Third District Court of Appeal
                               State of Florida

                           Opinion filed May 10, 2017.
         Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.

                               ________________

                               No. 3D16-1645
                         Lower Tribunal No. 14-827-K
                             ________________


                              Rita Clark, et al.,
                                   Appellants,

                                        vs.

Bluewater Key RV Ownership Park Property Owners Association,
                           Inc.,
                                    Appellee.


     An Appeal from a non-final order from the Circuit Court for Monroe
County, Mark H. Jones, Judge.

      Easley Appellate Practice PLLC, and Dorothy F. Easley; The Smith Law
Firm, Brett Tyler Smith and Wayne LaRue Smith, for appellants.

     Lee Robert Rohe, for appellee.


Before LAGOA, SALTER and FERNANDEZ, JJ.

     SALTER, J.
      Rita Clark, Roland Clark, and David Glenz, defendants below, appeal a

Final Judgment Granting Declaratory and Injunctive Relief entered against them

by the Circuit Court for Monroe County in June 2016. The defendants own and

control various lots within the Blue Water Key RV Ownership Park, in

Saddlebunch Key. They operate a transient rental business for lots within the Park

(referred to as the “Clark Rental Program”). The plaintiff below, appellee here, is

Bluewater Key RV Ownership Park Property Owners Association, Inc.

(“Association”), which has its own transient rental business (the “Association

Rental Program”).

      Earlier litigation, and much of the history of the Park, the Association, and

the competing transient rental programs, are detailed in Clark v. Bluewater Key

RV Ownership Park, 

(Fla. 3d DCA 2012) (“Clark I”). Two years

after Clark I, the Association and the appellants (as lot owners and operators of

Bluewater Rentals), were back in the trial court on competing claims regarding the

1989 recorded Declaration of Restrictions and Protective Covenants (the

“Declaration”) applicable to the Association and to all 81 lots and the common

areas within the Park.

      I.     The Amended Complaint and the Counterclaims

      The Association filed its amended complaint for declaratory and injunctive

relief in October 2014 against the Clarks and Glenz, alleging that the Clark Rental



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Program violated the Declaration and Park Rules (enacted by the Association

under Article VII, Section 14 of the Declaration). The Clark Rental Program

managed some 21 rental lots for absentee owners, renting those lots to recreational

vehicle owners visiting the Keys.       The alleged violations included (1) the

employment of workers who reside in the Park while engaged in prohibited

“commercial activity” on those lots, (2) violations of Monroe County Code section

130-92(a)(1) prohibiting tenancies in excess of six months in a land use district

classified as an RV Park, and (3) creating an annoyance or nuisance to other lot

owners by using lots as staging areas, for stockpiling materials and supplies, and

for storing equipment and tools utilized in the operation of the Clark Rental

Program. The annoyance and nuisance allegations were based on complaints by

lot owners regarding the noise of vehicles and transport of materials supporting the

Clark Rental Program’s maintenance, repair, and rental activities.

      Rita Clark and Glenz each filed counterclaims for declaratory and injunctive

relief against the Association. The counterclaims alleged that the Association

selectively enforced the Declaration and Park Rules in order to drive the Clark

Rental Program out of business, even though the Clark Rental Program office for

reservations and rental activities was operated near, but outside, the Park lots and

common areas.




                                         3
      Rita Clark and Glenz also alleged that the Association adopted rules to

impose burdensome conditions on them (but not on the Association Rental

Program) for employee background checks, and for bonding and insurance

requirements. The counterclaims further asserted that the Association’s Board had

been reduced from seven to three directors in contravention of the Association’s

articles, such that the lawsuits initiated by the Association and other purported

corporate actions were ultra vires and void. Finally, the counterclaims alleged that

the Association violates its own rules, including the prohibition against

“commercial activity,” in the operation of the Association Rental Program and in

providing housing to employees within the Park. The declaratory and injunctive

relief sought in Glenz’s counterclaim includes attorney’s fees, but not money

damages. Clark’s counterclaim includes additional counts for tortious interference

with advantageous business relationships and for unfair trade practices under

Chapter 501, Florida Statutes (2014), the Florida Deceptive and Unfair Trade

Practices Act (FDUTPA).

      II.    Trial and Final Judgment on the Association Claims

      The trial court tried the Association’s non-jury claims for declaratory and

injunctive relief in March 2016. Documentary evidence and testimony established

that the Clark Rental Program relied on “work campers” who received the free use

of a lot in return for managing repairs, lot cleanup, and acting as an in-Park contact



                                          4
for problems encountered by renters in the Clark Rental Program. The court found

that this constituted “commercial activity” on lots within the Park in violation of

the Declaration and Rules, and that the activity of the Clark Rental Program

employees was also a nuisance in violation of Article VII, Section 5A of the

Declaration.

