Case: 13-14235    Date Filed: 05/08/2014   Page: 1 of 6


                                                            [DO NOT PUBLISH]


               IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                        FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                          ________________________

                                 No. 13-14235
                             Non-Argument Calendar
                           ________________________

                               Agency No. 1168-11


MICHAEL JACK STEPHENS,

                                                              Petitioner-Appellant,

                                      versus


COMMISSIONER OF IRS,
                                                             Respondent-Appellee.

                          ________________________

                        Petition for Review of a Decision
                               of the U.S. Tax Court
                          ________________________

                                  (May 8, 2014)

Before WILSON, MARTIN, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

      Michael Jack Stephens, proceeding pro se, seeks review of the Tax Court’s

final decision accepting the Internal Revenue Service’s (IRS) tax deficiency
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determinations. The central issue is whether the Tax Court erred in its conclusion

that Stephens failed to substantiate his claimed deductions. Because we find no

error, we affirm.

                                          I.

      Stephens was a truck driver and the sole owner of Stephens Southern

Express, Inc. (SSEI), a subchapter S corporation. In each year between 2005 and

2008, SSEI timely filed Forms 1120S, U.S. Income Tax Return for an S

Corporation. In 2009, the IRS audited these returns and disallowed SSEI’s

claimed deductions. Because of the disallowance of SSEI’s deduction, SSEI had

additional taxable income. This meant that Stephens, as the sole shareholder of

SSEI, had additional income in those years as well. The IRS sent Stephens Notices

of Deficiencies (NOD) for each year.

      Stephens filed a petition in Tax Court requesting a redetermination of these

deficiencies. The Tax Court held a trial and later issued a written order. At trial,

Stephens did not contest the amount of gross income that SSEI received in the

relevant tax years. Stephens only challenged the IRS’s determination that he was

not entitled to the deductions he claimed for each of those years.

      The Tax Court’s order upheld the IRS’s deficiency determinations, finding

that Stephens had failed to substantiate his claimed deductions. Stephens then

appealed to this Court.


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                                          II.

      We review the Tax Court’s factual findings for clear error and its legal

conclusions de novo. Estate of Whitt v. Comm’r of Internal Revenue, 

, 1556 (11th Cir. 1985). The Commissioner’s deficiency determination is

presumed correct and the taxpayer has the burden of proving by a preponderance

of the evidence that it is incorrect. 

briefs filed by pro se litigants

liberally. Timson v. Sampson, 

, 874 (11th Cir. 2008).

      Taxpayers bear the burden of submitting evidence that supports their claims

of entitlement to a deduction and the amount of that entitlement. Gatlin v. Comm’r

of Internal Revenue, 

, 923–24 (11th Cir. 1985). Every taxpayer is

required to keep sufficient records to enable the Commissioner to establish the

amount of taxable income. 26 U.S.C. § 6001. When taxpayers’ records are lost or

destroyed through circumstances beyond their control, they are entitled to

substantiate the claimed deductions by use of other credible evidence. Villarreal v.

Comm’r of Internal Revenue, 

(1998). However, the Tax

Court is not bound to accept a taxpayer’s unverified, undocumented testimony. 

first address Stephens’s main argument that the Tax Court erred by not

allowing SSEI’s claimed deductions for business expenses.




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      Upon review of the record and the parties’ briefs, we conclude that the Tax

Court did not err in finding that Stephens failed to carry his burden of establishing

the claimed deductions. See 

–24. Throughout the

proceedings, Stephens failed to produce evidence to substantiate the full amount of

deductions that he claimed on SSEI’s tax filings. Although he claimed that his

deductions were permissible business deductions, the Tax Court was not bound to

accept his unverified assertions.

      The case relied on by Stephens, Cohan v. Comm’r of Internal Revenue, 

(2d Cir. 1930), does not lead us to a contrary result. In Cohan, the

Second Circuit explained that where there was a basis for some amount of

deduction, the Tax Court could make an estimate of business expense deductions

when a taxpayer is unable to produce evidence substantiating the exact amount of a

claimed deduction. 

(concluding Board of Tax Appeals “should make

as close an approximation as it can, bearing heavily if it chooses upon the taxpayer

whose inexactitude is of his own making”).

      Here Stephens refused to present any receipts of his claimed expenses at

trial, instead stating he would “plead the Fifth.” His other testimony regarding

expenses was general and did not provide the Tax Court with evidence

“establishing the fact and general total amount of the [business] expenses” to allow




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an estimation. See Charron v. United States, 

, 794 (Fed. Cir. 1999).

We therefore find no error in the Tax Court’s decision.

                                          B.

      Stephens makes a number of additional arguments that do not affect our

conclusion. First, Stephens challenges the legitimacy of the underlying audit.

Generally, the Tax Court will not review the evidence, motives, policies, or

procedures that may influence the IRS in making a determination to issue a NOD.

. This is because a trial before the Tax Court is a

proceeding de novo. 

of an individual’s tax liability must be

based on the merits of the case as presented in the Tax Court and not any previous

record developed at the administrative level. 

conclude that

Stephens’s challenges to the underlying audit do not affect his tax liability and the

Tax Court correctly declined to address these issues.

      Second, Stephens claims a violation of his Seventh Amendment right to a

trial by jury. We find no violation because there is no Seventh Amendment right

to a jury trial in Tax Court proceedings where a taxpayer is challenging a

deficiency amount. See Wickwire v. Reinecke, 

, 105–06, 

, 45 (1927).

      Third, Stephens claims protection under the Fifth Amendment. However,

the Fifth Amendment does not apply to tax proceedings where the petitioner fails


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to demonstrate a real danger that the production of documents would subject him

to prosecution. Stubbs v. Comm’r of Internal Revenue, 

, 938 n.2

(11th Cir. 1986). Stephens has not demonstrated any such danger in this case.

                                        III.

      For these reasons, the Tax Court did not err in determining that the IRS’s

deficiency determination was correct and we affirm.

      AFFIRMED.




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