Case: 13-14507   Date Filed: 10/23/2014   Page: 1 of 8


                                                        [DO NOT PUBLISH]



            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                      ________________________

                            No. 13-14507
                        Non-Argument Calendar
                      ________________________

                 D.C. Docket No. 1:12-cr-20388-KMW-1



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                              Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                  versus

LUIS MANUEL MESA,

                                                         Defendant-Appellant.

                      ________________________

               Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Southern District of Florida
                     ________________________

                            (October 23, 2014)

Before TJOFLAT, JORDAN and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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       A jury found Luis Mesa guilty on four counts of a five-count superseding

indictment: Count One, conspiracy to commit bank and wire fraud, in violation of

18 U.S.C. § 1349; Count Two, bank fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1344; Count

Three, wire fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1343; and Count Four, conspiracy to

commit arson, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 844(n). At sentencing, the District Court

found the applicable Guidelines sentence range to be 78–97 months’

imprisonment, 1 and sentenced Mesa to concurrent prison terms of eighty-six

months.

       Mesa now appeals his sentences, presenting these arguments: the District

Court committed clear error (1) in calculating the Guidelines sentence range by

imposing a leadership role enhancement because he was not a manager or

organizer of the arson and fraud conspiracies, the fraud conspiracy did not involve

five or more participants, and the conspiracy was not otherwise extensive; (2) by

imposing a sophisticated means enhancement because the scheme constituted “run-

of-the-mill” mortgage fraud; and (3) in calculating the victim’s loss for sentencing

purposes. We are not persuaded and affirm.

                                               I.



       1
           Because Mesa’s Counts 1–3 fraud charges and the Count 4 charge involved separate
harms, they were grouped separately. See U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual [hereinafter
U.S.S.G.] § 3D1.1(a)(3). The total offense level for the fraud charges was 26 and for the arson
charge 25. Pursuant to U.S.S.G § 3D1.4, two levels were added to the highest total offense level,
26, for a combined total offense level of 28. Mesa’s criminal history category was I.
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         A defendant’s role as an organizer or leader is a factual finding that we

review for clear error to determine if the enhancement under U.S.S.G § 3B1.1 was

applied appropriately. United States v. Ramirez, 

, 1355 (11th Cir.

2005). Under the clear error standard, we will not disturb a factual finding absent a

definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made. United States v. Clarke,

, 1165 (11th Cir. 2009). The government must prove the existence

of a leadership role by a preponderance of the evidence. United States v. Yates,

, 1182 (11th Cir. 1993). The findings of fact of the sentencing court

may be based on undisputed statements in the presentence report. United States v.

Wilson, 

, 1356 (11th Cir. 1989).

         In a case where a defendant is an “organizer, leader, manager, or supervisor”

over one or more co-participants in a criminal activity, a two-level sentencing

enhancement applies. U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(c). There can be more than one person

who qualifies as a leader or organizer of a conspiracy. 

comment.

(n.4).

         In evaluating whether this enhancements applies, district courts should

consider: (1) the exercise of decision-making authority; (2) the nature of

participation in the commission of the offense; (3) the recruitment of accomplices;

(4) the claimed right to a larger share of the fruits of the crime; (5) the degree of

participation in planning or organizing the offense; (6) the nature and scope of the


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illegal activity; and (7) the degree of control and authority exercised over others.

; U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1, comment. (n.4). All of these

considerations, however, need not be present. 

.

      We uphold a § 3B1.1 enhancement where the defendant “had decision-

making authority and exercised control.” United States v. Suarez, 

,

1294 (11th Cir. 2002). Giving orders to others involved in the conspiracy qualifies

as an exertion of influence or control. United States v. Vallejo, 

,

1169 (11th Cir. 2002).

      Where the defendant is a “manager or supervisor (but not an organizer or

leader) and the criminal activity involved five or more participants or was

otherwise extensive,” a three-level sentencing enhancement applies. U.S.S.G.

§ 3B1.1(b). A “participant” is a person who is criminally responsible for the

offense, but need not have been convicted. United States v. Williams, 

, 1248 (11th Cir. 2008). When determining the number of participants, the

defendant is considered to be one of the five. United States v. Holland, 

, 1045 (11th Cir. 1994). In deciding whether individuals were participants in

the criminal activity, the court must consider all acts or omissions that were part of

the same course of conduct or common scheme or plan as the offense of

conviction. 