      After considering the affirmative defenses of the Clarks and Glenz in light

of the evidence presented, the court found no basis for unclean hands, estoppel

(including an estoppel alleged based on “selective enforcement in an arbitrary and

capricious manner”), waiver, and laches. The court entered judgment in favor of

the Association and against the defendants on the actions to enjoin a nuisance and

commercial activity.   The permanent injunction prohibited the defendants and

those working for and through them (agents, servants, employees, etc.) from

engaging in specified conduct:

      a. Using any RV lot within Bluewater Park for housing employees,
      work campers, or anyone whose purpose is to serve in furthering
      Defendants’ lot rental business.

      b. Using any lot as a satellite office or main office to greet guests,
      make reservations, accept payment for lot rentals and golf cart rentals,
      transact business or to store lot maintenance tools, materials, golf
      carts, or other vehicles regardless of whether the lot is being used as a
      residence or sleeping quarters.

      c. Using any lot to repair or maintain equipment, appliances,
      furnishings, or other personal property in furtherance of Defendants’
      lot rental business.



                                         5
      d. Violating Article VII, Section 2(h) of the Declaration of
      Restrictions and Protective Covenants.

      e. Violating Article VII, Section 5 of the Declaration of Restrictions
      and Protective Covenants.

      f. Placing signs or other forms of advertising for Defendants’ rental
      business on Resort lots.

      g. Storing or parking “work carts,” trailers, or other vehicles overnight
      on any lot in furtherance of Defendants’ lot rental business.

      The Final Judgment stated clearly that the defendants “are not enjoined from

renting their own lots” themselves or through any other property management

business, so long as those activities do not violate the Declaration. The court also

recognized that the process of renting the lots through any transient rental program

“involves certain tasks such as, greeting and orienting renters, parking and hooking

up RV’s, doing maintenance and yardwork, and performing other related tasks.

These tasks do not constitute commercial activity as long as done within the

parameters of the Covenants and Rules.”      Recognizing that the injunction could

not delineate every scenario that might arise, the court urged lot owners,

Association members and officers, and the defendants to “employ common sense,

reason, and courtesy when engaging in the rental process and when applying and

enforcing the Covenants and Rules.”

      III.   Analysis




                                         6
       The defendants appeal the entry of the injunction on four grounds: (1) that

the trial court erred by conducting a bench trial on the Association’s complaint

“before the jury trial” on the counterclaims; (2) the court erred in its application of

the Declaration liberally in favor of the Association and against the lot owners’

“free and unrestricted use of the lots;” (3) the injunction for “mere annoyances” is

error; and (4) as the complained-of activity has been ended and there is no real

likelihood of recurrence, the permanent injunction is improper or overbroad, and a

“work camper” is not a “nuisance” includible in the injunction. We address these

in turn.

             (1) Bench Trial Before Jury Trial

       As a threshold matter, our review of the record and the docket below does

not reveal a demand for trial by jury by Rita Clark or Glenz in their counterclaims

or other pleadings in conformance with Florida Rule of Civil Procedure 1.430.

During a hearing on September 8, 2015, on the Association’s motion for separate

trials, defense counsel stated that a jury trial had been demanded, but we have not

been able to locate such a demand in any pleading or docket entry.1



1  Because this case comes to us as an appeal from a non-final order under Florida
Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.130(a)(3)(B) relating to injunctions, the parties have
filed appendices rather than a complete appellate record. A review of the Monroe
Circuit Court docket for the case, however, does not disclose a demand for jury
trial filed separately from the amended complaint, counterclaims, answers, and
affirmative defenses in the appendices.

                                          7
      If a timely, written demand is shown to have been made, the issues can be

tried separately unless the factual issues are so interrelated that the severance of the

equitable and legal claims risks inconsistent outcomes. Kavouras v. Mario City

Restaurant Corp., 

, 214 (Fla. 3d DCA 2011). But otherwise, the

decision to sever claims and conduct separate trials pursuant to Florida Rule of

Civil Procedure 1.270(b) is within the trial court’s discretion. Bethany Evangelical

Covenant Church of Miami, Florida, Inc. v. Calandra, 

, 479 (Fla. 3d

DCA 2008).

      A review of the claims and counterclaims in the present case discloses

distinct, rather than intertwined, claims and issues. The Association’s claims for

injunctive relief are pursued on behalf of all lot owners (as to the alleged

“commercial activity” violations of the Declaration) and certain individual

complainants occupying lots who are annoyed by noise and other disruption

arising to the level of an alleged nuisance. These are classic equitable claims for

the violation of restrictive covenants within a neighborhood.

