agreement provided that the United States was not required to

recommend the reduction if Hallock “fail[ed] or refus[ed] to make a full, accurate

and complete disclosure to the probation office of the circumstances surrounding

the relevant offense conduct”; made a misrepresentation to the United States before

entering the plea agreement; or “commit[ted] any misconduct after entering into

[the] plea agreement, including but not limited to committing a state or federal

offense, violating any term of release, or making false statements or

misrepresentations to any government entity or official.” The United States and

Hallock agreed to jointly recommend that he receive a sentence within the advisory

guideline range as determined by increasing his base offense level by two points

for images involving prepubescent minors or minors under the age of 12, 
id.

§ 2G2.2(b)(2); two 
points for distributing the images, 
id. § 2G2.2(b)(3)(F); four

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points for images depicting sadistic or masochistic conduct, 
id. § 2G2.2(b)(4); two
points for using a computer to possess and receive the images, 
id. § 2G2.2(b)(6);

five 
points for receiving more than 600 images, 
id. § 2G2.2(b)(7)(D); and 
two

points for his obstruction of justice, 

United States and Hallock

also agreed to “jointly recommend that the [District] Court neither depart upward

nor depart downward under the Sentencing Guidelines when determining the

advisory guideline range . . . .”

      The parties submitted a factual proffer that described the events leading to

Hallock’s arrest and the discovery of child pornography. The proffer stated that

detectives from the Police Department in Sebastian, Florida, responded to a report

about an explosion at Hallock’s residence; found Hallock’s mother injured in a

shed behind her residence; arrested Hallock for making a destructive device; and

obtained a warrant to search Hallock’s laptop computer for evidence relating to

explosive devices. A forensic examiner searched Hallock’s computer for the word

“bomb” and noticed that word in more than 500 files, including five files with

names suggesting they contained child pornography. Federal agents also obtained

a warrant to search Hallock’s computer and discovered 228 video recordings of

child pornography, many of which involved prepubescent minors engaged in

sexually explicit conduct, and a peer-to-peer file-sharing application that Hallock

had used to download excerpts from 25 other videos of child pornography. Agents


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also discovered five additional files of child pornography on Hallock’s USB flash

drive.

         At a change of plea hearing before a magistrate judge, Hallock stated that he

had read and understood all the terms of his plea agreement and that he knew that

the district court could decline to accept the terms of the plea agreement. Hallock

also stated that he understood the United States would inform the district court and

the probation office about the conduct underlying the charges in his former

indictment:

         THE COURT: . . . Now paragraph 5 of the plea agreement says that,
         “The prosecutor reserves the right to inform the court and the
         Probation Office of all facts pertinent to the sentencing process,
         including all information concerning the offense committed, whether
         charged or not.”
                 Now, you have a superseding information. So you know that
         some charges were existing in the original indictment, and now we
         have gone to this superseding information, and so the charges in the
         indictment have gone away, but do you know that the prosecutor can
         still tell probation and the court all of the details of whatever took
         place in those other charges?

         HALLOCK: Yes.

         THE COURT: Very well. They can also give all of the information
         they have concerning you and your background.

Hallock also said he understood that the United States could be relieved of its

obligation to recommend a reduction for acceptance of responsibility if he failed to

satisfy the three conditions in his plea agreement; the recommendations with

regard to sentencing enhancements and the estimate of his advisory guideline range
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were not binding on the district court; and the agreement “contained . . . everything

. . . in [his] deal with the government.” The magistrate judge recommended that

the district court accept Hallock’s plea of guilty.

      Hallock’s presentence investigation report described the child pornography

discovered on his computer and some chat logs and other data establishing that

Hallock, who was 27 years old, abused F.K., a 16-year-old girl in Texas. In the

chat logs, agents found messages from Hallock to F.K. that were sexually explicit.

