Case: 13-11307      Date Filed: 03/18/2014   Page: 1 of 12


                                                            [DO NOT PUBLISH]



                IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                          FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                            ________________________

                                  No. 13-11307
                              Non-Argument Calendar
                            ________________________

                    D.C. Docket No. 8:11-cv-01889-VMC-TBM


JEFFREY FISHER,

                                                                  Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                           versus

SP ONE, LTD.,
TOM ROBINSON,
in his capacity as site manager, et al.,

                                                               Defendants-Appellees.

                            ________________________

                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Middle District of Florida
                          ________________________

                                   (March 18, 2014)

Before HULL, MARCUS, and MARTIN, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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      Plaintiff Jeffrey Fisher, proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis, appeals the

district court’s grant of summary judgment to Defendants SP One, Ltd., Royal

American Management, Inc., Tom Robinson, and Terry Dykes. Fisher argues here

that his claims were not ripe for summary judgment because the record contained

disputed issues of material fact. He also argues that the district court erred by

failing to grant his motion for an extension of discovery. After careful review, we

affirm.

                                          I.

      The Viridian is a high-rise apartment building in St. Petersburg, Florida

catering to low-income residents, many of whom are disabled, elderly, or both. In

2009, the Viridian was purchased by SP One, which hired Royal American

Management (RAM) to manage the property. Defendants Tom Robinson and

Terry Dykes were both employees of RAM.

      Soon after purchasing the property, SP One began a multi-million dollar

renovation. As a part of these renovations, the Viridian informed the building’s

residents that they would no longer be allowed to operate large personal appliances

in their apartments. Fisher was one of the tenants affected by this new policy

because he had an air conditioner, a washing machine, and a dryer in his

apartment. He asked the building for permission to keep his appliances as a




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“reasonable accommodation” for his disabilities. However, these requests were

denied.

      After renovation of the building was complete, Fisher also asked for the

installation of different handrails in his bathroom as a “reasonable

accommodation” to aid in his balance. The Viridian responded to Fisher’s request

by asking for clarification about the type of replacement handrails he wanted and

where he wanted them. Although the parties dispute whether Fisher ever replied,

the record contains no evidence that Fisher’s request was formally denied.

      Fisher then filed a complaint in federal district court against the defendants,

alleging violations of his rights under the Fair Housing Act (FHA), the

Rehabilitation Act, and the Florida Fair Housing Act. Fisher’s complaint alleged

that the defendants discriminated against him by denying his requests for

reasonable accommodations. The complaint also alleged that the defendants

retaliated against Fisher after he filed his grievances with the Department of

Housing and Urban Development (HUD).

      The district court entered a Case Management and Scheduling Order on

January 4, 2012, stating that the parties would have to complete discovery by

November 30, 2012. On the day that discovery was scheduled to close, Fisher

filed a motion to extend discovery for another 60 days, which the district court

denied.


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      The defendants then filed a motion for summary judgment, which the district

court granted in part and dismissed in part. The district court granted summary

judgment to the defendants on Fisher’s discrimination and retaliation claims. The

district court then dismissed Fisher’s state law claims after declining to exercise

supplemental jurisdiction. Fisher filed a motion for relief from the judgment

pursuant to Rule 60(b), which was denied. Fisher now appeals.

                                          II.

      Fisher’s primary argument is that summary judgment was inappropriate here

because there were still disputed issues of material fact relating to his claims. We

review de novo a district court’s grant of summary judgment, viewing all evidence

and drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party. Rine v.

Imagitas, Inc., 

, 1222 (11th Cir. 2009). A court should grant

summary judgment when, “after an adequate time for discovery, a party fails to

make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an essential element of that

party’s case.” Nolen v. Boca Raton Cmty. Hosp., Inc., 

, 1154 (11th

Cir. 2004). Finally, genuine disputes of facts are “those in which the evidence is

such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the non-movant. For factual

issues to be considered genuine, they must have a real basis in the record.”

Hairston v. Gainesville Sun Publ’g Co., 

, 919 (11th Cir. 1993).

                                          A.


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       We first consider whether summary judgment was appropriate for Fisher’s

discrimination claims. Fisher argues that these claims were not ripe for summary

judgment because there was a factual dispute regarding the reasonableness of his

requests to keep his air-conditioner, washer, and dryer. He specifically disputes

the district court’s finding that Fisher’s personal appliances would potentially

overload the Viridian’s limited electrical infrastructure.

       The Fair Housing Act1 prohibits discrimination “in the provision of services

or facilities in connection with [a] dwelling, because of a handicap.” 42 U.S.C.

§ 3604(f)(2). Discrimination includes “a refusal to make reasonable

accommodations in rules, policies, practices, or services, when such

accommodations may be necessary to afford such person equal opportunity to use

and enjoy a dwelling.” 

