Case: 14-13484   Date Filed: 06/29/2015   Page: 1 of 9


                                                        [DO NOT PUBLISH]



            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                      ________________________

                            No. 14-13484
                        Non-Argument Calendar
                      ________________________

                D.C. Docket No. 1:12-cv-00924-LSC-JHE



WILLIAM CHRISTOPHER LEWIS,

                                                           Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                 versus

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                          Defendant-Appellee,

FEDERAL BUREAU OF PRISONS, et al.,

                                                                    Defendants.

                      ________________________

               Appeal from the United States District Court
                  for the Northern District of Alabama
                      ________________________

                             (June 29, 2015)
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Before HULL, WILLIAM PRYOR, and JULIE CARNES, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

       William Lewis, a federal prisoner proceeding pro se, appeals the district

court’s dismissal of his suit against the government under the Federal Tort Claims

Act (“FTCA”), 28 U.S.C. § 2674. 1 Lewis alleged that he slipped and fell down a

flight of stairs while returning from the showers with his hands handcuffed behind

his back, and that Officer Jason Locker was negligent in failing to secure him with

both hands while escorting him. The district court held that the FTCA’s

discretionary function exception applied to Officer Locker’s conduct, and thus that

it lacked subject-matter jurisdiction. After careful review of the record and the

parties’ briefs, we affirm the district court’s dismissal order.

                                     I. BACKGROUND

A.     August 2011 Incident

       On August 30, 2011, plaintiff Lewis was being escorted to his cell in the

Special Housing Unit of the Federal Correctional Institution in Talladega, Alabama

(“FCI Talladega”) by Officer Jason Locker. Lewis was being returned to his cell


       1
        Lewis’s complaint also named the Federal Bureau of Prisons, Warden John Rathman,
and Officer Jason Locker as defendants, but the district court dismissed those parties as
defendants following a sua sponte screening of Lewis’s complaint prior to service, pursuant to 28
U.S.C. § 1915A. In his brief, Lewis does not challenge that dismissal, and he has therefore
abandoned any argument in that respect. See Timson v. Sampson, 

, 874 (11th Cir.
2008) (noting that while we read pro se briefs liberally, arguments not raised in a pro se brief are
considered abandoned).

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from the shower room, where he had just showered. Following FCI Talladega

policy, Lewis was handcuffed from behind and Officer Locker was holding his

handcuffs while escorting him.

       While walking down a set of stairs, Officer Locker was holding Lewis’s

handcuffs as well as Lewis’s right arm. Despite this, Lewis slipped on the stairs,

falling. Though Officer Locker tried to catch him, Lewis’s weight (about 190

pounds) and the speed of the fall prevented him from doing so. While plaintiff

Lewis claims that the floor and stairs were wet due to other inmates returning from

the shower, Officer Locker states that neither the floor nor the stairs were wet, but

that plaintiff Lewis’s shower shoes were wet, likely causing plaintiff Lewis to slip

on the stairs.

       Officer Locker immediately helped Lewis up and asked him if he was

alright. Lewis responded that he was fine and initially refused a medical

assessment. Officer Locker contacted medical staff regardless, and they performed

a medical assessment, revealing no injury at that time. Plaintiff Lewis underwent

subsequent medical assessments on August 31, September 22, and September 29,

2011. At these appointments, he complained first of pain and numbness in his left

arm and then of neck and shoulder pain as well as nerve damage.




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      On September 29, 2011, plaintiff Lewis filed an administrative tort claim, as

required by the FTCA, for damages stemming from this incident. On November

25, 2011, that administrative claim was denied.

B.    District Court Proceedings

      On March 13, 2012, plaintiff Lewis filed this action in the United States

District Court for the Northern District of Alabama. The complaint alleged that

Officer Locker improperly escorted plaintiff Lewis because he did not secure him

with both hands. The complaint sought a jury trial and “no less tha[n] $35,000” in

damages.

      On October 28, 2013, the government moved to dismiss the complaint or, in

the alternative, for summary judgment. The government argued that the case

should be dismissed based on the discretionary function exception to the FTCA, 28

U.S.C. § 2680(a), and because Lewis stated no actionable negligence case under

Alabama law.

      Pertaining to the discretionary function exception, the government cited the

relevant, written policy for correctional officers working at the Special Housing

Unit at FCI Talladega. The relevant language stated: “[i]nmates will be escorted

by an officer, with the officer holding the inmate’s handcuffs, when escorting the

individual to the shower, law library, callouts, etc.” The government also

introduced a declaration from a supervisory officer at FCI Talladega stating that


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this policy means that the officer should escort the inmate by holding the inmate’s

handcuffs, but is not required to put his hand(s) on or hold the inmate’s arm during

an escort.

      On November 15, 2013, Lewis opposed the motion to dismiss. At that time

he filed no evidence other than a medical report.

