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                                                                                 [PUBLISH]

                 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                           FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                             ________________________

                                    No. 14-12154
                              ________________________

                          D.C. Docket No. 3:13-cv-00069-CDL


RACHEL PARKS,
on behalf of D.P.,

                                                                        Plaintiff-Appellant,
                                            versus

COMMISSIONER, SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION,

                                                                       Defendant-Appellee.
                              ________________________

                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                          for the Middle District of Georgia
                             _______________________
                                   (April 20, 2015)

Before TJOFLAT, WILLIAM PRYOR, and BALDOCK, ∗ Circuit Judges.

WILLIAM PRYOR, Circuit Judge:

       This appeal presents two questions about Rachel Parks’s application for

supplemental security income on behalf of her minor son, D.P.: (1) whether the



∗
 Honorable Bobby R. Baldock, United States Circuit Judge for the Tenth Circuit, sitting by
designation.
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administrative law judge’s denial of Parks’s application was supported by

substantial evidence; and (2) whether the Social Security Appeals Council must

make explicit findings of fact about new evidence that it adds to the record when it

denies review. D.P. suffers from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and

borderline intellectual functioning. An administrative law judge denied Parks’s

application because D.P. did not suffer from a condition that entitled him to

supplemental security income. Parks filed a request for review with the Appeals

Council, and she submitted new evidence of D.P.’s academic struggles. The

Appeals Council supplemented the record with the new evidence, but denied

review. Parks then filed a complaint in the district court, which affirmed the denial

of her application. Because the administrative law judge’s decision was supported

by substantial evidence and the Appeals Council was not required to make specific

findings about Parks’s new evidence, we affirm.

                                I. BACKGROUND

      In April 2010, Parks applied to the Social Security Administration for

supplemental security income on behalf of her son, D.P., and alleged that he had

suffered from a “learning disability, [attention deficit hyperactivity disorder], [and]

verbal based intellectual deficits” since April 2008. The Administration denied the

claim and denied it again on reconsideration. Parks requested a hearing before an

administrative law judge.

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      At the hearing, Parks testified that D.P.’s speech “wasn’t clear enough” to

understand and that D.P. could not understand “big” or “simple” words. D.P.

would take “an hour to wash dishes” because he could not focus. He needed

constant reminders to do his chores. But D.P. played video games and watched TV,

and listened to music on the computer. He used to play football in an organized

league.

      Documentary evidence established that D.P. suffered from mental

impairments. In April 2010, Matt Butryn, Ph.D., diagnosed D.P. with attention

deficit hyperactive disorder, general and verbal-based intellectual deficits, and a

learning disorder. In May 2010, Dr. Matt Baker, D.P.’s primary care physician,

stated that D.P. improved after he was prescribed Concerta. But in October 2010,

Butryn completed an evaluation form in which he concluded that D.P. had

“marked” limitations in acquiring and using information, attending and completing

tasks, interacting and relating with others, and caring for himself.

      D.P.’s academic performance was weak in all areas. In January 2008, D.P.

began an individualized education plan to combat a “Speech/Language

Impairment.” D.P. met the minimum competency standard in only one of five

subject areas on his 2009 Criterion-Referenced Competency Test. He again met

only one minimum competency standard in 2010. His intelligence quotient was

measured between 64 and 73. D.P. received testing accommodations.

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      But D.P. also progressed in some academic areas. According to his fifth

grade mid-quarter progress report, D.P. was “[p]rogressing toward the standard” in

all subjects except writing. He achieved minimum competency on two of five

subjects in the spring of 2011. According to his 2010–2011 progress report for his

individualized education plan, D.P. was making progress toward three goals and

met the goal of solving a fifth-grade multi-step word problem. In May 2011, he

was in general education with co-teaching or supportive instruction in four of five

classes, with special education only for a class on study skills. He knew his

multiplication facts and could multiply two and three-digit numbers. During his

sixth grade year, his grades after nine weeks were 100 in family and consumer

sciences, 100 in a special education math class, 93 in Earth science, 79 in a general

math class, 70 in language arts, 64 in social studies, 87 in French, and 25 in

agriscience.

