Case: 13-10851        Date Filed: 08/27/2014      Page: 1 of 19


                                                                          [DO NOT PUBLISH]


                  IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                            FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                              ________________________

                                     No. 13-10851
                                 Non-Argument Calendar
                               ________________________

                      D.C. Docket No. 8:10-cv-00092-EAK-MAP

BURTON W. WIAND,
as Receiver for Valhalla Investment
Partners, L.P., Viking Fund, LLC, Viking
IRA Fund, LLC, Victory Fund, LTD, Victory
IRA Fund, LTD, Scoop Real Estate, L.P.,

                                                          Plaintiff - Appellee
                                                          Cross Appellant,

versus

DANCING $, LLC,

                                                          Defendant - Appellant
                                                          Cross Appellee.

                               ________________________

                     Appeals from the United States District Court
                          for the Middle District of Florida
                            ________________________

                                     (August 27, 2014)

Before TJOFLAT, FAY, and ALARCÓN, * Circuit Judges.

         *
        Honorable Arthur L. Alarcón, United States Circuit Judge for the Ninth Circuit, sitting
by designation.
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PER CURIAM:

       In this “clawback” action to recover the fraudulent transfer of purported

profits made to investors in various hedge funds during the perpetration of a Ponzi

scheme, 1 Dancing $, LLC appeals the District Court’s grant of summary judgment

in favor of Burton W. Wiand (the “Receiver”) on his claim under the Florida

Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act (“FUFTA”), 2 Fla. Stat. §§ 726.101–726.210. In

one of many related clawback actions filed separately against numerous

defendants, the Receiver sought to void distributions of profits to Dancing $ from

the receivership entities—various hedge funds involved in a Ponzi scheme. The

Receiver cross-appeals the District Court’s denial of prejudgment interest on the

profits the District Court ordered Dancing $ to return to the receivership entities.

Following our recent decision in Wiand v. Lee, 

(11th Cir. 2014), we

affirm the District Court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the Receiver and

reverse and remand with instructions the District Court’s denial of the Receiver’s

request for prejudgment interest.
       1
          “‘[A] Ponzi scheme is a phony investment plan in which monies paid by later investors
are used to pay artificially high returns to the initial investors, with the goal of attracting more
investors.’” United States v. Silvestri, 

, 1317 n.6 (11th Cir. 2005) (quoting In re
Bonham, 

, 759 n.1 (9th Cir. 2000)). “The modus operandi of a Ponzi scheme is to
use newly invested money to pay off old investors and convince them that they are earning
profits rather than losing their shirts.” United States v. Orton, 

, 332 n.2 (11th Cir.
1996) (quotation marks omitted).
       2
         FUFTA, Fla. Stat. §§ 726.101–726.201, is Florida’s version of the Uniform Fraudulent
Transfer Act (the “UFTA”). The UFTA is “designed to prevent debtors from transferring their
property in bad faith before creditors can reach it.” BMG Music v. Martinez, 

, 89 (5th
Cir. 1996). It has been adopted by the majority of states.

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                                          I.

      This case stems from the collapse of a large-scale Ponzi scheme orchestrated

by hedge fund manager Arthur Nadel over the course of a decade. From 1999

through January 2009, Nadel, through Scoop Capital, LLC and Scoop

Management, Inc. (entities that he created and controlled), together with

Christopher Moody and Neil Moody, through Valhalla Management, Inc. and

Viking Management, LLC, managed hedge funds including Valhalla Investment

Partners, L.P.; Viking Fund, LLC; Victory IRA Fund, LLC; Victory Fund, Ltd.;

Victory IRA Fund, LTD; and Scoop Real Estate, LP (collectively, the “Hedge

Funds”). Throughout this period, Nadel induced investors to open accounts with

the Hedge Funds based on misrepresentations as to the funds’ assets and as to the

returns the investors would receive.