      The counterclaims of Glenz and Rita Clark are significantly different. Glenz

seeks only declaratory relief, not money damages for tortious interference and

FDUTPA violations.       Some of the declarations sought by Glenz involve the

lawsuits brought by the Association against Monroe County and another regarding




                                           8
rights to a trademark. These are not factual or legal issues intertwined with the

restrictive covenant and nuisance claims.

      Glenz’s other claims for declaratory relief involve the Association’s

compliance with its own bylaws and articles in initiating the lawsuit against the

Clarks and Glenz. A review of those claims does not reveal any issues of fact

triable to a jury, however, as those issues are governed by the written documents

and Chapter 617, Florida Statutes (2014), governing corporations not for profit.

Each such claim was also raised as an equitable defense to the Association’s

amended complaint, and (to the extent presented to the trial court) was considered.

      Turning to the counterclaims of Rita Clark, Count I is essentially identical to

Glenz’s counterclaim for declaratory relief, does not present factual issues as

opposed to legal issues, and was considered by the trial court to the extent

presented as an affirmative defense to the entry of the injunction.        Count II,

tortious interference with advantageous business relationships, and Count III, for

alleged violations of FDUTPA, are counterclaims which seek to establish torts,

unfair business practices, and statutory violations by the Association over a longer

period (“over the course of the past fifteen years”) and regarding the Association’s

separate rental program—not the Association’s enforcement of the restrictive

covenants in the Declaration. The alleged actions by individuals in control of the

Association, “motivated by malice and animosity” to “destroy Defendant Rita



                                            9
Clark’s Clark Rental Program” are a far more complex set of claims involving

different elements of proof (including money damages) rather than compliance or

non-compliance with restrictive covenants.

          Expressed another way, the Association’s motivation in the enforcement of a

clear legal right under the Declaration is irrelevant to the other disputes raised in

the counterclaims. If Rita Clark is concerned that the Association is engaging in

commercial activity on other lots or common areas in connection with the

Association’s management of its rental program, and if she alleges that those

activities violate the Declaration, there is no apparent impediment to her

commencement of a suit for an injunction to prohibit such activities.              Her

counterclaims and prayers for relief, however, include no such claim for injunctive

relief.

          For these reasons, we find no abuse of discretion or legal error in the trial

court’s decision to conduct a separate bench trial on the Association’s claims for

injunctive relief before addressing the tortious interference and FDUTPA claims.

And for the sake of emphasis, we remind the parties that those “Phase II” claims

may or may not be triable to a jury, dependent on the trial court’s subsequent

review of the complete docket.

                (2) Construction of the Terms in the Declaration




                                            10
      Our consideration of this argument by the defendants/appellants is subject to

de novo review. Gem Estates Mobile Home Vill. Ass’n v. Bluhm, 

,

437 (Fla. 4th DCA 2004) (citing Klak v. Eagles’ Reserve Homeowners’ Ass’n, 

, 954 (Fla. 2d DCA 2004)). When interpreting restrictive covenants, the

courts “should give effect to the commonly understood meaning of the words of

the pertinent provisions.” Gem 

. Such covenants are to

be strictly construed in favor of the free use of real property, and substantial

ambiguities must be construed against the party claiming the right to enforce the

covenant. Washington Apartment Hotel Co. v. Schneider, 

, 908 (Fla.

1954) (citing Moore v. Stevens, 

, 885, 

, 904 (Fla. 1925)).

However, these provisions should not be construed in a manner which defeats the

intent and obvious purpose of the restriction. McMillan v. Oaks of Spring Hill

Homeowner’s Ass’n, Inc., 

, 162 (Fla. 5th DCA 2000).

      Black’s Law Dictionary, 10th ed., defines commercial activity as an

“activity, such as operating a business, conducted to make a profit.”            The

restrictive covenant at issue prohibits commercial activity “including the use of

any lot for a home occupation or profession.” Although the Declaration and

restrictive covenants are silent as to whether the lots may be rented to “work

campers,” the intent of the restrictive covenant is expressed in Article VII, section

2, of the Declaration: “to maintain the RV Park as an exclusive luxury resort to be



                                         11
used soley [sic] for recreational vehicles . . . It is the intent hereof to prohibit mobil

[sic] homes and/or permanent or semi permanent structures. . . .”

      Clark’s and Mr. Glenz’s rental of their lots to work campers violates the

restrictive covenant because that is not a recreational use, but is instead to further

the for-profit Clark’s Rental Program business. While certain tasks such as helping

clients arrive at their rented lot need to occur in the Park,2 other tasks—such as

conducting extensive repairs and allowing workers to live on and work from the

lot—go beyond the provisions within the Declaration and restrictive covenants.

