[PUBLISH]



                   IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                         FILED
                              FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT              U.S. COURT OF
                               ________________________                APPEALS
                                                                  ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                    APRIL 19, 2012
                                       No. 10-14978                   JOHN LEY
                                 ________________________

                             D.C. Docket No. 5:09-cv-00261-RS



JEFFREY GLENN HUTCHINSON,

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllPetitioner - Appellant,

versus

STATE OF FLORIDA,

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllRespondent - Appellee.

                                 ________________________

                        Appeal from the United States District Court
                            for the Northern District of Florida
                              ________________________

                                         (April 19, 2012)

Before EDMONDSON, CARNES and BARKETT, Circuit Judges.

CARNES, Circuit Judge:
      This is another federal habeas statute of limitations case, involving another

equitable tolling issue. See generally 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d); Holland v. Florida, __

U.S. __, 

(2010). Jeffrey G. Hutchinson was convicted of four

counts of first degree murder for shotgunning to death his girlfriend, Renee

Flaherty, and her three children: nine-year-old Geoffrey, seven-year-old Amanda,

and four-year-old Logan. Hutchinson v. State, 

, 948–49 (Fla. 2004)

abrogated by Deparvine v. State, 

(Fla. 2008). He was sentenced to

life imprisonment for the murder of Renee Flaherty and to death for the murder of

each child. 

His convictions and sentences were affirmed on direct

appeal. 

After an evidentiary hearing state collateral relief was denied,

and that denial was affirmed by the Florida Supreme Court. Hutchinson v. State,

, 702–04 (Fla. 2009).

      The district court dismissed Hutchinson’s 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petition for

federal habeas relief because it was not filed until July 24, 2009, which was three

years, nine months, and twenty-four days (or 1,393 days) after the one-year statute

of limitations contained in § 2244(d) had run on September 30, 2005. Hutchinson

v. Florida, No. 5:09-CV-261-RS, 

(N.D. Fla. Sept. 28, 2010).

This is Hutchinson’s appeal from that dismissal.

      Under § 2244(d)(1)(A) the one-year period for filing a federal habeas

                                          2
petition starts running on the date “on which the [state court] judgment became

final by the conclusion of direct review or the expiration of the time for seeking

such review.” But § 2244(d)(2) provides that “[t]he time during which a properly

filed application for State post-conviction or other collateral review with respect to

the pertinent judgment or claim is pending shall not be counted.” In order for that

§ 2244(d)(2) statutory tolling to apply, the petitioner must file his state collateral

petition before the one-year period for filing his federal habeas petition has run.

McCloud v. Hooks, 

, 1227 (11th Cir. 2009); Alexander v. Sec’y,

Dep’t of Corr., 

, 1294 (11th Cir. 2008) abrogated on other grounds

by Wall v. Kholi, __ U.S. __, 

(2011); see also Hunter v. Ferrell,

, 1308 n.3 (11th Cir. 2009). Hutchinson’s state collateral petition

was not filed until October 20, 2005, which was twenty days after the entire one-

year period for filing the federal petition had run on September 30, 2005, and as a

result none of the limitations period for filing his federal petition was left to be

tolled. From that point on Hutchinson’s hopes for relief were riding all or nothing

on his state collateral petition, and the result came up nothing when the Florida

Supreme Court affirmed the denial of collateral relief. See 

–04.

      Hutchinson recognizes both that his federal habeas petition should have

                                           3
been filed by September 30, 2005, and that because his state collateral petition was

not filed until October 20, 2005, he cannot claim statutory tolling under §

2244(d)(2) for any of the time that his state collateral proceeding was ongoing.

His sole contention is that he is entitled to equitable tolling. See generally

Holland, 

. Equitable tolling is, well, equitable in nature, and

decisions regarding it must be made “on a case-by-case basis” in light of “specific

circumstances, often hard to predict in advance,” although we “can and do draw

upon decisions made in other similar cases for guidance.” 

(quotation

marks omitted). We turn now to the specific facts and circumstances of this case

as well as to the decisions in similar cases for guidance.

      The parties agree that the problem in this case arose because the attorneys

who filed Hutchinson’s state collateral petition misunderstood the date on which

the limitations period began to run at the end of the direct appeal process and, as a

result, they miscalculated the filing deadline. Because no petition for writ of

certiorari was filed in the United States Supreme Court as part of the direct appeal,

the time for filing the federal habeas petition started running upon “the expiration

of the time for seeking such review.” 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(A). Hutchinson’s

attorneys understood that, but they misunderstood when the time for seeking

certiorari review of a state court’s judgment expired. They thought that the time

                                          4
for doing so expired ninety days after the Florida Supreme Court issued its

mandate on July 22, 2004. See App. A ¶ 2. Instead, the time actually expired

ninety days after the issuance of the Florida Supreme Court’s judgment (the

opinion was the judgment), which had happened twenty-one days earlier on July 1,

2004. See Sup. Ct. R. 13.3 (“The time to file a petition for a writ of certiorari runs

from the date of entry of the judgment or order sought to be reviewed, and not

from the issuance date of the mandate (or its equivalent under local practice).”).

       As a result of that misunderstanding, Hutchinson’s attorneys miscalculated

the deadline by which they were required to file either Hutchinson’s federal

habeas petition or file his state collateral petition in time to statutorily toll the

federal limitations period. They believed that they had until October 20, 2005,

instead of September 30, 2005, which was the actual deadline.1 Because they filed

Hutchinson’s state collateral petition on October 20, 2005, the § 2244(d)(2) tolling

provision did not kick in and when Hutchinson finally filed his federal habeas

petition on July 24, 2009, it was three-and-three-quarters years too late.

