FILED
                                                             United States Court of Appeals
                                                                     Tenth Circuit

                                                                   December 6, 2012
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                   Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                      Clerk of Court
                                   TENTH CIRCUIT


 SARAH C. MOZINGO; MARY S.
 MOZINGO,

          Plaintiffs-Appellants,
 v.                                                        No. 11-3284
 TREND PERSONNEL SERVICES,                   (D.C. No. 5:10-CV-04149-JTM-DJW)
 DAN W. BOBST,                                             (D. Kan.)

          Defendants-Appellees.

 _____________________

 HILDA L. SOLIS, Secretary of the
 United States Department of Labor,

          Amicus Curiae.


                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before KELLY, BALDOCK, and EBEL, Circuit Judges.


      Plaintiffs Sarah C. Mozingo and Mary S. Mozingo, beneficiaries of a life

insurance policy, filed this civil action alleging Defendants failed to pay benefits and

breached their fiduciary duty in violation of the Employee Retirement Income

Security Act (ERISA). Plaintiffs provided the district court with a bonus agreement,


      *
         This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the doctrines
of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however,
for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
which set forth the terms of the life insurance plan. Each party agreed the bonus

agreement was not an ERISA plan document. Plaintiffs, however, asserted a formal

ERISA plan may exist, but they would need discovery to find it. Consistent with the

parties’ position, the district court decided that the bonus agreement is not an ERISA

plan document. Applying a forum selection clause contained in the bonus agreement,

the district court dismissed the action for improper venue without allowing further

discovery. Plaintiffs appealed pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. On appeal, Plaintiffs

present two arguments for why the district court erred in concluding the bonus

agreement is not governed by ERISA. First, Plaintiffs assert the bonus agreement

itself is an ERISA plan document. Second, Plaintiffs contend the district court

prematurely dismissed the action pursuant to the forum selection clause where a

formal ERISA plan document may exist. We review the district court’s decision de

novo. For the reasons set forth below, we hold both their arguments are waived.

Accordingly, we affirm.

                                          I.

      Defendant Trend Personnel Services (TPS) hired Samuel Mozingo as an

account representative in 2000. In 2003, Plaintiffs allege TPS established a plan to

provide life insurance policies to its employees, though no party has presented the

court with a formal plan document. Mozingo obtained a policy in the amount of

$250,000, designating Plaintiffs as beneficiaries. On May 8, 2003, Mozingo entered

into a bonus agreement. The bonus agreement provided that TPS would pay the

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premiums on the life insurance policy until Mozingo’s termination. The bonus

agreement also contained a forum selection clause stating that “Rockwall County,

Texas is exclusively where venue will lie for any dispute relating to or arising out

of this agreement.”    In 2005, Mozingo and TPS entered into an employment

agreement which also contained a forum selection clause. Mozingo’s employment

with TPS ended on October 15, 2007. Mozingo moved to Kansas in 2008 and was

soon after diagnosed with cancer. On May 8, 2009, Mozingo emailed Defendant Dan

Bobst, president and CEO of TPS, requesting information about his life insurance

policy.   Although Bobst and Mozingo exchanged emails, Bobst never sent the

requested information regarding the life insurance policy. On October 12, 2009, the

life insurance company sent Mozingo a letter informing him the policy had lapsed.

      After Mozingo’s death, Plaintiffs filed this civil action in the District of

Kansas, alleging violations of ERISA and various state law claims. Defendants filed

a motion to dismiss for improper venue based on the forum selection clause

contained in the 2005 employment agreement. The district court denied that motion

to dismiss, concluding Plaintiffs’ claims did not arise out of the 2005 agreement.

Defendants then answered the complaint. Thereafter, the parties discovered the 2003

bonus agreement. As a result, Defendants filed a second motion to dismiss for

improper venue. This time the district court granted the motion to dismiss based on

five conclusions of law: (1) the bonus agreement is not an ERISA plan document,

and therefore the question of whether the forum selection clause in the bonus

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agreement can be invalidated under ERISA is irrelevant; (2) the bonus agreement and

the later representations made by the parties will need to be interpreted in order to

determine the nature of Plaintiffs’ claims, and therefore Plaintiffs’ suit arises out of

the bonus agreement; (3) Plaintiffs are third-party beneficiaries of the life insurance

policy provided by the bonus agreement, and therefore they are bound by the forum

selection clause in the bonus agreement; (4) Bobst in his individual capacity is

closely related to the dispute arising out of the bonus agreement, and therefore it was

foreseeable that the forum selection clause would apply to him personally; and

(5) the forum selection clause in the bonus agreement is enforceable and therefore

Texas is the appropriate forum for this litigation. Importantly, Plaintiffs appeal only

the first and fifth conclusions reached by the district court.

                                          II.

