DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA
                              FOURTH DISTRICT

     ORI AVRAHAM GORDIN and TERESA SHELLEY, as personal
                      representatives,
                        Appellants,

                                     v.

ESTATE OF SHELLEY WILENSKY SHELLEY MAISEL, a/k/a SHELLEY
            W. SHELLEY, and DANIEL W. SHELLEY,
                         Appellees.

                              No. 4D14-2228

                           [November 25, 2015]

  Appeal of a non-final order from the Circuit Court for the Seventeenth
Judicial Circuit, Broward County; Peggy Gehl, Judge; L.T. Case No.
PRC14002380 (60).

   Manuel Kushner of Kaye Scholer LLP, West Palm Beach, for appellants.

    Janine Kalagher McGuire of Conrad & Scherer, LLP, Fort Lauderdale,
for appellees.

CONNER, J.

   Ori Avraham Gordin and Teresa Shelley, as the personal
representatives of the estate of Shelley Wilensky, appeal the probate
court’s order granting Daniel Shelley’s petition to appoint a curator for the
estate. The personal representatives argue that the probate court erred in
appointing a curator without revoking their appointment as personal
representatives. We agree, and reverse.

                Factual Background and Trial Proceedings

    Daniel Shelley and Teresa Shelley are children of the decedent; Ori
Gordin is a grandson. The decedent died leaving a will appointing Gordin
as personal representative of his estate. After the decedent’s death, Gordin
filed a petition for administration as the person chosen to serve as personal
representative by the decedent. The probate court entered an order
admitting the decedent’s will to probate, and appointing Gordin and Teresa
Shelley as co-personal representatives. Theresa was appointed as co-
personal representative because Gordin was on active duty in the military.

   Daniel Shelley, the appellee, filed a petition for revocation of the will,
claiming that: (1) the deceased was domiciled in Puerto Rico when he died,
and under the laws of Puerto Rico, although the appellee was disinherited
under the will, he was entitled to a “forced share” of the estate; (2) the
decedent lacked testamentary capacity when he executed the will, and he
did so under the undue influence of Teresa Shelley; and (3) the decedent
had three previous wills, all executed in Puerto Rico. The following day,
the appellee filed a petition for administration, seeking to admit one of the
decedent’s previous wills to probate and to appoint himself as the personal
representative of the estate. The appellee also sought to have the probate
administration transferred to Puerto Rico.

   Subsequently, the appellee filed a motion to remove the personal
representatives and to appoint a curator. Shortly thereafter, the personal
representatives filed an amended petition for administration, and on the
same date, the letters of administration were issued, again appointing
Gordin and Teresa Shelley as co-personal representatives.

   After the reappointment of the personal representatives, a hearing was
held on the appellee’s motion to appoint a curator. After hearing argument
from both parties’ attorneys, and without hearing evidence from witnesses
or having the benefit of documents submitted into evidence, the probate
court appointed an attorney as curator.1 The order appointing the curator
did not address the previously issued letters of administration, thus
facially leaving the letters of administration in place. The probate court
subsequently issued letters of curatorship, stating:

       NOW, THEREFORE, I, the undersigned Circuit Judge, do
       grant [Curator’s name], the curatorship of the Estate, with full
       power of a personal representative to administer the estate
       according to law, to collect and preserve the assets that
       belonged to the Decedent in his lifetime, at the time of his
       death and as collected by his Estate, and to ask, demand, sue
       for, recover, receive and sell these assets for the Estate; and
       all persons in possession of assets of the Decedent and records
       of the Estate are ordered and directed to deliver them to
       [Curator’s name], as Curator.


1The order was entered by a judge from another division of the circuit court filling
in for the probate judge.

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(emphasis added). The personal representatives gave notice of this appeal.