       A petitioner has the burden of establishing his right—if “right” is not too


       1
         By our calculations, the actual deadline should have been September 29, 2005, because
that is one year after September 29, 2004, the date on which the judgment of the state court
became final under § 2244(d)(1)(A). For some reason, the district court said and the parties say
that the deadline was September 30, 2005. Because the difference makes no difference we will
use the September 30, 2005 date, too.

                                                5
strong a word in the area of equity—to equitable tolling. He must plead or proffer

enough facts that, if true, would justify an evidentiary hearing on the issue.

Chavez v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 

, 1060 (11th Cir. 2011). And

the allegations supporting equitable tolling must be specific and not conclusory.

The Supreme Court did say in Holland that although equitable relief

is flexible and all the facts and circumstances must be considered, we should

“draw upon decisions made in other similar cases for guidance.” 

. We take that statement to mean this is not an area free of rules of

law, governed entirely by the chancellor’s foot, but we are instead bound by

precedent to the extent that there is precedent.2



       2
       And it is a good thing that rules of precedent apply here. Even Blackstone, who was
something of a fan of equity, warned that:

       [T]he liberty of considering all cases in an equitable light, must not be indulged too far;
       lest thereby we destroy all law, and leave the decision of every question entirely in the
       breast of the judge. And law, without equity, though hard and disagreeable, is much more
       desirable for the public good, than equity without law: which would make every judge a
       legislator, and introduce most infinite confusion; as there would then be almost as many
       different rules of action laid down in our courts, as there are differences of capacity and
       sentiment in the human mind.

1 William Blackstone, Commentaries *62; see also 1 Joseph Story, Commentaries on Equity
Jurisprudence § 19, at 16 (13th ed. 1886) (“If indeed, a Court of Equity in England did possess
the unbounded jurisdiction which has been thus generally ascribed to it . . . it would be the most
gigantic in its sway, and the most formidable instrument of arbitrary power, that could well be
devised.”).



                                                 6
      Binding precedent has laid down two requirements that a federal habeas

petitioner must meet before a court can grant him equitable tolling of the §

2244(d) statute of limitations. In the Supreme Court’s words: “[A] petitioner is

entitled to equitable tolling only if he shows (1) that he has been pursuing his

rights diligently, and (2) that some extraordinary circumstance stood in his way.”

(quotation marks omitted); Lawrence v. Florida, 

, 336, 

, 1085 (2007); see also 

,

1068. The Supreme Court has also instructed us that “a garden variety claim of

excusable neglect such as a simple miscalculation that leads a lawyer to miss a

filing deadline does not warrant equitable tolling.” 

(citation and quotation marks omitted); 

–37, 127 S.Ct.

at 1085 (“Attorney miscalculation is simply not sufficient to warrant equitable

tolling, particularly in the postconviction context where prisoners have no

constitutional right to counsel.”); see also 

.

      This case involves, in Holland’s language, “a garden variety claim of

excusable neglect,” arising from “a simple miscalculation that leads a lawyer to

miss a filing deadline.” See 

(quotation marks omitted).

The attorneys who filed the state collateral petition for Hutchinson misunderstood

what § 2244(d)(1)(A)’s “expiration of the time for seeking such review” meant

                                          7
when read against Supreme Court Rule 13.3. The fact that they ought to have

known better does not justify equitable tolling.3 The attorneys who miscalculated

the deadline for filing in the Lawrence case did so because they were not aware of

well-settled law that should have prevented any confusion on their part. See

–37, 127 S.Ct. at 1085. Yet, the Supreme Court still

held that equitable tolling was not justified in that case because “[a]ttorney

miscalculation is simply not sufficient to warrant equitable tolling.” 

127 S.Ct. at 1085. If attorney miscalculation, error, or negligence were enough for

equitable tolling, the § 2244(d) statute of limitations would be tolled to the brink

of extinction because in practically every case where there is a failure to meet the

filing deadline an attorney is at fault. See 

(“In virtually



       3
         Any implicit criticism by us of Hutchinson’s attorneys for their mistake is tempered by
awareness that a panel of this Court made exactly the same mistake a year-and-a-half before
those two attorneys did. The opinion in Diaz v. Secretary for the Department of Corrections, 

(11th Cir. 2004), states that “[t]he 90-day period in which Diaz could have filed a
petition in the United States Supreme Court expired on June 19, 1997, at which time the clock
began to run on the one-year limitation for the filing of habeas petitions.” 

The
opinion in that case shows, however, that June 19, 1997 was 90 days after the state appellate
court’s mandate had issued and not 90 days after its opinion had issued, which was 16 days
earlier. See 

not know if the Diaz opinion confused Hutchinson’s counsel or if they
were even aware of it. What we do know is that no one is perfect; we all make mistakes.




                                               8
every case where the issue of equitable tolling comes up one or more attorneys

should have acted with more dispatch, but more than that is required.”).

      Hutchinson argues that more is involved here than simple attorney error or

miscalculation. The “more” that he contends is involved is set out in the affidavit

that he filed in the district court in response to the motion to dismiss his federal

habeas petition as untimely. (That affidavit is reproduced in full as Appendix A to

this opinion.) In his affidavit, Hutchinson states that he repeatedly expressed to

the two attorneys who were representing him his concern about the statute of

limitations, and on September 22, 2005 he told them “point blank and in no

uncertain terms to ‘either file my rule 3.851 motion immediately or I will

discharge you and file it myself.’” App. A ¶ 15. On that occasion, Hutchinson

recounts, both attorneys promised him that they “would file the motion on or

before September 28, 2005, though they went on to say that we had 90 days after

the mandate was issued by the Florida Supreme Court, so the rule 3.851 motion

was not actually due until ‘October 20th.’” 