      Plaintiffs argue the district court erred in enforcing the bonus agreement’s

forum selection clause for two reasons. Plaintiffs first contend the bonus agreement

is governed by ERISA and Plaintiffs should have had the opportunity to establish

that the Bonus Agreement itself constituted an employee welfare benefit plan

governed by ERISA or to conduct discovery to establish the existence of a formal

ERISA plan. Second, Plaintiffs assert the forum selection clause is unenforceable

because ERISA preempts or supersedes it. Defendants, on the other hand, argue

Plaintiffs present us with a new argument and contradict their arguments raised

before the district court. Defendants believe Plaintiffs cannot challenge whether the

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parties should have engaged in additional discovery to determine whether the bonus

agreement is an ERISA plan document. 1 We first address whether Plaintiffs have

waived their argument that the bonus agreement is an ERISA plan document before

turning to whether Plaintiff waived the right to challenge the district court’s denial

of additional discovery.

                                         A.

        Many years ago, the Supreme Court held “that a federal court does not

consider an issue not passed upon below.” Singleton v. Wulff, 

, 120

(1976). Plaintiffs argue the issue of whether the bonus agreement is or could be an

ERISA plan document was “passed upon below” because the district court

specifically concluded the bonus agreement is not an ERISA plan document.

Accordingly, Plaintiffs posit we must review the issue of whether the bonus

agreement is or could be an ERISA plan document, and upon review, must conclude

that the bonus agreement meets all of the elements of an employee welfare benefit

plan.


        1
        Defendants misunderstand and conflate Plaintiffs’ two arguments. Plaintiffs
do not seek additional discovery to determine whether the bonus agreement is itself
an ERISA plan document. Plaintiffs argue enough evidence exists already for us to
make that conclusion. Rather, Plaintiffs assert additional discovery is needed to find
a formal ERISA plan governing life insurance for TPS employees. As discussed
below, Plaintiffs provide us only with a conclusory statement that the district court
should have allowed them discovery to find a formal plan document. As a result of
the misunderstanding of Plaintiffs’ arguments, Defendants do not address whether
the district court erred in not allowing further discovery on whether a formal plan
existed and Plaintiffs do not discuss the issue further in their reply brief.

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      To resolve this dispute, we must examine what transpired in the district court.

In response to Defendants’ second motion to dismiss, Plaintiffs stated their “first,

and most important, reason” why Defendants’ motion should be denied was “that the

forum selection clause is not contained in an ERISA plan document.” Plaintiffs

argued the record contained no ERISA plan document, but a formal ERISA plan

document may have existed. Plaintiffs asserted the forum selection clause in the

bonus agreement, as a non-ERISA plan document, would be irrelevant if ERISA

preempted their state law claims. Plaintiffs therefore contended the motion to

dismiss should have been denied pending further discovery. The district court

rejected Plaintiffs’ request for more discovery. Instead, the district court concluded

Plaintiffs’ claims arose out of the bonus agreement and “because the Bonus

Agreement is not an ERISA plan document, the question of whether the forum

selection clause in it can be invalidated under ERISA is irrelevant.”

      Because the district court reached the conclusion Plaintiffs appeal, we must

examine the specificity required to present an issue to the district court.        As

mentioned above, our starting principle is that we will not consider issues not passed

upon below. The “overriding rationale” for this general rule results from our interest

in providing the parties “the opportunity to offer all the evidence that they believe

relevant to the issues” and our concern that litigants not be “surprised on appeal by

final decision there of issues upon which they have had no opportunity to introduce

evidence.” United States v. Hardman, 

, 1123 (10th Cir. 2002) (en

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banc) (quoting Singleton, 428 U.S. at 120). Moreover, we have noted that reviewing

issues not raised below would require us to remand for additional evidentiary

findings, would undermine the “need for finality in litigation and conservation of

judicial resources,” would “have this court hold everything accomplished below for

naught,” and would allow a party to raise new issues on appeal where that party

invited the alleged error below. Lyons v. Jefferson Bank & Trust, 

, 721

(10th Cir. 1993). For these reasons, “we have exercised our discretion to hear issues

for the first time on appeal only in the most unusual circumstances.”               Id.

Importantly, we have “repeatedly stated that a party may not lose in the district court

on one theory of the case, and then prevail on appeal on a different theory.” Id.

And, more specifically, “[w]e have been particularly insistent on this rule in cases

where the theory advanced on appeal was in direct contradiction to the theory

pursued in the trial court.” Id.

      Having reviewed the relevant law, we now turn to whether Plaintiffs’ theory

on appeal is in direct contradiction to their theory pursued in the district court.

Although Plaintiffs are correct that ERISA coverage may be triggered where no

formal ERISA plan exists, Plaintiffs specifically argued to the district court that the

bonus agreement is not an ERISA plan document. We note that arguing the bonus

agreement is not an ERISA plan document to the district court is in direct

contradiction to the theory that the bonus agreement is an ERISA plan document.

Allowing Plaintiffs to pursue this contradictory argument would trigger every

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concern mentioned above. Defendants did not have the opportunity to offer all the

evidence relevant to the issue.      If they had the opportunity, the Defendants

presumably would have presented evidence to counter the claim the bonus agreement

constituted an ERISA plan document. Additionally, we cannot make evidentiary

findings on appeal. Rather, we would need to remand so that the parties could

present evidence to the district court. If the district court erred, Plaintiffs surely

invited the error. Accordingly, Plaintiffs waived the argument they could establish

through discovery that the bonus agreement itself constitutes an employee welfare

benefit plan governed by ERISA. Lyons, 994 F.2d at 721.