      Nadel controlled the Hedge Funds’ investments through Scoop Capital and

Scoop Management. Although Nadel performed some trading, he primarily used

the principal provided by new and existing investors to benefit himself and to pay

distributions to earlier investors in order to maintain an appearance of profitability

and legitimate investment activity. Ultimately, Nadel maintained more than 700

investor accounts and raised approximately $350 million from investors.

      Nadel controlled the Hedge Funds’ trading activity as follows. Nadel

transferred investors’ money into brokerage accounts for the Hedge Funds and to


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his personal accounts. He commingled investors’ funds from the Hedge Funds

among his personal accounts, which he combined into a single master trading

account. From this master account, Nadel purchased securities. Then, he allocated

completed trades between the Hedge Funds’ brokerage accounts and his personal

accounts, typically allocating profitable trades to himself and unprofitable trades to

the Hedge Funds. Nadel misrepresented the net asset value and net profits of the

Hedge Funds through monthly statements issued to investors, which showed

fictitious increases in investor accounts. Investors’ funds were used to pay Nadel

management and performance-incentive fees based on the inflated performance of

the funds shown in the investor statements.

      In reality, the Hedge Funds were insolvent as early as 2000 and remained so

until January 2009, when the scheme collapsed as a result of the funds’ losses and

the payment of larger management fees to Nadel. On January 21, 2009, the

Securities and Exchange Commission filed an emergency action against Nadel in

the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Florida. SEC v. Nadel, No. 8:09-

cv-00087-RAL-TBM (M.D. Fla. 2009). That same day, a Magistrate Judge in the

U.S. District Court for Southern District of New York issued a warrant for Nadel’s

arrest, and eventually a fifteen-count indictment was issued charging Nadel with

securities fraud, mail fraud, and wire fraud. United States v. Nadel, No. 1:09-cr-

00433-JGK-1 (S.D.N.Y. 2009). Nadel pled guilty to all counts. He was sentenced


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to 168 months imprisonment and ordered to pay $174,930,311.07 in restitution.

Nadel died in prison on April 16, 2012.

       The District Court in the SEC action appointed Burton W. Wiand as the

Receiver and charged him with, among other things, recovering fraudulent

transfers of money traceable to investors in the Hedge Funds for the benefit of the

Hedge Funds and their creditors, including the defrauded investors. Pursuant to

this mandate, the Receiver identified investors in Nadel’s scheme that received

distributions in excess of their principal investment, and demanded return of these

“false profits.” Many settled pre-suit. The Receiver then filed suit against those

benefited investors who refused to settle, including Dancing $.

       Dancing $ is a Montana LLC having 136 members. On January 13, 2010,

the Receiver sued Dancing $ in the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of

Florida. The complaint sought to recover Dancing $’s “false profits” via two

claims: (1) avoidance of fraudulent transfers pursuant to FUFTA, under theories of

actual fraud,3 Fla. Stat. § 726.105(1)(a), and constructive fraud,4 Fla. Stat.


       3
          Under FUFTA’s actual fraud provision, “[a] transfer made or obligation incurred by a
debtor is fraudulent as to a creditor, whether the creditor’s claim arose before or after the transfer
was made or the obligation was incurred, if the debtor made the transfer or incurred the
obligation . . . [w]ith actual intent to hinder, delay, or defraud any creditor of the debtor.” Fla.
Stat. § 726.105(1)(a).
       4
          Under FUFTA’s constructive fraud provisions, “[a] transfer made or obligation
incurred by a debtor is fraudulent as to a creditor, whether the creditor’s claim arose
before or after the transfer was made or the obligation was incurred, if the debtor made
the transfer or incurred the obligation . . . [w]ithout receiving a reasonably equivalent
value in exchange for the transfer or obligation, and the debtor . . . [w]as engaged or was
                                                  5
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§§ 726.105(1)(b) and 726.106(1); and (2) unjust enrichment. Dancing $ invested a

total of $675,000 in 2006 and 2007 in Hedge Funds Valhalla Investment Partners

and Scoop Real Estate, and received distributions from these funds in 2008 totaling

$782,172.11. Thus, the Receiver sought to recover the difference, $107,172.11 in

“false profits.”