      In February 2011, Elias Clinton, D.P.’s special education teacher, completed

a teacher questionnaire. According to Clinton, D.P. was in the fifth grade, but had

attained only third grade reading and math proficiency, and a second grade writing

level. Under the rubric of “acquiring and using information,” Clinton concluded

that D.P. had “slight” to “obvious” problems in most areas, but a “serious”

problem “[c]omprehending and doing math problems.” D.P. required “extensive

support from adults during all academic activities.” D.P. also needed a “high

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degree of assistance maintain[in]g focus during instructional activities and

completing homework/class assignments.”

      Two agency consultants, William Gore, Ph.D., and Allen Carter, Ph.D,

completed childhood disability evaluation forms. Gore explained that D.P. needed

“much support,” especially in reading, and that he had below average verbal and

non-verbal reasoning. Gore concluded that D.P. suffered from severe impairments,

but the impairments did not rise to the level necessary to make D.P. eligible for

supplemental security income. Carter came to similar conclusions.

      The administrative law judge denied Parks’s application. The administrative

law judge found that D.P. suffered from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and

borderline intellectual functioning but that his impairments did not “functionally

equal[]” an impairment that would qualify D.P. for supplemental security income.

In the domain of acquiring and using information, the administrative law judge

found that D.P. had a “less than marked” limitation. The administrative law judge

explained that D.P. played video games, watched television for hours each day,

and that he had played organized sports in the past. D.P. also showed “progress

through school.”

      When Parks requested that the Appeals Council review the denial, she

submitted two relevant documents as new evidence. First, Parks submitted a

questionnaire completed by D.P.’s sixth grade mathematics and extended learning

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instructor, Kristin Spencer. According to Spencer, D.P. was in sixth grade, but

performed at fourth grade levels in reading, math, and writing, and he “need[ed]

supplemental resources to help understand the curriculum.” Second, Parks

submitted a questionnaire completed by Jennifer Wooten, one of his seventh grade

teachers. According to Wooten, D.P. was in seventh grade, but reading at the level

of second grader, doing math at the level of a fourth grader, and writing at the level

of a third grader. Wooten explained that D.P. needed extensive support to

accomplish anything academic.

      The Appeals Council added Parks’s new evidence to the record and

considered it, but the Appeals Council “found no reason under [its] rules to review

the . . . decision.” Parks then filed a complaint in the district court to reverse the

denial of her claim. See 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). The district court affirmed the denial.

                          II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

      Two different standards of review govern this appeal. First, we “review the

[Commissioner’s] decision with deference to the factual findings and close

scrutiny of the legal conclusions.” Cornelius v. Sullivan, 

, 1145

(11th Cir. 1991). The Commissioner’s factual findings are conclusive if supported

by “substantial evidence,” 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), which is “relevant evidence as a

reasonable person would accept as adequate to support a conclusion,” Bloodsworth

v. Heckler, 

, 1239 (11th Cir. 1983). “Even if the evidence

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preponderates against the [Commissioner]’s factual findings, we must affirm if the

decision reached is supported by substantial evidence.” Martin v. Sullivan, 

, 1529 (11th Cir. 1990). Second, we review de novo the Commissioner’s

conclusions of law, Ingram v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 

, 1260

(11th Cir. 2007), and the judgment of the district court, Wilson v. Barnhart, 

, 1221 (11th Cir. 2002).

                                III. DISCUSSION

      We divide our discussion in two parts. First, we explain that substantial

evidence supported the decision of the administrative law judge that D.P. had a

“less than marked” limitation in the domain of acquiring and using information.

Second, we explain that the Appeals Council did not err when it declined to review

Parks’s claim without making detailed findings of fact about her new evidence.

A. Substantial Evidence Supported the Decision of the Administrative Law Judge.

      Parks argues that the administrative law judge erred when he found that D.P.

had less than a marked limitation in the domain of “[a]cquiring and using

[i]nformation.” Parks argues that the administrative law judge failed to consider

whether D.P. could function “independently” and that the evidence established that

D.P. could not function independently. Parks’s argument fails.

       The Social Security Administration uses a sequential, three-step analysis to

determine whether a child is disabled. The claimant must establish (1) whether the

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child is working; (2) whether the child has a severe impairment or combination of

impairments; and (3) whether the child’s impairment or combination of

impairments meets, medically equals, or functionally equals the severity of an

impairment in the Listing of Impairments. 20 C.F.R. § 416.924(a); 

Subpt. P, App. 1. The administrative law judge found, and the parties do not

dispute, that D.P. satisfied the first two requirements. The administrative law judge

also found, and the parties do not dispute, that D.P.’s impairment or combination

of impairments does not meet or medically equal the severity of an impairment in

the “Listing of Impairments.” 