                                          B.

      Plaintiffs’ further contend they should have been allowed to conduct discovery

to establish the existence of a formal ERISA plan. At the time Defendants filed their

second motion to dismiss, the parties had discovered no formal ERISA plan

document governing the life insurance policy. The district court concluded the bonus

agreement, a non-ERISA plan document, “broadly governed” the parties’ relationship

concerning the life insurance policy and that Plaintiffs’ suit “arises out of” the bonus

agreement. Curiously, however, the district court did not foreclose the possibility

that a formal ERISA plan could potentially exist. The district court stated that even

if an ERISA plan document exists and is later discovered, the Texas state courts have

jurisdiction over the matter and can apply ERISA to Plaintiffs’ claims.

      Although Plaintiffs argued in their response to the motion to dismiss that

                                           8
Defendants’ motion should be denied pending further discovery, Plaintiffs failed to

preserve the argument for appeal. Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 28(a)(9)(A)

requires Plaintiffs to state their “contentions and reasons for them, with citations to

the authorities . . . .” “An issue or argument insufficiently raised in the opening brief

is deemed waived.” Becker v. Kroll, 

, 913 n.6 (10th Cir. 2007). In

their opening brief, Plaintiffs state:

      The district court erred . . . because the discovery stage of the lawsuit
      had just started. Accordingly, the plaintiffs should have been allowed
      to conduct discovery to establish the existence of a formal ERISA plan,
      by which Trend Personnel established a program or plan to provide life
      insurance to Mr. Mozingo and its other key employees.

Here, Plaintiffs’ two sentence explanation fails to provide us with any authority to

reverse the district court. Accordingly, we conclude Plaintiffs’ insufficiently raised

this argument. See Equal Emp’t Opportunity Comm’n v. C.R. England, Inc., 

, 1051 n.18 (10th Cir. 2011) (refusing to consider an argument on appeal

where the appellant “failed to present any argument or authority in support” of his

position).

      Alternatively, Plaintiffs’ waived the argument by failing to appeal the district

court’s conclusions that the bonus agreement must be interpreted and Plaintiffs’

claims arise out of the bonus agreement. As discussed above, Plaintiffs do not

explain what impact the discovery of a formal ERISA plan would have on their case.

Presumably, if a formal ERISA plan exists, that plan, not the bonus agreement would

govern, and we would not interpret the bonus agreement. Even if a formal ERISA

                                           9
plan exists, we may not review the district court’s holdings that the bonus agreement

must be interpreted and the claims arise out of the bonus agreement. Therefore, a

remand in this case does not change the result that the district court must apply the

forum selection clause in the bonus agreement. Perhaps the result would have been

different had Plaintiffs appealed the conclusion their claims arose out of the bonus

agreement, or provided us with any authority that the district court needed to order

further discovery where it concluded Plaintiffs’ claims arose from an existing

document in the record. We therefore conclude Plaintiffs waived the argument the

district court erred in granting the motion to dismiss without further discovery. 2


      2
          The Secretary of Labor filed an amicus curiae brief advocating no specific
relief for either party. She argues forum selection clauses are incompatible with
ERISA. Because the bonus agreement controls Plaintiffs’ claims in this case, and
because the bonus agreement is not an ERISA plan document, we do not reach this
argument. Additionally, the Secretary believes the district court erred by not
transferring the case. We disagree. The forum selection clause of the bonus
agreement states that exclusive venue shall be in Rockwall County, Texas. “[A]
party may bring a motion to transfer from the initial federal forum to another federal
court based on a valid forum selection clause.” Salovaara v. Jackson Nat’l Life Ins.
Co., 

, 297 (10th Cir. 2001). However, “[f]or federal court purposes,
venue is not stated in terms of ‘counties.’ Rather, it is stated in terms of ‘judicial
districts.’” Excell, Inc. v. Sterling Boiler & Mech., Inc., 

, 321 (10th Cir.
1997) (citing 28 U.S.C. § 1391). “Because the language of the clause refers only to
a specific county and not to a specific judicial district . . . venue is intended to lie
only in state district court.” Id. “Transfer is not available . . . when a forum
selection clause specifies a non-federal forum. In that case, it seems the district
court would have no choice but to dismiss the action so it can be filed in the
appropriate forum so long as dismissal would be in the interests of justice.”
Salovaara, 246 F.3d at 298 (emphasis added). Because the district court dismissed
the case for improper venue, the dismissal is without prejudice, meaning Plaintiffs
can refile in state court. And Plaintiffs’ counsel indicated the statute of limitations
                                                                          (continued...)

                                          10
      AFFIRMED.



                                      Entered for the Court,



                                      Bobby R. Baldock
                                      United States Circuit Judge




      2
        (...continued)
on Plaintiffs’ claims has not yet run. Accordingly, dismissal was in the interest of
justice because Plaintiffs may refile their action in state court.

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