       On March 23, 2012, the Receiver filed an omnibus motion for partial

summary judgment in this and many of the other substantially similar clawback

cases 5 on several key issues: (1) whether Nadel operated the Hedge Funds as a

Ponzi scheme from 1999 to January 2009; (2) whether, consequently, every

transfer of an asset from a Hedge Fund during that time was made with actual

intent to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors of Nadel so as to establish Dancing $’s

(and the other clawback defendants’) liability for the Receiver’s FUFTA claim

under Fla. Stat. § 726.105(1)(a); (3) whether each of the Hedge Funds was

insolvent from 1999 to January 2009 so as to establish liability under Fla. Stat.

§§ 726.105(1)(b) and 726.106(1); and (4) alternatively, whether Nadel’s guilty plea


about to engage in a business or a transaction for which the remaining assets of the debtor
were unreasonably small in relation to the business or transaction; or . . . [i]ntended to
incur, or believed or reasonably should have believed that he or she would incur, debts
beyond his or her ability to pay as they became due,” 

or “was
insolvent at that time or the debtor became insolvent as a result of the transfer or
obligation,” 

       5
          With a few exceptions, the complaints in all of the Receiver’s clawback cases are alike
in their recitals about Nadel, his conduct, and the Receiver’s causes of action. Any differences
relate to the peculiarities of a given defendant and the dates and amounts of the distributions
made to that defendant.

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established that the transfers of assets from the Hedge Funds were made with

actual intent to hinder, delay, or defraud Nadel’s creditors. On September 28,

2012, the Receiver filed another motion for summary judgment against Dancing $,

again seeking to establish liability under FUFTA, or, in the alternative, on the

unjust enrichment claim, and also seeking to establish the amount of that liability, a

judgment in the amount of $107,172.11, plus prejudgment interest.

      On November 29, 2012, the Magistrate Judge issued a report and

recommendation (“R & R”) on the Receiver’s summary judgment motions, which

the Magistrate Judge treated as merged for decisional purposes. The R & R

recommended that the District Court grant summary judgment for the Receiver on

the FUFTA claim based on a finding that Dancing $ had failed to create triable

issues of fact on whether a Ponzi scheme controlled by Nadel existed at the time of

the distributions to Dancing $, and whether these distributions were therefore

avoidable under FUFTA because they were made with the actual intent to defraud

creditors. The R & R noted that Dancing $ did not dispute the Receiver’s

calculations as to the amount of the transfers it had received, and recommended

that the District Court award the Receiver a judgment in the amount of

$107,172.11. The R & R also recommended denying an award of prejudgment

interest to the Receiver on equitable grounds. The R & R did not address the

Receiver’s alternative unjust enrichment theory.


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      On January 23, 2013, the District Court issued an order adopting the R & R.

Wiand v. Dancing $, LLC, 

(M.D. Fla. 2013). The District

Court granted summary judgment in favor of the Receiver and entered a final

judgment in the amount of $107,172.11, denying prejudgment interest. 

Dancing $ timely appealed.

                                           II.

      We review the District Court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Ellis v.

England, 

, 1325 (11th Cir. 2005) (per curiam). We review the

District Court’s decision to refuse or reduce prejudgment interest for abuse of

discretion. Blasland, Bouck & Lee, Inc. v. City of N. Miami, 

, 1298

(11th Cir. 2002).

                                           III.

