DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA
                              FOURTH DISTRICT

              LAND COMPANY OF OSCEOLA COUNTY, LLC,
                            Appellant,

                                     v.

                       GENESIS CONCEPTS, INC.,
                              Appellee.

                              No. 4D14-0879

                               [July 1, 2015]

  Appeal from the Circuit Court for the Fifteenth Judicial Circuit, Palm
Beach County; Thomas H. Barkdull, III, Judge; L.T. Case No.
502011CA005427XX.

   Adam J. Hodkin and David W. Rodstein of Padula Hodkin, PLLC, Boca
Raton, for appellant.

   Glenn J. Webber of Glenn J. Webber, P.A., Stuart, for appellee.

PER CURIAM.

    Appellant, Land Company of Osceola County, LLC, appeals the trial
court’s entry of final judgment in favor of Appellee, Genesis Concepts, Inc.,
awarding Genesis $85,000 in damages for services provided to Land
Company on a theory of quantum meruit. Land Company argues that the
trial court erred in entering a judgment in quantum meruit because the
parties had entered into a valid express contract which covered the same
services performed. We agree, and reverse the final judgment. Because
an express contract existed between the parties, Genesis’s recovery in
quantum meruit was inappropriate.

   In 2009, Land Company was in the planning phase of a real estate
development project known as the City of Destiny and sought Genesis’s
services in order to obtain governmental approval of the project. After
discussions with Land Company, Genesis drafted and submitted a Letter
of Agreement. The Letter of Agreement described the scope of Genesis’s
services as a series of steps:
     Step 1: Analyze base data and review existing concept plan
     and planning principles, research comparative iconic
     structures and develop story line and begin sketch selection.

     Step 2: Prepare preliminary sketches based on approved
     story line strategy.

     Step 3:   Prepare final vision rendering.

     Step 4:   Additional services.

The fees associated with each step were next listed at $25,000, $25,000,
and $35,000 respectively for the first three steps, with any additional
services to be provided at an hourly rate upon request. Following this
specific designation of fees for each step, the Letter of Agreement then
stated the following in regard to the payment of fees for Step 1:

     Payment for fees for Step 1:
     $25,000 will work as a retainer prior to the start of work. The
     remaining payment for each step shall be due within 20 days
     of receipt of Genesis Concepts invoice upon completion of the
     step. Invoices will be rendered between the 1st and 10th day
     of each month. The Client agrees to pay when due that
     portion of an invoice not in dispute.

(emphasis added). The Letter of Agreement concluded with the following
paragraph:

     ACCEPTANCE. Please understand that this proposal will be
     valid for 30 days from the date of this letter. If this proposal
     meets with your approval, please execute both copies and
     return one copy to us for our files.

   The Letter of Agreement was approved, accepted, and signed by
representatives of both parties. The same day, an invoice was submitted
to Land Company for payment of the $25,000 retainer fee. Despite
executing the Letter of Agreement, however, Land Company did not pay
the $25,000 retainer. Nevertheless, Genesis performed all of the work
contemplated by the agreement. Though Genesis submitted invoices to
Land Company for the progress payments pursuant to the agreement,
totaling $85,000, Land Company made no payments to Genesis for the
work it completed.

  Though the record on appeal does not include the initial complaint or

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any amended complaints, review of the transcript of Genesis’s opening
statement during the nonjury trial reveals that Genesis’s complaint
initially asserted two causes of action, breach of contract and quantum
meruit. It further appears from the opening statement, arguments
presented at trial, and the joint pretrial statement, that Genesis
abandoned its breach of contract claim and proceeded to trial only on a
theory of quantum meruit. The theory of quantum meruit was premised
on the assertion that a condition precedent to the formation of a contract
was not met; therefore, no contract was created.1

   At the non-jury trial, the president of Genesis was the only witness to
testify. He testified that all of the work contemplated by the Letter of
Agreement had been performed, but that Land Company had not paid the
retainer fee or any of the other progress payments totaling $85,000. He
explained that Genesis began working on the project even without being
paid because he expected payment pursuant to the contract, and expected
a future contract for additional work on the project.

   In support of its theory for recovery under quantum meruit, counsel for
Genesis argued to the trial court that the payment of the $25,000 retainer
fee was a condition precedent to the contract, and that because the
retainer fee was not paid within the thirty days provided for by the Letter
of Agreement and prior to the commencement of the work, the contract
never came into fruition. Thus, Genesis argued that it was entitled to
recovery under quantum meruit because it had provided Land Company
with its services, and Genesis was never told to stop working or that its
work was unauthorized.