Agents also found messages that Hallock and F.K. exchanged while using their

web cameras. During some of the webcam sessions, Hallock recorded “snapshot”

images of F.K. wearing underwear and apparently masturbating. Messages

exchanged during the webcam sessions revealed that Hallock had convinced F.K.

to unclothe for him; Hallock had exposed himself to F.K.; and Hallock and F.K.

had watched each other engage in sexual activities. Other data recovered from

Hallock’s computer and his cellular telephone established that he had visited F.K.

in Texas; they had sexual contact during the visit; and Hallock was planning a

future visit to have sex with F.K. Agents obtained from Hallock’s mother, with

whom he resided, letters from F.K. and her mother and undergarments that F.K.

had mailed to Hallock. Agents also discovered in Hallock’s residence several

notebooks that contained entries about bomb-making; an outline of his method to

entice young girls online; and the names of approximately 50 girls who attended a


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middle school near his home. The report also stated that Hallock mailed letters

from jail to F.K.

      The presentence report also described how Hallock directed his mother to

conceal and destroy evidence. While in jail, Hallock called his mother and asked

her to safeguard a CD titled “ME,” which she later gave to Hallock’s father.

Agents obtained the CD and discovered that it contained recordings of chat

sessions between Hallock and what seemed to be a 14-year-old girl. Hallock also

requested that his mother destroy six “bad” CDs that he had hidden among his

baseball cards, and agents never recovered those CDs.

      The report assigned Hallock a base offense level of 22, see U.S.S.G.

§ 2G2.2(a)(2), and increased that level by 17 points for the six enhancements to

which he had agreed in his plea agreement, see 
id. §§ 2G2.2(b)(2), (b)(3)(F),
(b)(4), (b)(6), (b)(7)(D); 3C1.1. The report stated that Hallock had provided a

statement that ordinarily would support a reduction for acceptance of

responsibility, but the report did not recommend the reduction because Hallock had

obstructed justice by destroying evidence. See § 3E1.1 cmt. n.4. The report

increased Hallock’s offense level by five points for engaging in a pattern of

activity involving the sexual abuse or exploitation of a minor. See 
id.

§ 2G2.2(b)(5). Hallock 
had a total offense level of 44, but the Sentencing

Guidelines capped the offense level at 43, see 
id., ch.5, pt. A. 
n.2. With an offense


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level of 43 and a criminal history of I, the report provided an advisory sentence of

life imprisonment, but the report revised the advisory guideline sentence to

Hallock’s maximum statutory sentence of 20 years of imprisonment, see 
id.

§ 5G1.1(a).

      Hallock 
objected to the presentence report on three grounds. First, Hallock

moved to strike from the report the facts about his relationship with F.K. Second,

Hallock objected to the five-level enhancement of his sentence for the pattern of

sexual activity involving F.K. Third, Hallock requested a three-level reduction for

acceptance of responsibility.

      The United States responded that Hallock was not entitled to a reduction for

acceptance of responsibility and he should not have his sentence enhanced for

engaging in a pattern of sexual misconduct. The prosecutor argued that Hallock

was not entitled to a three-point reduction for acceptance of responsibility because

he had falsely denied abusing F.K. The prosecutor argued that the information

about Hallock’s “unlawful relationship and communication with F.K., as well as

the disturbing musings in his notebooks . . . [about] entic[ing] young girls online,

and listing the names and ages of girls in local middle schools, was directly

relevant to the [District] Court’s understanding of [Hallock’s] characteristics and

history . . ., circumstances of the offense, danger to the community, need for

rehabilitation, etcetera,” see 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), and the prosecutor offered to


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prove that relevant conduct during Hallock’s sentencing hearing. The prosecutor

refused to recommend an enhancement of Hallock’s sentence for engaging in a

pattern of sexual activity involving a minor. The prosecutor explained he had

entered an “implicit agreement” with Hallock that the United States would not

recommend the pattern enhancement. During plea negotiations, the prosecutor told

Hallock that the enhancement “did not appear to apply” because “the facts showed

one continual attempt by [Hallock] during a five month period . . . to entice F.K. to

engage in sexual acts, not necessarily separate instances of abuse as required by the

pattern enhancement.”