      Under FUFTA’s actual fraud provision—the theory upon which Dancing $’s

liability hinged—a “transfer made or obligation incurred by a debtor is fraudulent

as to a creditor, whether the creditor’s claim arose before or after the transfer was

made or the obligation was incurred, if the debtor made the transfer or incurred the

obligation . . . [w]ith actual intent to hinder, delay, or defraud any creditor of the

debtor.” Fla. Stat. § 726.105(1)(a). Thus, FUFTA requires “[1] a creditor to be

defrauded, [2] a debtor intending fraud, and [3] a conveyance of property which is

applicable by law to the payment of the debt due.” Johnson v. Dowell, 

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1194, 1196 (Fla. 2d Dist. Ct. App. 1992). A “creditor” is “a person who has a

claim,” Fla. Stat. § 726.102(5), and “claim” is defined as “a right to payment,

whether or not the right is reduced to judgment, liquidated, unliquidated, fixed,

contingent, matured, unmatured, disputed, undisputed, legal, equitable, secured, or

unsecured,” 

The fraudulent transfer must be of an “asset,” which

is defined as any “property of a debtor,” excluding certain narrow exceptions. 

If FUFTA’s conditions are satisfied, “a creditor, subject to [certain]

limitations[,] may obtain . . . [a]voidance of the transfer or obligation to the extent

necessary to satisfy the creditor’s claim.” 

      Dancing $’s central argument on appeal is that the Receiver may not proceed

under FUFTA because the Receiver lacks standing to bring a FUFTA claim and

because the transfers Nadel made to investors were not transfers of Nadel’s

property but rather of the Hedge Funds’ property, and FUFTA provides a cause of

action only for clawback of a transfer of the debtor’s own funds. The Receiver

argues on cross-appeal that the District Court erred in denying it prejudgment

interest. We held consideration of Dancing $’s appeal and the Receiver’s cross-

appeal pending our decision in another of the Receiver’s clawback actions, Wiand

v. Lee, 

(11th Cir. 2014), which raised the same central issues as

Dancing $’s case. Lee has now been decided.




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      In Lee, the circumstances and procedural history are substantially the same

as in Dancing $’s case. 

–99. The Receiver asserted FUFTA

and unjust enrichment claims against Vernon M. Lee individually and as trustee for

the Vernon M. Lee Trust (collectively, the “Lee defendants”) in the U.S. District

Court for the Middle District of Florida to recover the net gains the Lee defendants

had reaped from Nadel’s scheme—in the Lee defendants’ case, a total of

$935,631.51—plus prejudgment interest. 

The Receiver filed motions

for summary judgment that were similar to those filed in this case. 

Judge—the same Magistrate Judge as in Dancing $’s case—issued a

report and recommendation proceeding along the same lines as the R & R in this

case, finding that during the relevant times Nadel operated the Hedge Funds as a

Ponzi scheme and that the distributions to the Lee defendants “were therefore

avoidable under FUFTA because they were made with the actual intent to defraud

creditors,” and recommending summary judgment in favor of the Receiver and

denying the Receiver prejudgment interest. 

the District Court adopted

the Magistrate Judge’s report and recommendation, entered final judgment in favor

of the Receiver, and denied prejudgment interest. 

the Lee defendants raised essentially the same argument Dancing

$ raises here: that the Receiver could not proceed under FUFTA. 

We

noted that, under FUFTA’a actual fraud provision, Fla. Stat. § 726.105(1)(a)—the


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theory upon which the Lee defendants’ liability hinged—in order to determine

whether a transfer was made with actual intent to defraud a creditor, courts

generally look for the statutory “badges of fraud.” 

However, we explained, “proof that a transfer was made in furtherance of a Ponzi

scheme establishes actual intent to defraud under § 726.105(1)(a) without the need

to consider the badges of fraud.” 

. We held that “[t]he

Magistrate Judge correctly concluded that the receivership entities’ transfers of

distributions to Lee as an investor were made in furtherance of a Ponzi scheme,” 6

and thus actual fraudulent intent was established. 

.

       The Lee defendants argued, as Dancing $ does here, that the elements of a

FUFTA actual fraud claim were not met because the transfers cannot satisfy the

plain language of FUFTA. 

a creditor—here, the Hedge Funds

in receivership—and a debtor—here, Nadel. To satisfy FUFTA, Nadel’s transfers

to investors must have been transfers of “property of a debtor.” Fla. Stat.