                            Appellate Analysis

   As an initial matter, the appellee filed a motion to dismiss this case for
lack of jurisdiction. We determine that we have jurisdiction pursuant to
Florida Probate Rule 5.100 and Florida Rule of Appellate Procedure
9.130(a)(3)(C)(ii), as this is a case determining the right to immediate
possession of property.

   Since the issue presented before us is a question of pure law, we review
the case de novo. Bosem v. Musa Holdings, Inc., 

, 44 (Fla.
2010).

   The personal representatives argue the probate court erred in
appointing the curator on both substantive and procedural grounds.
Since we agree that the probate court erred in appointing the curator on
substantive grounds, we do not address the procedural grounds.

   The personal representatives argue, as a matter of substantive law, it
is legally improper to simultaneously have a curator and a personal
representative acting on behalf of an estate.

   Although there is little guidance as to the precise situations in which a
curator should be appointed for an estate proceeding, there are a few cases
and statutes that are instructive.

    In In re Estate of Miller, 

, 488 (Fla. 1st DCA 1990), the
First District addressed an appeal in which the probate court granted the
decedent’s half-brother’s motion to appoint a curator when a petition was
pending to appoint the decedent’s nephew as the personal representative
of the estate. The decedent’s will named the nephew as the sole heir of the
estate and designated him to serve as personal representative. 

the instant case, the half-brother in Miller alleged that the
nephew exerted undue influence on the decedent in the execution of the
will, and that he was mishandling the assets of the decedent’s estate. 

court stated that, “[a]lthough the circumstances calling for
the appointment of a curator are not specified in the statute, a typical
situation is where there is a delay in the appointment of a personal
representative and a fiduciary is needed to take charge of the estate
assets.” 

(emphasis added). Thus, Miller spoke in terms of a
“typical situation,” and not a stated requirement for the appointment of a
curator. The First District reversed the order appointing the curator

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because the court reasoned that the petition to appoint a personal
representative should have been resolved before considering the
appointment of a curator. 

for the personal representatives’ argument that the
curator should not have been appointed to serve at the same time the
personal representatives were serving can be found in the definitions
within the Florida Probate Code. Section 731.201, Florida Statutes (2014),
defines a “curator” as “a person appointed by the court to take charge of
the estate of a decedent until letters are issued.” § 731.201(8), Fla. Stat.
(2014) (emphasis added). Additionally, “letters” is defined in the Probate
Code as “authority granted by the court to the personal representative to
act on behalf of the estate of the decedent and refers to what has been
known as letters testamentary and letters of administration.”              §
731.201(24), Fla. Stat. (2014).       These definitions indicate that the
legislature intended that a curator be appointed before the letters of
administration are issued to personal representatives. See also In re Sale’s
Estate, 

, 202 (Fla. 1969) (“[A] Curator is ordinarily
appointed only as a temporary expedient to take possession of and preserve
the assets of the estate until a personal representative may be appointed .
. . .”)2 (emphasis added). In the instant case, the curator was appointed
after the personal representatives were appointed and after the letters of
administration were issued, at a time when much of the estate remained
to be administered.

    The appellee responds that the personal representatives’ argument that
a curator cannot be appointed without revoking their appointment as
personal representatives “flies in the face of the trial court’s responsibility
to take whatever actions it deems appropriate to protect the estate’s assets
and is an exercise in form over substance.” However, this argument lacks
merit because the concurrent service of a personal representative and
curator cannot be legally justified.




2 Although In re Sale’s Estate further states a curator may be appointed
“conceivably, after an estate is ready for distribution and an heir is missing, to
take possession of and preserve the share of the estate to which such heir is
entitled pending a search for him and his 

, in such a
situation, the services of the personal representative would be terminated, and
the curator would remain appointed only until the lost heir’s property can be
legally disposed. It is also conceivable that a curator might be appointed to take
control of and marshal an asset over which there is a dispute as to whether the
decedent owned the asset at the time of death.