      At the sentencing hearing, the district court overruled Hallock’s objections

to the presentence report. The district court offered to allow Hallock to withdraw

his plea of guilty, but Hallock declined the offer and requested specific

enforcement of the plea agreement. The district court denied Hallock’s request to

strike the information about F.K. on the grounds that those facts were accurate and

relevant to fashioning an appropriate sentence, see 18 U.S.C. §§ 3553, 3661;

U.S.S.G. § 1B1.4, and overruled Hallock’s objection to the five-point enhancement

for a pattern of sexual activity. The district court also denied Hallock’s request for

a reduction for acceptance of responsibility and explained that the decision was

based on Hallock’s obstruction of justice, not because he had falsely denied

relevant conduct. The district court remarked that its decision to deny the


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reduction for acceptance of responsibility was inconsequential because a three-

point reduction would not have changed Hallock’s advisory guidelines sentence.

                           II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

      We review de novo whether the United States breached its plea agreement.

United States v. Horsfall, 
552 F.3d 1275
, 1281 (11th Cir. 2008). “The government

is bound by any material promises it makes to a defendant as part of a plea

agreement that induces the defendant to plead guilty.” United States v. Taylor, 
77

F.3d 368
, 370 (11th Cir. 1996). We evaluate “whether the government violated the

agreement . . . according to the defendant’s reasonable understanding at the time he

entered his plea.” 
Id. (internal quotation marks 
and citation omitted).

                                  III. DISCUSSION

      Hallock and the United States dispute whether it breached the plea

agreement. Hallock argues that the United States agreed not to request an

enhancement for engaging in a pattern of sexual activity with a minor and violated

that agreement by offering to introduce evidence to prove Hallock’s abuse of F.K.,

submitting letters to the district court written by F.K. and her father, and failing to

oppose the enhancement during the sentencing hearing. Hallock also argues that

the United States violated its agreement to recommend that Hallock receive a

three-point reduction for acceptance of responsibility. The government argues that

it did not breach its plea agreement and, even if it did so by failing to recommend a


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reduction for acceptance of responsibility, that error was harmless. We address

these arguments in turn.

 A. The United States Did Not Breach the Plea Agreement by Disclosing Relevant
  Information About Hallock or Failing to Oppose Vigorously the Related Five-
  Point Enhancement for Engaging in a Pattern of Sexual Activity With a Minor.

      The plea agreement allowed the United States to disclose factual information

about Hallock’s sexual activity with F.K. and victim impact statements from her

and her father. The United States “does not breach a plea agreement where the

agreement authorizes [it] to provide certain factual information, and the

government does not expressly violate another one of its obligations.” 
Horsfall,

552 F.3d at 1283
; see also United States v. Boatner, 
966 F.2d 1575
, 1578 (11th Cir.

1992) (“The solemnization of a plea agreement does not preclude the government

from disclosing pertinent information to the sentencing court.”). In the plea

agreement, the United States expressly reserved the right to inform the district

court and the probation office about “all relevant conduct concerning the offense

committed, whether charged or not, as well as concerning [Hallock] and [his]

background.” That provision permitted the United States to disclose information

about Hallock’s abuse of F.K. and to introduce victim impact evidence that was

relevant to his history and characteristics and aided the district court in fashioning

a sentence that achieved the statutory purposes of sentencing. See 18 U.S.C.

§§ 3553(a), 3771(c)(1); 
Horsfall, 552 F.3d at 1282–83
. Hallock contends that he


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“would not have reasonably understood the phrase ‘relevant offense conduct’ . . .

to [include the] uncharged conduct” involving F.K., but the magistrate judge

specifically explained to Hallock during the guilty plea colloquy that the United

States could disclose factual information about Hallock’s abuse of F.K. despite the

dismissal of the charges related to that abuse.

      The United States did not violate its agreement not to recommend a five-

point enhancement for engaging in a pattern of sexual activity with a minor. The

prosecutor abided by its “implicit agreement” with Hallock by not recommending

the enhancement in its written response to Hallock’s objections or at Hallock’s

sentencing hearing. And the United States was not obliged to oppose the

enhancement. The United States is not required to express “enthusiasm” for the

terms of a plea agreement unless that is specified in the agreement, United States v.

Benchimol, 
471 U.S. 453
, 455–57, 
105 S. Ct. 2103
, 2104–05 (1985), and Hallock

provides no evidence that the United States promised to do more than it did. The

“implicit agreement” required that the United States not recommend the

enhancement, and it complied with that agreement.