To prevail on a discriminatory failure-

to-accommodate claim, a plaintiff must establish that (1) he is disabled or

handicapped within the meaning of the FHA, (2) he requested a reasonable

accommodation, (3) such accommodation was necessary to afford him an

opportunity to use and enjoy his dwelling, and (4) the defendants refused to make




1
  Although Fisher also brought claims under the Florida Fair Housing Act and the Rehabilitation
Act, the district court evaluated each of the claims under the same framework applicable to Fair
Housing Act claims. On appeal, Fisher also does not make any arguments specific to the Florida
Fair Housing Act or the Rehabilitation Act. As a result, we confine our analysis to the Fair
Housing Act. See Schwarz v. City of Treasure Island, 

, 1211–12 (11th Cir. 2008)
(reviewing the plaintiff’s various discrimination claims solely under the FHA).
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the requested accommodation. See Schwarz v. City of Treasure Island, 

, 1218–19 (11th Cir. 2008).

      The plaintiff has the burden of proving that a proposed accommodation is

reasonable. Loren v. Sasser, 

, 1302 (11th Cir. 2002) (per curiam).

“Whether a requested accommodation is required by law is highly fact-specific,

requiring case-by-case determination.” 

omitted). An

accommodation is not reasonable if it imposes undue financial and administrative

burdens on the defendant. See 

.

      With these legal principles in mind, we conclude that the district court

correctly granted summary judgment to the defendants on Fisher’s discrimination

claims. As for the denial of Fisher’s requests to keep his appliances, the

defendants hired an architectural expert to explore the feasibility of

accommodating personal appliances in the Viridian. The expert stated that the

electrical panels servicing the Viridian were already operating at near-maximum

capacity and could not accept the additional load of an air-conditioner or a washer

and dryer. The expert also stated that upgrading the electricity panels to increase

their capacity would be prohibitively expensive.

      Fisher presented no evidence to the District Court to dispute these findings.

Instead, he argued that his requests were reasonable because past owners had never

said that the appliances were a problem. This assertion alone, however, does not


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rebut the evidence in the record that Fisher’s appliances created an administrative

and financial burden on the defendants. It may have been the case, for example,

that previous owners were unaware that the Viridian’s electrical panels were near

full capacity. More importantly, the ban on large appliances was not imposed until

after the Viridian underwent substantial renovations, including an overhaul of its

central air system. In light of these renovations, the Viridian’s old policies

regarding large personal appliances may no longer have been feasible. As a result,

we agree that Fisher failed to prove that his requested accommodations were

reasonable.

      Fisher counters that there is a genuine issue of material fact here because the

defendants’ expert assumed that Fisher’s appliances were “typical” in their energy

consumption. Unlike typical air-conditioners, washers, and dryers, Fisher argues

that his appliances are energy efficient, and their operation would not require the

defendants to expand the capacity of the Viridian’s electrical panels.

      Fisher’s assertions cannot help him now because he presented none of these

facts to the district court. Had he done so, the district court may have found that

there was a factual dispute regarding the reasonableness of his requests. Because

he did not, however, Fisher’s argument is simply based on bare assertions rather

than facts and evidence in the record. As a result, we cannot say that Fisher has




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established a genuine issue of material fact regarding the reasonableness of his

requests. 2

                                                B.

       We next consider whether the district court erred in granting summary

judgment on Fisher’s retaliation claims. After Fisher complained to HUD about

the defendants’ refusals to allow him to keep his appliances, Fisher alleges that the

defendants retaliated against him in two ways. First, when the defendants

temporarily moved Fisher to another apartment during the renovations to his unit,

Fisher alleges that the defendants failed to take pictures or video of all of his

valuables. Second, he also alleges that the defendants delayed the return of his

belongings for two months after he returned to his unit.

       The FHA’s anti-retaliation provision states that it is unlawful “to coerce,

intimidate, threaten, or interfere with any person . . . on account of his having

exercised or enjoyed . . . any right granted or protected by [the FHA].” 42 U.S.C.

§ 3617. In Sofarelli v. Pinellas County, 

(11th Cir. 1991), for

example, we held that a plaintiff stated a colorable claim under § 3617 by alleging

2
  Construing Fisher’s pro se briefing liberally, he also appears to challenge the district court’s
grant of summary judgment to the defendants on his discrimination claim regarding his request
for new handrails. On this issue, we agree with the district court that the defendants expressly
refrained from making a decision on Fisher’s request until he specified what types of handrails
he wanted and where he wanted them. Because there was no evidence that the defendants
unambiguously denied Fisher’s request, his discrimination claim under the FHA fails as a matter
of law. See 

(“Simply put, a plaintiff must actually request an
accommodation and be refused in order to bring a reasonable accommodation claim under the
FHA.”).
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that the defendants interfered with his efforts to move into a neighborhood on

account of the plaintiff’s race. 