Hutchinson, he again

told his two attorneys that if they did not file the Rule 3.851 motion “immediately”

he would file it himself because he knew that was “the only way [he] could

prevent the one-year limitations period from expiring on [his] 2254 petition.” 

“guaranteed” him that they would file the state court motion “no

                                           9
later than September 28, 2005.” 

did not do that. Instead, they filed

the state court motion on October 20, 2005.4

       Hutchinson alleges that but for his attorneys’ promise to file by September

28, 2005 he “would have discharged them and filed a pro se rule 3.851 motion to

prevent 28 U.S.C. § 2255(d)(1)’s [sic] one-year limitations period from expiring.”

App. A ¶ 16. He attached to his affidavit “facsimiles of the Notice of Pro Se

Status and Rule 3.851 Motion that [he] would have filed on September 23, 2005,

but for [the attorneys’] promise.” 

facsimiles are each dated

September 23, 2005 and signed by Hutchinson, indicating that he was ready,

willing, and able to file his motion to proceed pro se and his Rule 3.851 motion

on or soon after that date and would have done so but for his attorneys’ promises,




       4
          In his affidavit Hutchinson states that before the statute of limitations ran he met with
attorney Brody three times, App. A ¶¶ 7, 10, 12, with attorney Hazen four times, 

8, 11,
13, and with both of them on two other occasions, 

15. He states that during one of his
meetings with Brody alone, more than five months before the limitations period ran, Brody was
“visibly disoriented and smelled strongly of alcohol,” 

and during another meeting two-
and-a-half months before the limitations period ran Brody was “sweating profusely and smelled
of alcohol,” 

Hutchinson also says that on that later occasion Hazen told him that Brody
was “just having a lot of personal problems.” 

is no allegation that Brody’s
impairment, if any, caused the error in miscalculating the due date. See 

(holding that equitable tolling was not appropriate where “[t]here are . . . no allegations at
all that [state post-conviction counsel’s] health had affected his ability to handle the case up to
the time he withdrew or that it had prevented him from filing the motion for state post-conviction
relief sooner”). Nor has Hutchinson alleged that attorney Hazen, who actually signed and filed
the Rule 3.851 motion in state court on October 20, 2005, was ever impaired in any way.

                                                10
which were not kept.5

       Hutchinson knew, at least by October 19, 2005, that his attorneys had not

filed his state Rule 3.851 motion by the September 30, 2005 deadline (or the

September 28, 2005 deadline, as he had calculated it). We know that Hutchinson

knew that because October 19, 2005 is the date Hutchinson signed, under penalty

of perjury, the verification on the Rule 3.851 motion (which one of the attorneys

filed in state court the next day).6 Just twenty-seven days earlier he had told his

two attorneys that filing the Rule 3.851 motion in state court by September 28,

2005 was necessary to prevent the federal filing deadline from expiring. See App.



       5
         Hutchinson’s affidavit also states that on three occasions, the last of which was July 14,
2005, he asked his attorneys to file a “shell-brief” in state court in order to prevent the time from
running while they investigated his case and prepared the real motion for state collateral relief.
App. A ¶¶ 11, 13, 14. But attorney Hazen told him then that a state court “shell brief didn’t
provide the protection that it used to.” 

It appears that Hazen was correct about that.
The respondent’s brief in this case informs us that in 2001 Florida’s Rule 3.851 was amended to
prohibit the filing of shell motions, see Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.851(e)(1)(D); Gonzalez v. State, 

, 1034 & n.9 (Fla. 2008), and that shell motions are stricken by the Florida courts and
no longer can be used to meet filing deadlines. In his reply brief, Hutchinson does not take issue
with any of that information.
       6
         Although Hutchinson’s affidavit and the date of his signature on the federal habeas
petition establish beyond dispute that he knew his attorneys had missed the deadline for filing his
state petition, our separately writing colleague asserts that Hutchinson had no reason to file his
federal habeas petition until nearly four years later because he relied on his attorneys’ assurances
that they were doing what was necessary to protect his federal habeas rights. See Concurring Op.
at 25–26. That assertion is belied by Hutchinson’s own sworn statements, which establish that
he knew his attorneys had missed the deadline, yet for years after realizing that he still made no
attempt to file in federal court the collateral petition he had already drafted. However judges may
feel about the law applicable to this or any other area, we have no license to rewrite the facts of a
case.

                                                 11
A ¶ 15. And Hutchinson had already drafted, dated, and had ready to file a

complete petition setting out all of the claims that he wanted to raise. 

By simply changing the name of the court in which that petition was to be

filed, Hutchinson himself could have filed his federal habeas petition on or soon

after October 20, 2005, which would have been just twenty days after the

expiration of the one-year limitations period.7

       Yet Hutchinson did nothing of the sort for nearly four years. He did not file

his pro se habeas petition in federal court until July 24, 2009, which was long after

the state trial court had denied his Rule 3.851 motion on January 3, 2008, and was

also after the Florida Supreme Court had affirmed that denial on July 9, 2009.


       7
          Had Hutchinson done so, the federal district court could have held his federal habeas
petition in abeyance until his efforts to secure state collateral relief were completed. See Rhines
v. Weber, 

, 278–79, 

, 1535 (2005). Our colleague’s suggestion that a
district court might dismiss such a petition without abusing its discretion is contradicted by the
only authority she cites for that proposition, which is the Rhines decision. See Concurring Op. at
26 n.21. The Supreme Court stated in Rhines that:

       [I]t likely would be an abuse of discretion for a district court to deny a stay and to
       dismiss a mixed petition if the petitioner had good cause for his failure to exhaust,
       his unexhausted claims are potentially meritorious, and there is no indication that
       the petitioner engaged in intentionally dilatory litigation tactics. In such
       circumstances, the district court should stay, rather than dismiss, the mixed
       petition. See 

, 

(the total exhaustion
       requirement was not intended to “unreasonably impair the prisoner’s right to
       relief”). In such a case, the petitioner’s interest in obtaining federal review of his
       claims outweighs the competing interests in finality and speedy resolution of
       federal petitions.