Further, the record shows that work campers (Pete Hermansen, for example)

repaired business equipment and stored tools and equipment (such as a power

washer, ladder, and golf carts) on the lots. These activities assist Clark’s business

and her ability to profit from the rental program; therefore, they constitute the

commercial activity that the restrictive covenants clearly prohibit.            Moss v.

Inverness Highlands South and West Civic Ass’n, Inc., 

(Fla. 5th

DCA 1988), relied upon by the Clarks and Glenz, is distinguishable (the fact that a

homeowner received rental income and made a profit from sharing her home with

elderly people did not violate the covenant’s restriction that property can only be

used for residential purposes).


2 As noted, the trial court recognized that these types of tasks “do not constitute
commercial activity as long as done within the parameters of the Covenants and
Rules.”

                                           12
      Moreover, there is no ambiguity in the restrictive covenant. The covenant’s

intent is clear that Clark (and other lot owners) may not rent lots to individuals

who conduct business on the lots within the Resort. James v. Smith, 

, 1076–77 (Fla. 5th DCA 1989), cited by the Clarks and Glenz, is

distinguishable on this point (the restrictive covenant in that case prohibited raising

horses on the lot, but the exclusion regarding “domestic pets” was ambiguous as

the defendants owned two ponies, and horses can be considered domestic pets).

Thus, the trial court correctly found that Clark’s activities violate the restrictive

covenant.

      The argument that the Association’s conduct is inconsistent with its own

application and enforcement of the Declaration is also unavailing, as already noted.

If the Association’s transient rental program relies on work campers on lots within

the Park, lot owners within the Association are entitled to invoke the provisions of

the Declaration and to seek injunctive relief (though we express no opinion

regarding the merits of such a future claim or the particular facts that might relate

to it). The trial court’s findings and legal conclusions regarding the affirmative

defenses raised by the Clarks and Glenz (waiver, estoppel, and unclean hands)

were detailed and were supported by the evidence at trial, the provisions of the

Declaration, and well-settled law.

             (3) “Mere Annoyances” versus “Actionable Nuisance”



                                          13
      Article VII, section 5A, of the Declaration prohibits “anything” constituting

an annoyance or nuisance to the neighborhood or any other lot owner. Under the

case law applicable to claims for injunctive relief to abate a nuisance, the trial

court applied an objective standard comparable to the objective standard applicable

to a claim of negligence. Bechold v. Mariner Props., Inc., 

, 923

(Fla. 2d DCA 1991); Beckman v. Marshall, 

, 555 (Fla. 1956).

      However, “[m]ere disturbance and annoyance as such do not in themselves

necessarily give rise to an invasion of a legal right.” A. & P. Food Stores, Inc. v.

Kornstein, 

, 703 (Fla. 3d DCA 1960). Plainly, the application of

these standards presents an evidentiary issue, and the trial court’s findings on the

issue were supported by substantial competent evidence.

             (4) Future Activity—Is the Permanent Injunction Overbroad?

      The Clarks and Glenz assert that the complained-of activities were abruptly

ended, and that there is no real likelihood the conduct will occur in the future.

They maintain that the scope of the permanent injunction is improperly broad. We

disagree. The trial court’s ten-page final judgment was carefully tailored.

      In paragraph 4 of the final judgment, the trial court found that the defendants

and other lot owners were not enjoined from renting their own lots themselves,

through the Clark Rental Program, or through some other property management

business, so long as they do not violate specific provisions of the Declaration. In



                                         14
paragraph 5, the trial court listed activities which both the Association Rental

Program and the Clark Rental Program could conduct without constituting

“commercial activity,” if done within the parameters of the Declaration.

       IV.   Conclusion

       To the extent that the trial judge’s decision to grant a permanent injunction

rests on questions of fact, the standard of review is an abuse of discretion.

Carricarte v. Carricarte, 

, 1020 (Fla. 3d DCA 2007); see also Gulf

Bay Land Invs., Inc. v. Trecker, 

, 1159 (Fla. 2d DCA 2007). A

trial court may grant injunctive relief to redress violations of a restrictive covenant

affecting real property without proof of irreparable harm. Autozone Stores, Inc. v.

Ne. Plaza Venture, LLC, 

, 673 (Fla. 2d DCA 2006). Evidence

showing the violation is sufficient for a trial court to grant an injunction. 

       In the present case, and for all these reasons, we affirm the Final Judgment

Granting Declaratory and Injunctive Relief.




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