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      We conclude that the District Court did not clearly err by finding that Mesa

was an “organizer, leader, manager, or supervisor” over one or more co-

participants in the arson conspiracy. Mesa and his nephew planned and organized

the arson, recruited Daniel Villar, provided instructions to Villar, ordered Villar to

execute the arson, and instructed Villar on how to receive payment for his services,

all of which demonstrate that Mesa exercised control over Villar and qualified for a

two-level enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(c). See 

; see also Vallejo, 

, 1169. Looking at all relevant conduct,

including the arson, which was an attempt to cover up the fraud in furtherance of

the conspiracy, the entirety of the scheme involved at least seven participants—

Mesa, the defendant; Nersy Bermudez, the straw purchaser; Angel Diaz, Mesa’s

straw purchase recruiter; Mario Olivia, a joint holder of Bermudez’s fraudulent

Wachovia account; Yansel Mesa, Mesa’s nephew; Villar, the hired arsonist; and a

woman who was supposed to pay Villar, presumably Lucy Hernandez. See

. Accordingly a two-level enhancement was

appropriate for the arson conspiracy, and a three-level enhancement was

appropriate for the mortgage fraud conspiracy.

                                          II.

      We also review the district court’s finding that the defendant used

sophisticated means for clear error. United States v. Ghertler, 

, 1267


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(11th Cir. 2010). The Guidelines provide for a two-level enhancement if the fraud

in question “involved sophisticated means.” U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(10)(C).

Sophisticated means refers to especially complex or especially intricate offense

conduct pertaining to the execution or concealment of an offense. 

comment. (n.8(B)). There is no requirement that each of a defendant's individual

actions be sophisticated in order to impose the enhancement. 

. Rather, it is sufficient if the totality of the scheme was sophisticated. 

and attempted concealment of the offense, including

the destruction of incriminating evidence, may constitute sophisticated means. See

United States v. Bane, 

, 826–27 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 

(2013). Additionally, creation of false documents and the use of third parties

for money transfers may constitute sophisticated means. See 

.

        The District Court did not clearly err by determining that Mesa’s mortgage

fraud conspiracy involved sophisticated means. The fraud involved coordinated

conduct between organizers, such as Mesa, straw buyers, recruiters of straw

buyers, and loan agents, all of which Mesa attempted to conceal from the victim,

JP Morgan Chase Bank (“Chase”), by submitting false loan applications, forging

HUD statements, and creating third-party bank accounts used solely to perpetuate

the fraud. See 

–27; see also 

.


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Additionally, once alerted that an audit might uncover the fraud, Mesa attempted to

further conceal it by ordering Villar to burn down Closing Table of South Florida,

Inc. and Pylon Mortgage Corporation, with specific instructions to pour gasoline

on the computers in order to destroy evidence. See 

–27.

Even if certain elements of the conspiracy resembled “run-of-the-mill” fraud, the

totality of the scheme was sophisticated, the court did not clearly err in finding as

such. See 

.

                                         III.

      The district court’s determination of loss is likewise reviewed for clear error.

United States v. Barrington, 

, 1197 (11th Cir. 2011). In fraud cases,

the Guidelines provide for a fourteen-level enhancement if the victim’s loss is

more than $400,000, but less than $1,000,000. U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(H–I).

      Loss is the greater of the actual loss—the reasonably foreseeable pecuniary

harm that resulted from the offense—or intended loss—the pecuniary harm that

was intended to result from the offense, even if the harm was impossible or

unlikely to occur. 

comment. (n.3(A)(i–ii)). Where collateral is

pledged or provided by the defendant, the loss amount is to be reduced by the

amount the victim has recovered at the time of sentencing from disposition of the

collateral. 

comment. (n.3(E)(ii)). A reasonably foreseeable pecuniary




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harm is one that the defendant knew or reasonably should have known was a

potential result of the offense. 

comment. (n. 3(A)(iv)).

      We find no clear error in the court’s calculation of Chase’s loss for the

purposes of Mesa’s sentencing enhancement. Mesa’s fraudulent conduct caused

Chase to loan $583,200 to Bermudez, a straw buyer who had no intention of ever

repaying the loan. Pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1, comment. (n.3(E)(ii)), Chase was

able to recover some of its loss by sale of the collateral for $144,350, yielding a

total loss of $438,850. Accordingly, since Chase’s actual loss exceeded $400,000,

the court correctly applied a fourteen-level loss enhancement. 

      AFFIRMED.




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