, 125 S.Ct. at 1535.

                                                12
More to the point, Hutchinson waited to file his federal petition for three years,

nine months and five days—a total of 1,374 days—after he learned on October 19,

2005 that his attorneys had missed the deadline for a filing in state court that

would have tolled the federal limitations period. There is nothing in Hutchinson’s

affidavit or in his briefs to explain his delay of nearly four years. Nothing.

      We need not decide whether Hutchinson has established that an

extraordinary circumstance stood in the way of his meeting the § 2244(d) filing

deadline, because he has not carried his burden of showing that he pursued his

rights diligently. See 

; 

, 127

S.Ct. at 1085; see also 

, 1068. Although Hutchinson’s

affidavit may show that he diligently attempted to have his state collateral motion

filed in time to give him the benefit of § 2244(d) statutory tolling, it does not show

that once that opportunity was missed he pursued his federal rights diligently.

Instead, his affidavit and the other materials he has submitted show that he had in

hand a petition that he could have re-labeled and filed pro se in federal court

within three weeks after the one-year limitations period ran, but he waited three-

and-three-quarter years before he filed a pro se federal habeas petition. That is not

reasonable diligence.

      Hutchinson’s lengthy delay in filing his pro se federal habeas petition stands

                                          13
in stark contrast to the petitioner’s diligence in the Holland case. The Supreme

Court stressed that “the very day that Holland discovered that his AEDPA clock

had expired due to [his attorney’s] failings, Holland prepared his own habeas

petition pro se and promptly filed it with the District Court.” 

(emphasis in original). Holland’s filing of his federal habeas petition the day

after he learned that “his AEDPA clock had expired due to [his attorney’s]

failings” may be “maximum feasible diligence,” 

not required.

But Hutchinson’s failure to do anything to get his federal habeas petition filed for

nearly four years after he learned that the AEDPA clock had run out due to his

attorneys’ miscalculation is not even “reasonable diligence,” which is required, 

court did not err in concluding that Hutchinson was not entitled

to equitable tolling of 1,393 days.

      AFFIRMED.




                                         14
BARKETT, Circuit Judge, concurring in the result only:

       Initially, I disagree with the majority’s holding that Hutchinson was not

reasonably diligent in pursuing his claims. He did everything any reasonable

client would do to assure that his lawyers protected his interests, including

imploring his lawyers to file his post-conviction pleadings in a timely manner.

The majority’s suggestion that Hutchinson should have filed a placeholder pro se

habeas petition is simply not logical when Hutchinson was represented by lawyers

who were assuring him that his claims were being pursued.

       However, no matter how diligent Hutchinson was or could have been, as the

law stands today, this Court still could not grant Hutchinson the relief of equitable

tolling because the Supreme Court has held that, notwithstanding his diligence, a

defendant is responsible for and must bear the consequences of his lawyer’s

negligence.1 See 

–37; Coleman v. Thompson, 

, 753–54 (1991); see also Martinez v. Ryan, 566 U.S. ___ , ___ (2012) (slip

op., at 7); 

.

       The holdings of Lawrence and Coleman are premised on the continued


       1
         In order to merit equitable tolling, a petitioner must establish “(1) that he has been
pursuing his rights diligently, and (2) that some extraordinary circumstance stood in his way.”
Holland v. Florida, 560 U.S. ___, ___,

, 2562 (2010) (internal quotation marks
omitted). A lawyer’s negligence does not constitute an “extraordinary circumstance.” See 

(citing Lawrence v. Florida, 

, 336 (2007)). Here, where Hutchinson’s lawyers
negligently filed his state post-conviction petition too late to statutorily toll the federal habeas
filing deadline, their negligence does not constitute an “extraordinary circumstance.”
application to death row inmates of the agency theory of the lawyer-client

relationship. See, e.g., Maples v. Thomas, 565 U.S. ___, ___, 

, 922

(2012) (explaining that Coleman’s holding was based on “well-settled principles

of agency law” that “the principal bears the risk of negligent conduct on the part of

his agent.”). However, as amplified below, none of the key assumptions

underlying the application of an agency relationship to a death-sentenced client

and his lawyer are valid in the post-conviction context.2 When the law already

recognizes equitable exceptions to holding a client responsible for his lawyer’s

actions under circumstances with less drastic consequences, an exception should

also be made for death row inmates so that their lawyer’s negligence does not

preclude federal review of constitutional claims.

                      I. Agency Principles and Death Row Inmates

       An agency relationship exists to permit one person to act on behalf of

another.3 Generally the principal chooses an agent to act on his behalf for a


       2
          See Adam Liptak, Foreword, Agency and Equity: Why do we blame clients for their
lawyers’ mistakes?, 

. R. 875, 875 (2012) (stating that “clients and lawyers fit the
agency model imperfectly. Agency law is built on the concepts of free choice, consent, and
loyalty, and it is not unusual to find lawyer-client relationships in which some or all of these
elements are missing.”).
       3
         See 1 Floyd R. Mechem Treatise on the Law of Agency § 80 (2d ed. 1914) (“It is the
general rule that an agency may be created for the performance of any lawful act, and that
whatever a person may lawfully do, if acting in his own right and in his own behalf, he may
lawfully delegate to an agent.”).