                                        4
    In viewing the powers and duties of the personal representatives and
the curator, the reason that the concurrent representation is not only
problematic, but legally unjustifiable, is clearly seen. Since the curator in
the instant case was given the “full power of a personal representative,”
which is specifically authorized by section 733.501(1), Florida Statutes
(2014) (“The curator may be authorized to perform any duty or function of
a personal representative.”), there is an inherently conflicting scenario
created when both a curator and a personal representative are
simultaneously authorized to act on behalf of the estate. An intolerable
situation is created because two representatives with logically speaking
different functions (hence the difference in title), separate but equal, have
virtually the same power to exert over an estate. In such situations,
neither the heirs nor the creditors have a clear understanding of who is in
control of the estate.

    The appellee makes no argument that this is a case in which the curator
was appointed to serve as a joint personal representative. Joint personal
representatives have legally defined roles in regards to an estate. Section
733.615, Florida Statutes (2014), requires that, if there are joint personal
representatives, certain procedures for decisions made, as well as certain
protections, apply to the joint personal representatives. § 733.615, Fla.
Stat. (2014). The statute serves to set forth a procedure if there is a
disagreement between personal representatives on how to administer an
estate. However, in this case, the curator was not appointed as a joint
personal representative, but instead, as a separate court agent with the
same powers.3 It is easy to see how this would be problematic, considering
that there could be conflicting opinions on how to make decisions
regarding an estate.        Since the curator is not a joint personal
representative, section 733.615 does not provide an applicable procedure
for resolving these conflicting opinions.

    As an additional source of support for their argument, the personal
representatives point to Florida Probate Rule 5.122. Rule 5.122(e) states:
“When the personal representative is appointed, the curator shall account
for and deliver all estate assets in the curator’s possession to the personal
representative within 30 days after issuance of letters of administration.”
(emphasis added). This rule again demonstrates that the role of a personal
representative is intended to succeed the role of a curator in the

3 Despite granting the curator the same powers of a personal representative, if
the probate court had intended to appoint the curator as a de facto personal
representative, it would seem the probate court would have mentioned in the
appointment order the status of the other two personal representatives and made
clear an intent to treat the curator as a joint personal representative.

                                      5
administration of an estate. Once a personal representative is appointed,
the curator is duty-bound under the rule to deliver the assets of the estate
to the personal representative. Since the personal representatives in the
instant case were appointed and never removed, the concurrent
appointment of the curator could require a never-ending, and insatiable,
transfer loop between the curator and the personal representatives: the
trial court’s order requires possessors of assets of the estate (the personal
representatives) to give the assets to the curator, and the rules require the
curator to give possession of these same assets to the personal
representatives.

   We can envision a situation in which a probate court might remove a
personal representative and appoint a curator to serve until a successor
personal representative can be appointed. We can also envision a
situation in which a probate court may determine it is best to temporarily
revoke or suspend letters of administration issued to a personal
representative because a prima facie case is made for grounds for removal,
but extensive evidentiary hearings may be needed to make a final decision
as to whether the letters should be permanently revoked. In such
situations, it may be appropriate to appoint a curator to administer the
estate on a temporary basis. However, the personal representatives in the
instant case were not temporarily removed and their powers were not
temporarily suspended.4

    For the above reasons, we hold that the appointment of the curator,
without the temporary or permanent revocation or temporary suspension
of letters issued to the personal representatives, was error and reverse the
probate court’s order appointing the curator. We remand the case for
proceedings consistent with this opinion.

    Reversed and remanded.

STEVENSON and GERBER, JJ., concur.

                             *         *          *

    Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.

4 Since there are certain requirements and findings that must be made in order
for a personal representative to be removed, the probate court’s order appointing
the curator cannot be viewed as implicitly removing the personal representatives.
See Blechman v. Dely, 

, 1114 (Fla. 4th DCA 2014) (“Florida
Probate Rule 5.440 sets forth the procedures that must be followed for removal
of a personal representative.”); see also Fla. Prob. R. 5.400.

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