      The district court properly granted summary judgment here because Fisher

could not establish that the defendants’ adverse actions were “on account of” his

decision to file a complaint with HUD. 42 U.S.C. § 3617. In support of his

retaliation claim, Fisher alleges that he filed his complaint on February 25, 2010.

The defendants did not move Fisher out of his apartment, however, until May 27,

2010—more than three months after Fisher filed his complaint. Without any other

evidence of a retaliatory motive in the record, the three-month delay between

Fisher’s complaint and the alleged adverse action was too long to establish a causal

connection under our precedent. See Higdon v. Jackson, 

, 1220–21

(11th Cir. 2004) (holding that a three-month period between the protected conduct

and the adverse action was not sufficient to allow a reasonable inference of

causality in an Americans with Disabilities Act retaliation suit); Thomas v. Cooper

Lighting, Inc., 

, 1364 (11th Cir. 2007) (“A three to four month

disparity between the statutorily protected expression and the adverse employment

action is not enough.”); Clark Cnty. School Dist. v. Breeden, 

, 273,

, 1511 (2001) (noting that temporal proximity between protected

activity and adverse action in Title VII retaliation suits must be “very close” in

order to be sufficient evidence of causality). As a result, Fisher failed to show that


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the adverse actions he suffered were “on account of” his decision to file a

complaint with HUD.

                                          II.

      Finally, we consider Fisher’s argument that the district court erred by

denying his motion to extend discovery. Fisher argues that the district court should

have granted an extension because he needed the additional time to resolve

material issues regarding his medical records and tenant records he had requested

from the defendants.

      We review a district court’s discovery rulings for an abuse of discretion.

Josendis v. Wall to Wall Residence Repairs, Inc., 

, 1306 (11th Cir.

2011). “Discretion means the district court has a range of choice, and that its

decision will not be disturbed as long as it stays within that range and is not

influenced by any mistake of law.” 

omitted). In other words,

“we will leave undisturbed a district court’s ruling unless we find that the district

court has made a clear error of judgment, or has applied the wrong legal standard.”

Guideone Elite Ins. Co. v. Old Cutler Presbyterian Church, Inc., 

,

1325 (11th Cir. 2005). In addition, discovery rulings will not be overturned

“unless it is shown that [they] resulted in substantial harm to the appellant’s case.”

Iraola & CIA, S.A. v. Kimberly-Clark Corp., 

, 1286 (11th Cir. 2003)

(internal citation and quotation marks omitted).


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      Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 16(b)(3)(A) states that a district court must

issue a scheduling order that sets a limit on the amount of time to complete

discovery. The schedule set forth by the court may only be modified for good

cause and with the court’s consent. Fed. R. Civ. P. 16(b)(4). To establish good

cause, the party seeking the extension must establish that the schedule could not be

met despite the party’s diligence. See Oravec v. Sunny Isles Luxury Ventures,

L.C., 

, 1232 (11th Cir. 2008).

      Against this legal backdrop, we cannot conclude that the district court

abused its discretion here by refusing to extend the discovery period. The court

entered its scheduling order in January 2012, providing for nearly eleven months of

discovery. Fisher, however, gave the court no indication that he would be seeking

an extension until the day that discovery was scheduled to close. Beyond that, the

district court also pointed out that granting a discovery extension would create a

chain reaction of delay, pushing back the schedule for summary judgment motions

and trial. Under these circumstances, we cannot say that the district court abused

its discretion by refusing to grant Fisher’s last-minute extension. See 

(noting that district courts have the authority to grant extensions of

the discovery deadline for good cause, but they are under no obligation to do so);

Bearint ex rel. Bearint v. Dorell Juvenile Grp., Inc., 

, 1348–49 (11th




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Cir. 2004) (upholding district court’s decision to exclude an expert report disclosed

after the deadline the court had established for its submission).

                                                III.

       For these reasons, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment

to the defendants on Fisher’s discrimination and retaliation claims. We also affirm

the district court’s denial of Fisher’s motion to extend discovery. 3

       AFFIRMED.




3
  Fisher also appears to argue that the district court erred by considering certain documents
before ruling on the defendants’ motion for summary judgment. Fisher did not raise these
evidentiary challenges in the district court, however, and for that reason, we decline to consider
these issues on appeal. See Access Now, Inc. v. Southwest Airlines, Co., 

, 1331
(11th Cir. 2004) (“This Court has repeatedly held that an issue not raised in the district court and
raised for the first time in an appeal will not be considered by this court.”) (quotation marks
omitted).
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