                                                 16
specific purpose,4 and in a traditional lawyer-client relationship, a client hires a

lawyer to represent him in a discrete legal matter. The legitimacy of transferring

responsibility for the lawyer’s negligence from the lawyer to the client is based on

several assumptions that underpin the agency relationship. First, it is assumed that

the client voluntarily chooses his lawyer for competence, diligence, and loyalty.5

Second, it is assumed that the client has the ability to direct the actions of the

lawyer6 or, at the very least, that constant and adequate opportunities exist for

communication between the client and his lawyer.7

       But these assumptions do not apply to inmates on death row, almost all of

whom do not choose their lawyers. Instead they must depend on appointed or pro

bono volunteer counsel who too often lack expertise in post-conviction death

penalty representation. See, e.g., 

. Consequently, the

representation provided in state and federal post-conviction proceedings is too




       4
         See Restatement (Second) of Agency § 1 (1958) (“Agency is the fiduciary relation
which results from the manifestation of consent by one person to another that the other shall act
on his behalf and subject to his control, and consent by the other so to act.”).
       5
           See Model Rules of Prof’l Conduct R. 1.1, 1.3 (2009).
       6
           See 

       7
           See 

                                                17
often inadequate.8 For example, former Florida Supreme Court Justice Raul

Cantero stated that “some of the [appointed] counsel have little or no experience in

death penalty cases. They have not raised the right issues . . . [and] [s]ometimes

they raise too many issues and still haven’t raised the right ones.”9 Florida

Supreme Court Justice Barbara Pariente has also stated that “[a]s for [appointed]

counsel, we have observed deficiencies and we would definitely endorse the need

for increased standards for [appointed] counsel, as well as a continuing system of




       8
          See Jordan M. Steiker, Improving Representation in Capital Cases: Establishing the
Right Baselines in Federal Habeas to Promote Structural Reform Within States, 34 Am. J. Crim.
L. 293, 297–300 (2007) (discussing the “crisis” in the quality of representation in both the trial
and post-conviction stages of capital cases); see also Jon B. Gold & Lisa Greenman, Update on
the Cost and Quality of Defense Representation in Federal Death Penalty Cases 87–88 (2010)
(discussing repercussions of inadequate representation in federal habeas context); American Bar
Association, Evaluating Fairness and Accuracy in State Death Penalty Systems: The Alabama
Death Penalty Assessment Report 97 (June 2006) (“Although anecdotes about inadequate
defenses long have been part of trial court lore, a comprehensive 2000 study shows definitively
that poor representation has been a major cause of serious errors in capital cases as well as a
major factor in the wrongful conviction and sentencing to death of innocent defendants.”);
American Bar Association, Evaluating Fairness and Accuracy in State Death Penalty Systems:
The Georgia Death Penalty Assessment Report iii (January 2006) (“The State of Georgia is
virtually alone in not providing indigent defendants sentenced to death with counsel for state
habeas proceedings. The lack of counsel on state habeas . . . creates a situation where this critical
constitutional safeguard is so undermined as to be ineffective.”); American Bar Association,
Evaluating Fairness and Accuracy in State Death Penalty Systems: The Florida Death Penalty
Assessment Report iv (September 2006) (“Florida’s statutory qualification requirements for
capital collateral registry attorneys fall short of the requirements of the ABA Guidelines . . . and
are insufficient to ensure qualified counsel for every death-sentenced inmate.”).
       9
        See Marc Caputo, Justice Blasts Lawyers Over Death Row Appeals, Miami Herald, Jan.
28, 2005, at 1B.

                                                 18
screening and monitoring to ensure minimum levels of competence.”10 Likewise,

Alabama’s death row representation suffers from the same problems. The

Supreme Court noted that not only does Alabama set “low eligibility requirements

for lawyers appointed to represent indigent capital defendants at trial,” 

, it is “[n]early alone” in not “guarantee[ing] representation to

indigent capital defendants in post-conviction proceedings,” 

Instead,

Alabama primarily relies on the efforts of out-of-state volunteer lawyers to handle

post-conviction representation. 

analogy also breaks down because death row inmates have a

limited ability to communicate with their lawyers.11 Prisons are often located in

far-flung places that are difficult for lawyers to reach and often the lawyers are not

even located within the same state as their death row clients. Additionally,

inmates have restricted access to phones, the internet, and law libraries. In

Lawrence and Holland, it was the lack of access to word processing systems and a



       10
        See Gary Blakenship, Registry Lawyers Defended at Committee Meeting, Fla. Bar
News, April 1, 2005, at 5.
       11
           “[A] habeas petitioner’s limited ability to communicate with the outside world is a
barrier to his ability to diligently request information from, or monitor the conduct of, his
defaulting attorney.” See Marni von Wilpert, Comment, Holland v. Florida: A Prisoner’s Last
Chance, Attorney Error, and the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act’s One-Year
Statute of Limitations Period for Federal Habeas Corpus Review, 79 Fordham L. Rev. 1429,
1469 (2010).