§ 726.102(2), (7), (11). But the transfers were of the Hedge Fund’s funds, not


       6
          The Magistrate Judge’s R & R in this case lays out what the Receiver had to show to
demonstrate the existence of a Ponzi scheme: “(1) deposits made by investors; (2) the
Receivership Entities conducted little or no legitimate business operations as represented to
investors; (3) the purported business operations of the Receivership Entities produced little or no
profits or earnings; and (4) the source of payments to investors was from cash infused by new
investors.” Doc. 121, at 11. In both Lee and this case, the Magistrate Judge found that a detailed
report by the Receiver’s forensic accountant, together with Nadel’s admissions, plea agreement,
testimony at his plea and sentencing hearings, and criminal judgment provided “overwhelming
evidence” of a Ponzi scheme, and noted that Dancing $, like the defendants in Lee, “offer[ed]
little rebuttal evidence in admissible form.” 

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Nadel’s. “In other words, applying FUFTA to Nadel’s transfers appears to treat

the receivership entities and Nadel as simultaneously both separate and distinct

entities—the receivership entities are considered distinct from Nadel in order to

establish a creditor and a debtor, but they are treated as one entity in order to

establish that Nadel’s transfers of the entities’ funds were transfers of his

property.” 

.

      We found this argument unpersuasive, following the reasoning of Judge

Posner in Scholes v. Lehmann, 

(7th Cir. 1995), which we described as

“the leading case on this issue”:

      Although the corporations constitute the “robotic tools” used by the
      Ponzi operator, they are “nevertheless in the eyes of the law separate
      legal entities with rights and duties.” The money they receive from
      investors should be used for their stated purpose of investing in
      securities, and thus the corporations are harmed when assets are
      transferred for an unauthorized purpose to the detriment of the
      defrauded investors, who are tort creditors of the corporations.
      Although the corporations participate in the fraudulent transfers, once
      the Ponzi schemer is removed and the receiver is appointed, the
      receivership entities are no more the “evil zombies” of the Ponzi
      operator but are “[f]reed from his spell” and become entitled to the
      return of the money diverted for unauthorized purposes. Under
      Lehmann, the Receiver has standing to sue on behalf of the
      receivership entities because they were harmed by Nadel when he
      transferred profits to investors . . . from the principal investments of
      others for the unauthorized purpose of continuing the Ponzi
      scheme. . . . Applying Lehmann to FUFTA, the receivership entities
      became “creditors” of Nadel at the time he made the transfers of
      profits to Lee and others because, as FUFTA requires, they had a
      “claim” against Nadel. They had a “claim” against Nadel because he
      harmed the corporations by transferring assets rightfully belonging to
      the corporations and their investors in breach of his fiduciary duties,
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      and a “claim” under FUFTA includes “any right to payment”
      including a contingent, legal, or equitable right to payment. The
      receivership entities were thus creditors because they had a right to a
      return of the funds Nadel transferred for unauthorized purposes for the
      benefit of their innocent investors. The Receiver’s claim thus fits
      within the statutory language of FUFTA, which requires the existence
      of a creditor and a debtor.

–03 (footnote omitted) (citations omitted).

      We further found that “with each transfer, Nadel diverted property that he

controlled and that could have been applicable to the debt due, namely, the very

funds being transferred.” 

Thus, we held that “the Receiver has

demonstrated every element Florida courts require under FUFTA.” 

affirmed the District Court’s grant of summary judgment to the

Receiver. 

      We must follow Lee and affirm the District Court’s grant of summary

judgment to the Receiver in Dancing $’s case as well. The circumstances here are

the same as in Lee except for which of the Hedge Funds was involved and the

amount and dates of the transfers. Dancing $ raises several additional arguments,

some which address these differences. None are persuasive, and only a few merit

serious consideration.