Subpt. P, App. 1.

      The parties’ dispute is limited to a discrete question about the third step of

the analysis: whether D.P.’s impairment or combination of impairments

“functionally equals the severity” of a listed impairment. To determine whether an

impairment or combination of impairments “functionally equals” a listed

impairment, the administrative law judge assesses the claimant on six domains,

including (1) acquiring and using information; (2) attending and completing tasks;

(3) interacting and relating with others; (4) moving about and manipulating

objects; (5) caring for himself; and (6) health and physical well-being. 

(b)(1), (d). The claimant must establish that he suffers from an

“extreme” limitation in one of the domains, or “marked” limitations in two of the

domains. 

A “marked” limitation is one that “interferes seriously

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with [the claimant’s] ability to independently initiate, sustain, or complete

activities.” 

“‘Marked’ limitation also means a limitation

that is ‘more than moderate’ but ‘less than extreme.’ It is the equivalent of the

functioning we would expect to find on standardized testing with scores that are at

least two, but less than three, standard deviations below the mean.” 

law judge found that D.P. had a “marked” limitation in “attending

and completing tasks” but that D.P. did not have any other “marked” limitations.

      Parks challenges the finding that D.P. had a “less than marked” limitation in

the domain of “acquiring and using information.” Under that domain, the

Administration “evaluate[s] how appropriately, effectively, and independently the

child functions compared to children of the same age who do not have

impairments.” Soc. Sec. Ruling, SSR 09-3p., Title XVI: Determining Childhood

Disability-the Functional Equivalence Domain of “Acquiring & Using

Information” (S.S.A. Feb. 17, 2009). The regulations provide examples of skills

that a “school-age” child should possess. The child “should be able to learn to read,

write, and do math, and discuss history and science.” 20 C.F.R.

§ 416.926a(g)(2)(iv). The child “will need to use these skills in academic situations

to demonstrate what [he] ha[s] learned; e.g., by reading about various subjects and

producing oral and written projects, solving mathematical problems, taking

achievement tests, doing group work, and entering into class discussions.” 

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the child “will also need to use these skills in daily living situations.” 

“should be able to use increasingly complex language (vocabulary and grammar)

to share information and ideas with individuals or groups, by asking questions and

expressing . . . ideas, and by understanding and responding to the opinions of

others.” 

also provide that adolescents—D.P. grew from a

“school-age” child to an “adolescent” during the relevant timeframe—should

“continue to demonstrate what [they] have learned in academic assignments” and

“use what [they] have learned in daily living situations without assistance (e.g.,

going to the store, using the library, and using public transportation).” 

Adolescents should be able to use “increasingly complex

language” and also “learn to apply these skills in practical ways that will help

[them] enter the workplace after [they] finish school.” 

that the administrative law judge failed to consider “the extent

to which [D.P.] requires interventions and supports” and “disregarded” D.P.’s

dependence on adults, but we disagree. The administrative law judge considered

evidence that D.P. had difficulty functioning independently, including evidence

that D.P. needed special education services with an “Individualized Education

Program.” The administrative law judge explained that Parks testified that D.P.

does homework only with assistance and that D.P. receives testing

accommodations. The administrative law judge also considered the evaluation that

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Clinton completed, in which Clinton had stated that D.P. required “extensive

support from adults during all academic activities.” And the administrative law

judge gave weight to Gore’s evaluation, which stated that D.P. received “much

support” academically. “[T]here is no rigid requirement that the [administrative

law judge] specifically refer to every piece of evidence in his decision, so long as”

our Court can “conclude [that] the [administrative law judge] considered [the

claimant’s] medical condition as a whole.” Mitchell v. Comm’r, Soc. Sec. Admin.,

, 782 (11th Cir. 2014) (second and fifth alteration in original)

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted). The record establishes that the

administrative law judge considered D.P.’s ability to “independently initiate,

sustain, or complete activities.” 20 C.F.R. § 416.926a(e)(2)(i).