                                               19
law library that hampered the petitioners’ ability to communicate with their

attorneys. See Brief for Petitioners at 11 n.25, Lawrence, 

(No. 05-

8820); Petitioner’s Brief on the Merits at 2 n.1., Holland, 

(No. 09-

5327). In Alabama, death row inmates’ phone calls are limited to twenty-five

minutes, with prison officials determining the schedule and frequency of phone

conversations.12 According to Georgia’s inmate orientation handbook, phone calls

in Georgia prisons are limited to fifteen minutes.13

       Moreover, if a death row inmate is held in a super-maximum security prison

or a segregation housing unit (“SHU”), which most are, these barriers may be even

more difficult to overcome. First, access to basic reading and writing materials

may be entirely restricted, depending on how much of a security threat the inmate

is deemed to be. See, e.g., Beard v. Banks, 

(2006) (upholding prison

regulation that denies access to written material to violent inmates). Second,

communication with the outside world becomes even more challenging and more

restricted. “In virtually every state, death-row inmates are ‘locked down’ in their

cell for most of the day, have little or no access to educational or other prison


       12
        Alabama Department of Corrections, Inmate Telephone System Admin. Reg. 431 §
V(K) (2005).
       13
           Georgia Department of Corrections, Orientation Handbook for Offenders 64, available
at http://www.dcor.state.ga.us/pdf/GDC_Inmate_Handbook.pdf.

                                              20
programs, and experience great isolation and loss of relationships.”14 As Justice

Kennedy has observed, “incarceration at [a super-maximum security prison] is

synonymous with extreme isolation.” Wilkinson v. Austin, 

, 214

(2005). Finally, the psychological effects of spending extended periods in solitary

confinement—commonly known as SHU syndrome—may impair an inmate’s

mental capabilities to the extent that his active participation in litigation becomes

impossible.15

       Finally, even if death row inmates were given the ability to access their

attorneys without these formidable obstacles, most death row inmates lack the

skills and intellect to supervise, direct or police the activities of their lawyers in

the way that the agency paradigm assumes. “Capital inmates almost uniformly are

indigent, and often illiterate and uneducated.”16 The dangers of these

shortcomings are all the more pronounced in the context of federal habeas

       14
         John H. Blume, Killing the Willing: “Volunteers,” Suicide and Competency, 

. Rev. 939, 966 (2004).
       15
          See generally Craig Haney, Mental Health Issues in Long-term Solitary and
“Supermax” Confinement, 49 Crime & Delinq. 124, 130-141 (2003) (describing the SHU
syndrome and the long-term effects of solitary confinement on prison inmates); Stuart Grassian,
Psychiatric Effects of Solitary Confinement, 22 Wash U. J.L. & Pol’y 325, 333–45 (2006)
(same); see also Miller ex. rel. Jones v. Stewart, 

, 1252 (9th Cir. 2000) (“[I]t is
well accepted that conditions such as those present in SMU II . . . can cause psychological
decompensation to the point that individuals may become imcompetent.”).
       16
         Roscoe C. Howard, Jr., The Defunding of the Post Conviction Defense Organizations
as a Denial of the Right to Counsel, 

. Rev. 863, 902 (1996).

                                               21
proceedings, “the unique and complex nature” of which the Supreme Court has

long recognized. See McFarland v. Scott, 

, 855 (1994). “[T]he

complexity of our jurisprudence in this area makes it unlikely that capital

defendants will be able to file successful petitions for collateral relief without the

assistance of persons learned in the law.” 

(internal alterations

omitted); quoting Murray v. Giarratano, 

, 28 (1989) (Kennedy, J., joined

by O’Connor, J., concurring in judgment); see also 

(Stevens, J., joined by

Brennan, Marshall, and Blackmun, JJ., dissenting) (“[T]his Court’s death penalty

jurisprudence unquestionably is difficult even for a trained lawyer to master.”).

Given its acknowledgment of the challenges habeas proceedings present to

lawyers, it is not surprising that the Supreme Court recently noted in 

, at ___ (slip op., at 9), that “[t]he prisoner, unlearned in the law, may not

comply with the State’s procedural rules or may misapprehend the substantive

details of federal constitutional law.” Although Martinez dealt specifically with

the ability of a prisoner to pursue a post-conviction petition in state court, there

can be no doubt that the same limitations are present in the federal post-conviction

context as well.17


       17
         See Halbert v. Michigan, 

, 621 (2005) (“Sixty-eight percent of the state
prison population did not complete high school, and many lack the most basic literacy skills. . . .
Seven out of ten inmates fall in the lowest two out of five levels of literacy–marked by an

                                                22
        Moreover, a habeas petitioner is not permitted to interfere with his lawyer’s

determinations regarding which claims to raise. See Jones v. Barnes, 

, 751 (1983). Even if a client wanted to correct his lawyer’s mistakes, he

would not be entitled to do so. A prisoner does not have a right to file pro se

pleadings while represented by counsel. See United States v. Gwiazdzinski, 

, 787 (7th Cir. 1998). Courts routinely decline to consider pro se

pleadings when an inmate is represented by counsel. See Downs v. McNeil, 

, 1324 (11th Cir. 2008) (“[E]ven a savvy petitioner, who may see the

clock running out on his habeas time, can only cajole [or] plead with his counsel to

file the petition timely.”) (citations omitted); see also 11th Cir. R. 25-1 (“When a

party is represented by counsel, the clerk may not accept filings from the

party.”).18

        These many obstacles render the principal-agent relationship inapplicable in




inability to do such basic tasks as write a brief letter to explain an error on a credit card bill, use a
bus schedule, or state in writing an argument made in a lengthy newspaper article.”) (internal
alterations and citations omitted).
        18
          See also S.D. Fla. R. 7.7 (“Any party represented by an attorney shall not: (a) address or
present to the Court in the form of a letter or the like any application requesting relief in any
form, citing authorities, or presenting arguments: and (b) shall not furnish the Court with copies
of correspondence between or among counsel, or any party represented by an attorney.”); N.D.
Fla. R. 7.1 (F) (same); M.D. Fla. R. 2.03(d) (“Any party for whom a general appearance of
counsel has been made shall not thereafter take any step or be heard in the case in proper person,
absent prior leave of Court.”).