      First, Dancing $ makes several arguments which are either settled or mooted

by our opinion in Lee. Dancing $ argues that genuine issues of material fact

remains as to whether the Hedge Funds in which Dancing $ invested—Valhalla


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Investment Partners and Scoop Real Estate—were alter egos of Nadel. This

argument is foreclosed by Lee, in which we voided transfers to the Lee defendants

from both Valhalla Investment Partners and Scoop Real Estate, among other of the

Hedge Funds. See 

Dancing $ also argues that genuine issues of

material fact remain as to whether Nadel’s guilty plea establishes the requisite

intent under FUFTA. But our finding in Lee that the intent requirement was met

forecloses this argument as well. See 

      Dancing $ argues that issues of material fact remain as to whether Nadel

operated a Ponzi scheme as to Valhalla Investment Partners and Scoop Real Estate

(the Hedge Funds in which Dancing $ invested), because the Receiver’s expert

improperly analyzed the Hedge Funds as a group, and because these two funds

were allegedly actually making a profit in certain years. Dancing $ also argues that

none of the evidence establishes the existence of a Ponzi scheme as a matter of

law. However, we held in Lee that Nadel operated all the Hedge Funds as a Ponzi

scheme, and that he commingled invested assets and did not distinguish among the

Hedge Funds when he traded. 

1201–02. Given this arrangement, it is

not surprising that some of the funds might at times turn a profit. Thus, Nadel’s

Ponzi scheme involved all the Hedge Funds, including Valhalla Investment

Partners and Scoop Real Estate, and it is appropriate to treat them as a group.

Moreover, the scheme was in operation in 2008, when Dancing $ received its


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transfers. 

Thus, “[t]he magistrate judge correctly concluded that the

receivership entities’ transfers of distributions to [Dancing $] as an investor were

made in furtherance of a Ponzi scheme.” 

$ argues that issues of material fact remain as to the

amount that the Receiver is entitled to recover from it. The Receiver has not

offered evidence concerning the amount of management fees paid to Nadel by

Valhalla Investment Partners and Scoop Real Estate specifically, which, Dancing $

argues, constitutes the amount of its claim against Nadel in this case. Because a

receiver is only entitled to avoid so much of a transfer as is necessary to satisfy the

amount of its claim, Dancing $ contends, this amount must be established before a

judgment may be imposed. However, Dancing $ did not raise this argument in the

District Court. Thus, the argument is waived. See Formby v. Farmers & Merchs.

Bank, 

, 634 (11th Cir. 1990) (“As a general rule, an appellate court

will not consider a legal issue or theory raised for the first time on appeal.”

(internal quotation marks and citations omitted)).

       Accordingly, we find that the District Court did not err in granting summary

judgment for the Receiver and imposing a judgment of damages in the amount of

$107,172.11. 7


       7
         Dancing $ raises a handful of additional arguments, none of which merit extensive
discussion. First, Dancing $ argues that, because Valhalla Investment Partners and Scoop Real
Estate were organized as limited partnerships in which Dancing $ was a limited partner, the law
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       With regard to the Receiver’s argument on cross-appeal that the District

Court abused its discretion in denying an award of prejudgment interest, Lee also

decides the matter. Under the “loss theory” of prejudgment interest, which applies

under Florida law, “prejudgment interest is ‘merely another element of pecuniary

damages,’” 

(quoting Argonaut Ins. Co. v. May Plumbing

Co., 

, 214 (Fla. 1985), but may be withheld “‘when its exaction

would be inequitable,’” 

v. Graham, 

, 84 (Fla.

1984)). In determining whether to award prejudgment interest or to reduce the

amount of prejudgment interest awarded, a court must consider three factors:

       (1) in matters concerning government entities, whether it would be
       equitable to put the burden of paying interest on the public in
       choosing between innocent victims; (2) whether it is equitable to



of partnership immunizes Dancing $ from liability under FUFTA because limited partners are
not liable to a creditor of the general partner. We reject this form-over-substance argument. An
instrument, such as a limited partnership agreement, drawn up in the perpetration of a fraudulent
scheme cannot protect the actors in that scheme from liability.
         Dancing $ also argues that issues of material fact remain as to whether Valhalla
Investment Partners and Scoop Real Estate received reasonably equivalent value for the transfer
to Dancing $ and whether Nadel (as the transferor) was insolvent in 2008. These arguments go
to the requirements for establishing constructive fraud under FUFTA, Fla. Stat.
§§ 726.105(1)(b), 726.106(1), and are thus irrelevant in light of the District Court’s finding of
liability under FUFTA’s actual fraud provision, 