   Counsel for Land Company also agreed that the $25,000 retainer fee
was a condition precedent, but maintained that a contract had indeed
been formed between the parties. Specifically, Land Company argued that
the Letter of Agreement was a contract executed by the parties, and that
the retainer fee was a condition precedent to Genesis’s performance, and
not a condition precedent to the contract formation. As such, Land
Company asserted that the parties had entered into an express contract,
and that because there was an express contract, Genesis could not recover
under quantum meruit.

  In awarding damages based on quantum meruit, the trial court did not
make an express ruling with regard to whether the retainer fee constituted

1Genesis’s brief argues only that recovery is appropriate under quantum meruit
and does not seek recovery under an express contract. The record does not reflect
why Genesis abandoned its contract claim.

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a condition precedent to Genesis’s performance versus contract formation.
In announcing its reasoning for deciding in favor of Genesis, the trial court
said nothing about the retainer fee. However, the trial court announced
its reasoning as follows:

      It’s clear that the work was done, that it was requested by
      [Land Company], that [Genesis] presented the work, and the
      amount requested for the work was $85,000. The contractual
      claim has been waived, therefore, the only claim being made
      at this time was for quantum meruit. I find based upon the
      uncontroverted testimony that $85,000 is an appropriate
      amount to be awarded with prejudgment interest.

Subsequently, a final judgment in favor of Genesis was entered.
   Quantum meruit “provide[s] a remedy where one party was unjustly
enriched, where that party received a benefit under circumstances that
made it unjust to retain it without giving compensation.” Commerce P’ship
8098 Ltd. P’ship v. Equity Contracting Co., Inc., 

, 386 (Fla.
4th DCA 1997) (en banc). However, it is well settled that proof of an
express contract covering the services in question precludes relief in
quantum meruit because the law will not imply a contract where a valid
express contract exists. See, eg., Harding Realty, Inc. v. Turnberry Towers
Corp., 

(Fla. 3d DCA 1983); Garcia v. Cosicher, 

, 463, n.2 (Fla. 3d DCA 1983). Thus, we must first decide if there was
a valid express contract between the parties. Whether a valid express
contract was formed depends on whether the retainer fee was a condition
precedent to the formation of the contract or performance under the
contract.

   On appeal, we review the interpretation of a written contract de novo.
Command Sec. Corp. v. Moffa, 

, 1099 (Fla. 4th DCA 2012)
(quoting Gilman Yacht Sales, Inc. v. FMB Invs., Inc., 

, 296
(Fla. 4th DCA 2000)).

   “A condition precedent is an act or event, other than a lapse of time,
that must occur before a binding contract will arise.” Mitchell v. DiMare,

, 1180 (Fla. 5th DCA 2006) (citing J. Calamari & J. Perrilo,
Contracts, § 11-5 (3d ed. 1987); Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 250
(1981)). “A condition may be either a condition precedent to the formation
of a contract or a condition precedent to performance under an existing
contract.” 

“In the case of a condition precedent to
formation, . . . the contract does not exist unless and until the condition
occurs.” 

Thus, “[n]o binding contract is formed
when a condition precedent to its formation never occurs.” Surgical

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Partners, LLC v. Choi, 

, 1269 (Fla. 4th DCA 2012). On the
other hand, “[i]n the case of a condition precedent to performance, a
contract exists that may be enforced pursuant to its terms.” 

(emphasis added).

   Generally, “conditions precedent are not favored, and the courts will
not construe provisions to be such, unless required to do so by plain,
unambiguous language or by necessary implication.” Reilly v. Reilly, 

, 697 (Fla. 4th DCA 2012) (internal quotations omitted). In
regards to conditions precedent to performance, we have previously
explained:

      Conditions precedent to an obligation to perform are those
      acts or events, which occur subsequently to the making of a
      contract, that must occur before there is a right to immediate
      performance and before there is a breach of contractual duty.

(quoting Chipman v. Chipman, 

, 607
(Fla. 4th DCA 2008)).