                                                   23
the post-conviction context. An inmate’s inability to supervise and control the

actions of his lawyer makes this relationship far more akin to the paradigm of an

independent contractor than a traditional agency relationship.19 The negligent acts

of an independent contractor, unlike those of an agent, are not imputed to the

employer for the very reason that the employer lacks the power to meaningfully

supervise the contractor.

      The reality of the quality of post-conviction death penalty representation

available to indigent inmates on death row does not meet the Supreme Court’s

recognition that Congress intended these inmates to have access to “quality legal

representation” when it mandated the statutory right to counsel. 

, 859 (“[F]ederal habeas corpus has a particularly important role to play

in promoting fundamental fairness in the imposition of the death penalty.”); see

also 18 U.S.C. § 3599(a)(2), (d) (2006) (recodification of 21 U.S.C. §§ 848(q)(4)-

(10) (1988)). Congress provided for a statutory right to qualified counsel in

federal habeas proceedings in light of the “seriousness of the possible penalty . . .

and the unique and complex nature of the litigation.” 18 U.S.C. § 3599(d). Indeed,

the Supreme Court, recognizing the complexity of federal habeas proceedings,

held that the statutory right to counsel must begin even prior to the filing of a


      19
           See W. Page Keeton et al., Prosser and Keeton on Torts § 71 (5th ed. 1984).

                                                24
federal habeas petition. 

.

       The circumstances surrounding Hutchinson’s lawyers’ negligent filing of

his state post-conviction motion in this case illustrate the difficulties faced by a

death row inmate who attempts to work diligently with his lawyers. While on

death row, Hutchinson maintained communication—to the best of his

ability—with his lawyers and repeatedly asked them to timely file his state post-

conviction motion so as to toll the filing deadline for his federal habeas petition.20

Even the majority recognizes that Hutchinson was reasonably diligent up to the

time that his lawyers filed his motion for state post-conviction relief. What other

steps could Hutchinson reasonably have taken? Should he not have trusted his

lawyers when they assured him they were aware of and would comply with all

filing deadlines? There is certainly no expectation that a civil client will shadow

his lawyer’s every move to ensure that all deadlines are met and all filings are in

order. On the contrary, a represented client has every right to assume that his

lawyer will competently discharge his duties.

       Nonetheless, the majority concludes that Hutchinson was not reasonably

       20
           The fact that Hutchinson signed the Rule 3.851 motion on October 19, 2005 does not
establish beyond dispute that he knew that his attorneys had missed the deadline for filing his
state petition. Although Hutchinson kept asking his lawyers to file his state petition, there is
nothing to indicate that he knew the precise deadline. It is equally consistent with the facts to
believe that he simply wanted his state petition filed and later accepted his attorneys’ advice that
the deadline was October 20, 2005.

                                                 25
diligent because he should have filed a pro se federal habeas petition and asked to

have it held in abeyance until his efforts to secure state collateral relief were

completed. This course of action surely cannot be required of a client when he has

legal representation.21 A reasonable prisoner would have no cause to file

his own pleadings for the simple reason that it is assumed that it is his lawyer’s job

to do so. Especially here, where Hutchinson’s lawyers repeatedly assured him that

they would file on time, Hutchinson had no reason to pursue an alternative avenue

of relief. Reasonably relying on his lawyers’ assurances that they were doing what

was necessary to protect his federal habeas rights, Hutchinson did not file a pro se

federal habeas petition until it was too late.

       21
           Indeed, there is no guarantee that such a placeholder petition would be accepted by the
federal district court. See Rhines v. Weber, 

, 277 (2005) (“[S]tay and abeyance
should be available only in limited circumstances . . . and is only appropriate when the district
court determines there was good cause for the petitioner’s failure to present his claims first to the
state courts.”). In a concurring opinion with the judgment in Rhines, Justice Stevens, with whom
Justices Ginsburg and Breyer joined, observed that conditioning the stay-and-abeyance procedure
on “good cause” instead of simply on a lack of “intentionally dilatory litigation tactics” left open
the door for “[t]he trickiness of some exhaustion requirements to infect issues of good cause . . .
.” 

Moreover, Rhines concerned an issue distinct from the case at hand in which some
habeas corpus claims had been exhausted in state court and others had not. The stay-and-
abeyance procedure was endorsed in limited circumstances in order to preserve the petitioner’s
interest in obtaining review of his claims. 

In contrast, the good cause inquiry in this
case would have involved issues of attorney negligence. In addition, Hutchinson’s ability to
attempt to prevail upon the stay-and-abeyance procedure turned on both his access to information
about the procedure, and a presumption that he did not believe his attorneys’ advice that the
filing deadline for his application for state post-conviction relief in order to preserve his federal
habeas corpus right was on October 20, 2005. Under these circumstances, it is far from certain
that Hutchinson would have been granted stay-and-abeyance by a district court applying the good
cause standard and unlikely that a panel of this Court would have reversed a district court denial
thereof on an abuse of discretion review.

                                                 26
           II. Exceptions to Client Responsibility for Lawyer’s Conduct

      Death row inmates should not be precluded from having their federal claims

reviewed because of their lawyer’s negligence. Exceptions to the principle that all

clients are responsible for the negligence of their lawyers exist elsewhere in the

law. For example, when more important countervailing values are at stake,

various rules of civil procedure provide courts with discretion to excuse

procedural defaults in cases of lawyer negligence. See, e.g., Dove v. CODESCO,

, 810 (4th Cir. 1978) (“[T]he sanctions for attorney neglect should be

borne if at all possible by the attorney himself rather than by his client.”); Jackson

v. Washington Monthly Co., 

, 123, n.23 (D.C. Cir. 1977) (“[A] sound

discretion hardly comprehends a pointless exaction of retribution. Dismissals for

misconduct attributable to lawyers, and in no [way] to their clients, invariably

penalize the innocent and may let the guilty off scot-free.”).