        Finally, Dancing $ argues that issues of material fact remain as to its affirmative set-off
defense. Dancing $ argues it should be able to offset any judgment in the Receiver’s favor
against losses Dancing $’s members suffered by reinvesting in the Hedge Funds through a third
entity, Elendow. This argument also lacks merit. As the District Court correctly held, the
“‘basis for set-off is mutuality of claims’ . . . . Elendow’s debt claim is not Dancing $’s claim,
notwithstanding their overlapping memberships.” Wiand v. Dancing $, LLC, 

, 1317–18 (M.D. Fla. 2013) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Everglade Cypress
Co. v. Tunnicliffe, 

, 

, 193 (1933)).

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      allow an award of prejudgment interest when the delay between injury
      and judgment is the fault of the prevailing party; (3) whether it is
      equitable to award prejudgment interest to a party who could have, but
      failed to, mitigate its damages.

283 F.3d at 1297).

      In Lee, the Magistrate Judge in the report and recommendation adopted by

the District Court “stated that Florida law considers prejudgment interest an

element of pecuniary damages and stated the equitable factors in Blasland that

would warrant a court in departing from the general rule that prejudgment interest

is to be awarded.” 

But the rationale the Magistrate Judge set out

“fail[ed] to identify and apply the equitable factors considered in Blasland to the

decision to deny prejudgment interest” and thus committed an abuse of discretion.

We noted several cases indicating that Florida courts award

prejudgment interest “as a matter of course.” 

v. Red Reef, Inc.,

, 684–85 (Fla. 4th Dist. Ct. App. 2006) (remanding with instructions

to the trial court to calculate prejudgment interest due on damages awarded for a

FUFTA claim); Montage Grp., Ltd. v. Athle-Tech Computer Sys., Inc., 

, 199 (Fla. 2d Dist. Ct. App. 2004) (reversing the trial court for failure to award

prejudgment interest on an unjust enrichment award); Mansolillo v. Parties by

Lynn, Inc., 

, 640 (Fla. 3d Dist. Ct. App. 2000) (stating that, on a

FUFTA claim, “[o]nce the loss is fixed as of [a] specific date, prejudgment interest

is to be added to that amount.”); Burr v. Norris, 

, 426 (Fla. 2d Dist.
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Ct. App. 1996) (reversing and remanding with instructions to the trial court to

award prejudgment interest on an unjust enrichment award)). Accordingly, we

reversed the District Court’s judgment denying prejudgment interest and instructed

that, “[u]pon remand, the magistrate judge must cite specific equitable

considerations recognized under Florida law that would result in a different

outcome than the cases” that routinely award prejudgment interest on FUFTA and

unjust enrichment claims. 

Magistrate Judge’s R & R, which the District Court adopted,

recommends denying prejudgment interest in virtually identical language to that

the Magistrate Judge used in recommending a denial of prejudgment interest in

Lee—only the defendants’ names differ. Thus, following Lee, we must reverse the

District Court’s judgment denying prejudgment interest and remand. Upon

remand, the District Court must identify and apply the equitable factors set forth in

Blasland in order to explain why a denial of prejudgment interest is warranted in

light of cases which indicate that Florida courts award it routinely.

                                         IV.

      Accordingly, we AFFIRM the District Court’s order granting summary

judgment in favor of the Receiver and REVERSE and REMAND the denial of

prejudgment interest with instructions that the District Court identify and apply the

Blasland factors in order to determine whether equitable considerations justify a


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denial or reduction of prejudgment interest to the Receiver in light of Florida’s

general rule that prejudgment interest is an element of pecuniary damages.

      SO ORDERED.




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