   An enforceable contract, requires “an offer, an acceptance,
consideration, and sufficient specification of terms so that the obligations
involved can be ascertained.” W. Constr., Inc. v. Fla. Blacktop, Inc., 

301, 304 (Fla. 4th DCA 2012) (quoting Savoca Masonry Co., v. Homes
& Son Constr. Co., 

, 819 (Ariz. 1975)). Here, Genesis’s Letter
of Agreement contained its offer to provide particular bargained-for
services to Land Company. In addition, it provided Land Company a
specific means of acceptance under a section entitled, “ACCEPTANCE,”
which stated:

      ACCEPTANCE. Please understand that this proposal will be
      valid for 30 days from the date of this letter. If this proposal
      meets with your approval, please execute both copies and
      return one copy to us for our files.

A plain reading of this language indicates that it specifies the time frame
within which Land Company could accept the offer, “30 days from the
date of this letter.” The second sentence then defines the means by
which Land Company could accept the offer, i.e., by executing the
copies of the letter.      Immediately beneath the section entitled
“ACCEPTANCE” in the Letter of Agreement are the words, “APPROVED
AND ACCEPTED THIS DAY of May 12, 2009,” followed by the signatures
of officers from both Genesis and Land Company. There being no evidence
to the contrary, the Letter of Agreement admitted into evidence reflects

                                     5
that Land Company accepted Genesis’s written offer within the time frame
and in the manner specified in the offer. Accordingly, at that point, an
enforceable contract was formed between the parties.

   The Letter of Agreement does not contain any limiting language or
clauses with respect to conditioning the formation of the contract on the
payment of the retainer fee. As Land Company argues, the retainer
sentence, stating “$25,000 will work as a retainer prior to the start of work,”
appears towards the end of a long section pertaining to “payment of fees”
associated with each step of the work to be completed and providing the
due dates of the payments for each step. Thus, the retainer provision was
a description of Land Company’s payment obligation as a condition to
Genesis beginning its work. We note that while the retainer section was
not a condition precedent to the contract’s validity, it could have been a
means for Genesis to demand payment of the retainer prior to beginning
work on the basis that the retainer was a condition precedent to Genesis’s
performance. Apart from that, however, the Letter of Agreement contained
no clear conditional language or any indication that the contract would go
into effect on any other date than on the date it was executed.
Significantly, the Letter of Agreement did not require that the retainer fee
be paid within thirty days of the letter. Rather, the letter allowed thirty
days for Land Company to accept its proposal by executing it, which it did.
Accordingly, the Letter of Agreement did not set forth a time frame for the
payment of the retainer fee, merely that payment of the fee would be
required “prior to the start of work.” As such, a plain reading of the Letter
of Agreement reflects that any conditionality in connection with the
retainer fee conditioned only Genesis’s performance on Land Company’s
payment of the retainer fee, and not the formation of the contractual
agreement itself.

   We also determine that the plain language of the Letter of Agreement is
not susceptible to more than one meaning. “When a contract’s terms are
not susceptible to more than one meaning, a court may not indulge in
interpretation or resort to extrinsic evidence.” Vocelle & Berg, LLP v. IMG
Citrus, Inc., 

, 844 (Fla. 4th DCA 2013). Nevertheless, we
note that the evidence presented at trial also supports the conclusion that
the contract was valid and binding between the parties. As discussed
above, Genesis’s president testified to the contract he entered into with
Land Company, and explained that Genesis began working on the project
even without being paid because he expected payment pursuant to the
contract, and even expected a future contract for additional work on the
project. Moreover, no evidence was presented to suggest that the president
was under the impression that no contract had been formed due to Land
Company’s non-payment of the retainer fee. Nor did he testify that the

                                      6
retainer provision was understood or intended to be a condition precedent
to the formation of the contract. On the contrary, his testimony reflected
that Genesis performed under the contract because it expected to be paid
per the contract. Likewise, the invoices submitted by Genesis all tracked
the language of the contract’s scope and amount of contractual payments.

   Thus, we hold that the parties entered into an express contract, and
the provision regarding the retainer fee did not create a condition
precedent to the formation of the contract, but rather conditioned only
Genesis’s performance on Land Company’s payment of the retainer fee.
Because an express contract existed between the parties, Genesis’s
recovery in quantum meruit was inappropriate. We therefore reverse the
final judgment and remand for the trial court to enter a judgment in favor
of Land Company.

   Reversed and remanded.

DAMOORGIAN, CONNER and FORST, JJ., concur.

                           *        *        *

   Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.




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