      Moreover, substantial evidence supports the finding by the administrative

law judge that D.P. had a “less than marked” limitation in acquiring and using

information. Two agency consultants concluded that D.P. had a less than “marked”

limitation in acquiring and using information. D.P. had been treated only

“conservatively” with medication, and even then he did not take the medication

during the summer break. And D.P. played video games, used a computer, and had

played organized football.

      D.P. also had academic difficulties, but substantial evidence suggested that

he was making progress in some areas. In fifth grade, he was “[p]rogressing toward

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the standard” in all subjects except writing. D.P.’s annual progress report for May

2011 established that he was in general education with co-teaching or supportive

instruction in four of five classes, and special education for only one class. At mid-

term during sixth grade, he maintained perfect grades in two classes and grades

between 70 and 93 in four other classes; his grades were below 70 in only two

classes.

      As the administrative law judge found, D.P. suffers from some limitation in

the area of acquiring and using information and requires support in the academic

sphere. But compared to other children his age, see Soc. Sec. Ruling, SSR 09-3p,

there is “relevant evidence [that] a reasonable person would accept as adequate to

support [the] conclusion,” 

, that D.P.’s limitation is

less than “marked.”

B. The Appeals Council Is Not Required to Make Detailed Findings of Fact When
                        It Denies a Request for Review.

      Parks argues that the Appeals Council erred because it failed to make

specific findings of fact about the evidence that it added to the record when it

denied her request for review, but we again disagree. “The Appeals Council may

deny or dismiss [a] request for review . . . .” 20 C.F.R. § 416.1467. But the

Appeals Council is not required to make specific findings of fact when it denies

review. It need only “consider the additional evidence” that is new, material, and

chronologically relevant. 

The Appeals Council stated that it
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considered the new evidence that Parks submitted, and the Appeals Council added

the evidence to the record. The Appeals Council was not required to do more.

      Our Court recently decided Mitchell v. Commissioner, Social Security

Administration, which controls this question. 

. In Mitchell, we held

that there is no requirement that “the Appeals Council . . . provide a detailed

discussion of a claimant’s new evidence when denying a request for review.” 

We explained that, where “the Appeals Council expressly stated in its letter to

[the claimant] that it had considered his additional evidence, . . . we ha[d] no basis

. . . to second-guess that assertion.” 

is indistinguishable from

that of the claimant in Mitchell. Parks submitted additional evidence to the Appeals

Council, and the Appeals Council added the evidence to the record, stated that it

considered the evidence, and denied review. As in Mitchell, nothing suggests that

the Appeals Council failed to consider Parks’s new evidence.

      Parks’s reliance on Epps v. Harris, 

(5th Cir. 1980), and

Bowen v. Heckler, 

(11th Cir. 1984), is misplaced. In Epps, our

predecessor court found that the Appeals Council had not “adequately evaluate[d]”

new 

. But as we explained in Mitchell, the decision in

Epps “arose in a different procedural context,” where the Appeals Council affirmed

the decision of the administrative law judge. 

. Epps has

little bearing on a denial of a request for review. Bowen is inapposite too. In

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Bowen, our Court “concluded the record established that the Appeals Council did

not adequately evaluate additional evidence submitted to it because it viewed each

of the claimant’s impairments in isolation and did not consider their combined

effect.” 

. “Bowen requires the Appeals Council to apply

the correct legal standards in performing its duties,” but it does not require that the

Appeals Council include with every denial of review a “detailed rationale for why

each piece of new evidence submitted to it does not change the [administrative law

judge]’s decision.” 

.

      Parks argues that in Mitchell we limited our holding to situations where the

new evidence was “cumulative” or “not chronologically relevant,” but Parks

misunderstands Mitchell. We held, in the alternative, that “the new evidence

Mitchell submitted to the Appeals Council did not render the Commissioner’s

denial of benefits erroneous.” 

But “our conclusion that the Appeals

Council is not required to explain its rationale for denying a request for review,”

was not dependent on that alternative holding.

      Parks challenges only the failure of the Appeals Council to make detailed

findings of fact. Because the Appeals Council is not required to make detailed

findings, we need examine its decision no further. If Parks had asked us to reverse

the denial of review on the merits, we could have examined the new evidence that

she presented to the Appeals Council and reviewed its decision.

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                      IV. CONCLUSION

We AFFIRM the judgment in favor of the Commissioner.




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