      Rule 60(b)(1), for example, provides relief from a final judgment for

excusable neglect, which can “encompass situations in which the failure to comply

with a filing deadline is attributable to negligence.” United States v. Davenport,

, 1324 (11th Cir. 2012). Similarly, Rule 55(c) has been applied to

give a client relief from the entry of a default that was caused by the negligence of

an attorney under the “good cause standard.” Shepard Claims Serv., Inc. v.

                                          27
William Darrah & Assocs., 

, 195 (6th Cir. 1986). Exceptions such as

those available under Rules 55(c) and 60(b) exist because, unlike a pure

principal-agent relationship, most clients are not able to exercise perfect control

over their lawyers.

      Likewise, under Rule 11, the agency principle is put aside in order for

courts to direct sanctions toward lawyers—and not their clients—when clients are

not implicated in or aware of the offending attorney error, bad faith, or negligence

that fall within a lawyer’s professional zone of control. Under Rule 11,

“[s]anctionable conduct by a party’s counsel does not necessarily parlay into

sanctionable conduct by a party.” Byrne v. Nezhat, 

, 1123 (11th

Cir. 2001) (citation omitted).

      And under Rule 37, a district court has broad discretion to apportion

sanctions for discovery abuses between lawyers and their clients. Devany v.

Cont’l Am. Ins. Co., 

, 1162 (11th Cir. 1993). For example, Rule 37

is not construed to authorize the sanction of dismissal “because of petitioner’s

noncompliance with a pretrial production order when it has been established that

failure to comply has been due to inability, and not to willfulness, bad faith, or any

fault of petitioner.” Societe Internationale pour Participations Industrielles et

Commerciales, S.A. v. Rogers, 

, 212 (1958). This Court has held that

                                          28
“[a] party’s simple negligence or other action grounded in a misunderstanding of a

court order does not warrant dismissal.” Equal Employment Opportunity

Comm’n, 

, 1357 (11th Cir. 1982). See also Malautea v. Suzuki

Motor Co., Ltd., 

, 1542 (11th Cir. 1993) (stating that “[v]iolation of

a discovery order caused by simple negligence, misunderstanding, or inability to

comply will not justify a Rule 37 default judgment or dismissal.”).

      Making death row inmates wholly responsible for a lawyer’s negligence

does not ensure that lawyers will timely assert their clients’ claims. Death row

clients have little ability to hold their lawyers accountable for their negligence.

And a policy of punishing death row inmates for such mistakes does not improve

the timeliness of lawyers’ actions. While civil litigants can seek relief for a

lawyer’s mistake through a malpractice lawsuit, there is no remedy for a death row

inmate. When a lawyer’s negligence forecloses consideration of the entirety of the

death row inmate’s federal claims, the result is the imposition of the death penalty

without federal review.

      These cases and examples illustrate that countervailing values forge

exceptions in the law. The countervailing value here is the protection of the right

to federal review of a death row inmate’s federal habeas petition, which is

premised, in part, on “equitable principles [which] have traditionally governed the

                                          29
substantive law of habeas corpus.” 

(quotation marks

omitted) (holding that the one-year statutory filing deadline for federal habeas

petitions is subject to equitable tolling). Thus, in Holland, which presented the

same question as is presented here, the Supreme Court framed the inquiry as one

of how equity applies while still acknowledging the federal statutory filing

deadline. See 

The Court noted that the countervailing value of

federalism weighs more heavily in the case of failing to comply with a state’s

procedural rules than it does for equitable tolling of the federal habeas filing

deadline which is concerned only “with federal timing rules.” 

considerations in mind, the Court rejected a per se approach to the previously

unqualified rule that “a petitioner must bear the risk of attorney error” in the

context of Holland’s case. Id.22

       More recently in 

, the Court held that a lawyer’s

conduct that constitutes abandonment of his death row inmate client will also

provide the necessary basis for equitable tolling of the federal habeas filing

deadline. The Court reached this conclusion, in part, because even agency

       22
          The crucial importance of the broader availability of equitable tolling is highlighted by
the subsequent developments in Holland’s case. Upon eventual remand to the district court,
which granted Holland equitable tolling and then considered the merits of the constitutional
claims raised in Holland’s federal habeas petition, the court granted him habeas relief on his
Faretta v. California, 

(1975) claim. Holland v. Tucker, No. 06-civ-20182 (S.D. Fla.
March 30, 2012) (order granting in part petition for habeas corpus).

                                                30
principles acknowledge an exception to the assumption that a client must bear the

risk of the acts or omissions of his lawyer in the case of abandonment. 

grant equitable tolling only in cases of complete lawyer

abandonment or something akin to gross negligence does not go far enough. See

(Alito, J., concurring in the judgment) (“Allowing

equitable tolling in cases involving gross rather than ordinary attorney negligence

would not only fail to make sense in light of our prior cases; it would also be

impractical in the extreme. . . . [I]t has been aptly said that gross negligence is

ordinary negligence with a vituperative epithet added.”). Where is the equity in

denying the same relief to one inmate just because the acts or omissions of his

lawyer were slightly less egregious than another inmate’s lawyer? Instead, the

reality is that death row inmates’ access to competent, post-conviction legal

representation is at best inconsistent and at worst non-existent and their ability to

communicate freely and actively participate in their litigation is seriously

compromised. Under this reality, I question whether strict adherence to the

principle that a death row inmate must bear the consequences of his lawyer’s

negligence is fair or just.




                                           31