      Hallock argues that our decisions in Boatner and Taylor support his

argument that the United States violated its agreement by disclosing relevant

information about Hallock, but we disagree. In Boatner, we held that the United

States breached its plea agreement by endorsing evidence in the presentence report


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that Boatner had been involved with almost three kilograms of cocaine, after

stipulating in the plea agreement that he would be sentenced only for distributing

two ounces of 
cocaine. 966 F.2d at 1578–79
. Similarly, in Taylor, we held that

United States breached its promise to recommend a sentence of 10 years of

imprisonment when it later offered to introduce evidence that would subject Taylor

to a sentence of more than 10 
years. 77 F.3d at 369–71
. In contrast with Boatner

and Taylor, the United States did not advocate a position contrary to its obligations

to Hallock. The United States agreed not to recommend an enhancement for a

pattern of sexual activity, and it complied with that agreement. Nothing in that

agreement limited the amount or type of information that the United States could

disclose about Hallock for purposes of sentencing. And the United States was

entitled under the plea agreement to “inform the [District] Court and the probation

office of all facts pertinent to the sentencing process.” See United States v.

Thomas, 
487 F.3d 1358
, 1360–61 (11th Cir. 2007) (holding that an argument for

the district court to give “serious consideration of the imposition of consecutive

penalties” did not violate a plea agreement that forbade the government from

recommending a specific sentence, but allowed it to give advice about sentencing

considerations). The United States abided by its agreement.




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       B. The United States Violated Its Agreement to Recommend a Reduction for
            Acceptance of Responsibility, And Hallock is Entitled to Specific
                            Performance of that Agreement.

       The United States breached the plea agreement by refusing to recommend

that Hallock receive a reduction for acceptance of responsibility. “[W]hen a plea

rests in any significant degree on a promise or agreement of the prosecutor, so that

it can be said to be part of the inducement or consideration, such promise must be

fulfilled.” Santobello v. New York, 
404 U.S. 257
, 262, 
92 S. Ct. 495
, 499 (1971).

According to the plea agreement, the United States was obliged to recommend that

Hallock receive a reduction for acceptance of responsibility unless he failed to

disclose to the probation office the “circumstances surrounding the relevant

offense conduct”; made a misrepresentation to the United States before entering

the plea agreement; or “commit[ted] any misconduct after entering [the] plea

agreement,” like “making false statements or misrepresentations” to a government

official. The United States argues that it was not obliged to recommend the

reduction because Hallock filed an objection to his presentence report that

“den[ied] the truth of relevant conduct” about his relationship with F.K., but the

plea agreement did not prohibit Hallock from objecting to his presentence report.

The United States argues that Hallock’s objection was inconsistent with his

responsibility to disclose relevant conduct to the probation office, but the United

States did not argue to the district court, nor does the United States cite any


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evidence in the record, that Hallock withheld information from the probation

office. Because the United States fails to make any argument suggesting that

Hallock violated a condition prerequisite to obtaining a reduction for acceptance of

responsibility, we conclude that the United States violated its agreement to

recommend that reduction.

      The United States argues that its violation of the plea agreement is harmless

because the district court had an independent basis for denying Hallock the

reduction, but it is irrelevant whether the breach by the United States affected the

decision of the district court. To determine whether a plea agreement has been

breached, “we do not address the district court’s exercise of discretion in imposing

a sentence. Rather, we focus on the government’s violation of its plea agreement.”

United States v. Johnson, 
132 F.3d 628
, 630 (11th Cir. 1998) (internal quotation

marks, citation, and emphasis omitted). When the United States breaches its

contractual obligations to a defendant, “the sentencing judge’s acts are not

important to [that] issue.” 
Id.

      Hallock is entitled 
to specific performance of the plea agreement. “Since

[Hallock] does not desire to withdraw his guilty plea, and since his request for

specific performance is justified by his adherence to his side of the bargain, we will

honor his request.” See United States v. Rewis, 
969 F.2d 985
, 989 (11th Cir.




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1992); see also 
Johnson, 132 F.3d at 631
. We vacate Hallock’s sentence and

remand for a new sentencing hearing before a different judge.

                               IV. CONCLUSION

      We VACATE Hallock’s sentence, and we REMAND for Hallock to be

resentenced before a different judge.




                                        16