ramirez.

      And the third factor—the importance of the issues raised—also weighs against

Morales-Ramirez.

             When we consider whether the importance of the issues raised
      might trigger the interests of justice exception, we have said that, in
      many respects, the interests of justice analysis we have developed,
      which expressly includes review of a litigant’s unobjected-to
      substantive claims on the merits, is similar to reviewing for plain error.
      To show plain error, [Morales-Ramirez] would have to show (1) error,
      (2) that is plain, which (3) affects substantial rights, and which
      (4) seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of
      judicial proceedings.

Duffield v. Jackson, 

, 1238 (10th Cir. 2008) (citation, quotations and

brackets omitted). We cannot say that the district court’s denial of

Morales-Ramirez’s Rule 41(g) motion based on a lack of jurisdiction was plain error.

The rule plainly states that such motions “must be filed in the district where the

property was seized.” 

has not established that his circumstances warrant

application of the interests-of-justice exception to the firm waiver rule. Accordingly,

Morales-Ramirez has waived appellate review by failing to file timely objections to

the magistrate judge’s report and recommendation. The appeal is DISMISSED.


                                                Entered for the Court


                                                David M. Ebel
                                                Circuit Judge




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