IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA
                              FIFTH DISTRICT

                                                  NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO
                                                  FILE MOTION FOR REHEARING AND
                                                  DISPOSITION THEREOF IF FILED

JOHNATHAN CRAWFORD,

              Appellant,

 v.                                                       Case No. 5D17-2729

STATE OF FLORIDA,

           Appellee.
________________________________/

Opinion filed March 9, 2018

Appeal from the Circuit Court
for Brevard County,
Nancy Maloney, Judge.

James S. Purdy, Public Defender, and
Craig R. Atack, Assistant Public Defender,
Daytona Beach, for Appellant.

Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General,
Tallahassee, and Deborah A. Chance,
Assistant Attorney General, Daytona
Beach, for Appellee.

COHEN, C.J.

       Johnathan Crawford appeals his judgment and sentence following a finding that

he violated probation. On appeal, Crawford argues that the trial court erred in relying

solely on hearsay in making that determination. We agree and reverse.

       Crawford’s violation of probation charges arose from a domestic violence incident.

Specifically, in the affidavit of violation of probation, the State charged Crawford with two

violations of condition five of his probation based on the alleged false imprisonment and
battery of the alleged victim on the night in question. However, there was no testimony

from the hearing that would support a finding that Crawford falsely imprisoned the victim.

The issue of battery presents a closer call. Yet, the victim’s testimony provided insufficient

non-hearsay evidence to support a finding that Crawford committed a battery on the

victim.

          At the violation hearing, the State presented three witnesses. The State first called

Crawford to establish that he was the individual who had been placed on probation. The

State next called Crawford’s girlfriend, the alleged victim of the domestic violence. She

testified that she could not remember anything about the evening in question, including

what she told a 911 operator. She testified that she called 911 because she and Crawford

“got into an altercation.” However, she denied having any physical contact with Crawford

that evening and stated she did not recall what she told the responding officers. The

State’s last witness was Officer Varela, who testified that his involvement was

“administrative only.” The State neither admitted the alleged victim’s 911 call into

evidence nor presented the testimony of the responding officers who, according to the

arrest affidavit, observed red marks on the alleged victim’s neck. However, the State

admitted the investigative documents into evidence. 1

          While the trial court correctly noted that hearsay, such as an arrest affidavit, is

admissible in a violation of probation hearing, a finding of violation of probation cannot be

supported by hearsay alone. See Davis v. State, 

, 793 (Fla. 5th DCA

2002). The State argues that it presented some non-hearsay testimony at the hearing




          1
        The State’s exhibit was labeled, “Orlando PD Offender compact package, Field
Report, and associated pictures.” However, no pictures are included in the record.


                                                2
and therefore sufficient evidence supported the finding that Crawford violated probation.

The State points to the alleged victim’s testimony that she was in a relationship with

Crawford and the couple was involved in an altercation on the night in question. The State

conflates an altercation with the commission of a battery. Giving the word its ordinary

meaning, an altercation is “[a] vehement dispute; a noisy argument.” Altercation, Black’s

Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014). Describing the incident as an altercation does not equate

to the commission of a battery. Nor does it constitute false imprisonment. The non-

hearsay testimony must independently establish a charged violation, and the alleged

victim’s testimony fails to do so. See Vidale v. State, 

, 937 (Fla. 4th DCA

2015) (noting that non-hearsay evidence must link the defendant to the commission of

the offense at issue).

       The alleged victim’s remaining testimony likewise did not establish a violation.

Instead, she claimed that nothing occurred on the evening in question. While the trial

court was free to find the alleged victim’s testimony unworthy of belief, it was incumbent

upon the State to present some evidence other than hearsay to prove its allegations. The

State failed to carry that burden. Had the State presented the responding officers’

testimony, rather than only the investigative documents, the result in this case might have

been different. See Russell v. State, 

, 647 (Fla. 2008).

       REVERSED and REMANDED.

BERGER and LAMBERT, JJ., concur.




                                            3