      On July 10, 2014, the district court dismissed plaintiff Lewis’s complaint,

holding that the discretionary function exception to the FTCA applied and the

district court thus lacked the requisite subject-matter jurisdiction.

      Lewis timely appealed.

                           II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

      On appeal from a dismissal for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction, we review

the district court’s legal conclusions de novo and its factual findings for clear error.

See Zinni v. ER Solutions, Inc., 

, 1166 (11th Cir. 2012). The district

court’s factual determination must be affirmed “so long as it is plausible in light of

the record viewed in its entirety.” Merrill Stevens Dry Dock Co. v. M/V

YEOCOMICO II, 

, 816 (11th Cir. 2003) (quotation marks omitted).

When asserting the factual challenge that the discretionary function exception does

not apply, the plaintiff has the burden to prove jurisdiction. OSI, Inc. v. United

States, 

, 951 (11th Cir. 2002).




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                                  III. DISCUSSION

      The FTCA waives the government’s sovereign immunity from tort suits for

the negligent or wrongful acts or omissions of government employees acting

within the scope of their employment. See 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b)(1); Suarez v.

United States, 

, 1065 (11th Cir. 1994). But the discretionary function

exception to the FTCA precludes government liability for any claims based upon

“the exercise or performance or the failure to exercise or perform a discretionary

function or duty on the part of a federal agency or employee of the Government.”

28 U.S.C. § 2680(a). If the discretionary function exception applies to a claim, the

claim must be dismissed for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. Cohen v. United

States, 

, 1340 (11th Cir. 1998).

A.    Discretionary Function Exception

      This Court employs a two-part test to determine whether the discretionary

function exception applies. 

First, we consider the nature of the

conduct at issue and determine whether it “involves an element of judgment or

choice.” 

If a statute, regulation, or policy specifically

prescribes a course of action for an employee to follow, the conduct does not

involve an element of judgment or choice because the employee has no choice but

to carry out the directive. 

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      Second, if the challenged conduct does involve an element of judgment or

choice, we then must determine whether that judgment or choice is grounded in

public policy considerations. 

“prevent[s] judicial second-

guessing of legislative and administrative decisions grounded in social, economic,

and political policy.” 

      If a regulation allows government employees to exercise discretion, there is

a “strong presumption” that discretionary acts authorized by the regulation are

grounded in policy. United States v. Gaubert, 

, 324, 

,

1274 (1991). To survive a motion to dismiss, an FTCA plaintiff’s complaint must

allege facts that would support a determination that the challenged actions are not

the type of conduct that could be said to be grounded in the policy of the regulatory

regime. 

111 S. Ct. at 1274-75. This Court looks to the nature of the

actions taken and whether they are susceptible to policy analysis, not to whether

the employee actually weighed policy considerations before acting. 

.

      The Bureau of Prisons (“BOP”) owes a duty to provide for the safekeeping

and care of federal prisoners. 18 U.S.C. § 4042(a)(2). The BOP, however, retains

sufficient discretion in the means used to fulfill that duty, triggering the

discretionary function exception. 

. The mere fact that a

government official performs an action at the operational level, as opposed to the


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planning level, does not remove that official’s action from the discretionary

function exception for purposes of suits under the FTCA. 

Complaint

      Here, in his sworn complaint, Lewis alleged that Officer Locker breached a

duty of care by not securing him with two hands as they descended the stairs

following Lewis’s shower. The relevant prison policy here did not require Locker

to secure prisoners with both hands while escorting them from the showers. It

required only that Officer Locker hold on to Lewis’s handcuffs, which policy

Officer Locker adhered to. Beyond the requirement to hold on to Lewis’s

handcuffs, Officer Locker had discretion as to the best way to secure Lewis while

escorting him from the showers. The district court thus correctly concluded that

the first prong of the discretionary function test was satisfied. See 

      As to the second prong of the discretionary function analysis, both

§ 4042(a)(2) and the relevant prison policy left room for discretion as to the best

way to ensure inmate safety, so there is a “strong presumption” that Officer

Locker’s actions were grounded in policy. 

, 111 S. Ct. at

1274. The fact that Officer Locker was exercising his discretion at the operational

level, as opposed to the planning level, does not remove his action from the

discretionary function exception. See 

. Lewis’s

complaint did not allege facts supporting a determination that Officer Locker’s


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actions were not grounded in the policy of the relevant regulatory regime, see

-25, 111 S.Ct. at 1274-75, and the district court correctly

dismissed Lewis’s complaint without prejudice for lack of subject-matter

jurisdiction. 2

                                     III. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s order dismissing the

case for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.

       AFFIRMED.




       2
         The district court also determined that, even if subject-matter jurisdiction existed,
summary judgment was warranted as to Lewis’s negligence claim. Lewis challenges that
determination on appeal, but we need not reach that issue given the lack of subject-matter
jurisdiction over the claim.
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