Case: 13-12880   Date Filed: 07/07/2014   Page: 1 of 7


                                                        [DO NOT PUBLISH]


            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                      ________________________

                            No. 13-12880
                        Non-Argument Calendar
                      ________________________

                D.C. Docket No. 1:08-cr-00004-MP-AK-8


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                              Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                  versus

KINZIE DECARLOS THOMAS,
a.k.a. KD,

                                                         Defendant-Appellant.

                      ________________________

               Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Northern District of Florida
                     ________________________

                              (July 7, 2014)

Before WILSON, MARTIN, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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      Kinzie Thomas appeals his 262-month sentence imposed after his probation

revocation. Because the sentence is neither procedurally nor substantively

unreasonable, we affirm.

                                          I.

      Thomas pleaded guilty to conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to

distribute more than 5 kilograms of cocaine, and more than 50 grams of cocaine

base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A)(ii) and (iii), and 846. At his

sentencing proceedings, his initial guideline range was calculated at 262- to 327-

months imprisonment. However, his statutory minimum sentence, and thus his

guideline range, became life imprisonment because he was considered a career

offender based on his previous drug convictions. United States Sentencing

Guidelines (USSG) §§ 4B1.1, 5G1.1(b). Prior to sentencing, the government filed

a motion for reduction of sentence based on Thomas’s substantial assistance. As a

result, the district court sentenced Thomas to five years probation.

      Four years into his term of probation, Thomas admitted to violating its

conditions by selling cocaine on three occasions. The court sentenced him to 262-

months imprisonment. Thomas now challenges that sentence in this appeal.

                                          II.




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       Generally, appellate courts review sentencing decisions under an abuse-of-

discretion standard.1 Gall v. United States, 

, 51, 

, 597

(2007). We review the sentence imposed upon the revocation of probation for

reasonableness. See United States v. Velasquez Velasquez, 

, 1252

(11th Cir. 2008) (per curiam); see also United States v. Mitsven, 

,

1266 n.1 (11th Cir. 2006) (“The analysis of the revocation proceedings relating to

probation and supervised release are essentially the same.” (quotation marks

omitted)). In reviewing the reasonableness of a sentence, we conduct a two-step

inquiry. 

, 128 S. Ct. at 597. First, we must ensure that the

sentence was procedurally reasonable, meaning the district court (1) properly

calculated the guideline range, (2) treated the guidelines as advisory,

(3) considered the § 3553(a) factors, (4) did not rely on clearly erroneous facts, and

(5) adequately explained the chosen sentence. 

determine that a

sentence is procedurally sound, we examine whether the sentence was

substantively reasonable in light of the totality of the circumstances. 

first argues that his sentence is procedurally unreasonable because

the district court (1) did not consider the proper guideline range; (2) failed to
1
 Where, as here, a defendant raises an argument for the first time on appeal, we would typically
review for plain error. See United States v. Aguillard, 

, 1320 (11th Cir. 2000) (per
curiam). We have not yet decided in a published opinion whether plain error review applies to
an unpreserved challenge to a sentence. Because Thomas’s claims fail under either plain error or
an abuse-of-discretion standard, we need not decide that issue here.
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justify what Thomas characterizes as an upward variance; and (3) failed to

consider the § 3553(a) sentencing factors. Our review of the record leads us to

reject each of Thomas’s arguments.

      First, because Thomas’s offense of conviction carried a statutory minimum

term of life imprisonment, that term became Thomas’s guideline range for a

revocation of probation. When a defendant violates a condition of probation, the

court may revoke the sentence of probation and resentence the defendant.

18 U.S.C. § 3565(a)(2). Section 7B1.4(a) of the Sentencing Guidelines provides a

table that sets forth the range of imprisonment applicable upon revocation. But

that section also says, “[w]here the minimum term of imprisonment required by

statute, if any, is greater than the maximum of the applicable range, the minimum

term of imprisonment required by statute shall be substituted for the applicable

range.” USSG § 7B1.4(b)(2); see also United States v. Milano, 

, 1503

(11th Cir. 1994) (finding USSG § 7B1.4(b)(2) applied and that “the district court in

this case was within its statutory authority when it sentenced Appellant [upon

revocation of his probation] to a 151-month term of incarceration, a sentence

which was allowable at Appellant’s initial sentencing”).

      We therefore reject Thomas’s argument that the district court should have

calculated his sentence using the table in § 7B1.4(a) as 51- to 63-months

imprisonment based on his criminal history category of VI and his admitted


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probation violation that was a Class A felony. See 

Instead, the

correct guideline range for sentencing upon revocation was life imprisonment. 2 As

a result, his 262-month sentence was not above the applicable guideline range and

we therefore reject Thomas’s second argument that the district court failed to

justify an above-guideline sentence.

       Third, although more detailed findings would have been preferable, the

revocation hearing transcript shows the district court considered the § 3553(a)

factors in making its sentence determination. The district court announced its

sentencing decision “pursuant to the Sentencing Reform Act and all amendments,”

of which § 3553(a) is a part. See Sentencing Reform Act of 1984, Pub. L. No. 98-

473, tit. II, ch. II, sec. 212(a), 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), 98 Stat. 1837, 1989–90; see

also United States v. Scott, 

, 1329 (11th Cir. 2005) (holding district

court is not required “to state on the record that it has explicitly considered each of

the § 3553(a) factors or to discuss each of the § 3553(a) factors”). The district

court also explained that its sentence determination was based upon Thomas’s

continued conduct selling illegal drugs after his previous sentence. These findings

reflect the district court’s consideration of the history and characteristics of the


2
  The revocation hearing is somewhat unclear as to what the district court considered to be the
guideline range for revocation. Just before announcing Thomas’s sentence, the district court
identified the original guideline range as 262- to 327-months imprisonment. However, Thomas
and the court also acknowledged at the start of the short hearing that Thomas “face[d] up to life
imprisonment.” The probation officer’s report prepared prior to the revocation hearing also
identified the possible revocation sentence as life imprisonment.
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defendant, 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1), and the need to promote respect for the law and

afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct, 

Beyond

that, the district court’s consideration of Thomas’s initial 262- to 327-month

guideline range—as calculated before the mandatory minimum life sentence

required by his prior convictions—shows the court’s consideration of the kinds of

sentences and the sentencing range for the applicable category of offense

committed. 

        Because we reject Thomas’s arguments and find no other error under the

Gall factors, we find the sentence was procedurally reasonable.

                                          B.

      We also conclude that Thomas’s sentence is substantively reasonable. The

substantive reasonableness of a sentence is determined in light of the totality of the

circumstances, and we will not vacate a sentence as substantively unreasonable

unless we are left with the “definite and firm conviction” that the district court

clearly erred in weighing the § 3553(a) factors and imposed a sentence outside the

range of reasonable sentences. United States v. Turner, 

, 571 n.2, 573

(11th Cir. 2010) (per curiam).

      Thomas’s argument that his sentence is substantively unreasonable hinges

significantly on his mistaken claim that his 262-month sentence was an upward

departure from his guideline range. But as we have explained, his guideline range


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was life imprisonment, and he was sentenced well below that range. As a result,

Thomas’s remaining arguments, concerning his lack of previous probation

violations and extensive cooperation with the government, do not leave us with the

definite and firm conviction that the district court erred.

                                          III.

      Because the district court did not abuse its discretion when it sentenced

Thomas, we AFFIRM.




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