Third District Court of Appeal
                               State of Florida

                          Opinion filed August 1, 2018.
         Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.
                               ________________

                               No. 3D17-1246
                         Lower Tribunal No. 13-20646
                             ________________


                  Eduardo Gonzalez and Rosa Gonzalez,
                                   Appellants,

                                        vs.

                  Federal National Mortgage Association,
                                    Appellee.


      An Appeal from the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade County, Thomas J.
Rebull, Judge.

     Rosa M. Armesto, for appellants.

      Choice Legal Group, P.A., and Robert R. Edwards (Fort Lauderdale), for
appellee.


Before LAGOA, FERNANDEZ, and LUCK, JJ.

     LAGOA, J.

     Appellants     Eduardo   Gonzalez        and   Rosa   Gonzalez    (collectively,

“Appellants”) appeal the entry of a final judgment of foreclosure in favor of

Appellee Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”). We affirm.
I.       FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

         In February 2002, Appellants executed a Note and Mortgage in favor of

Chase Manhattan Mortgage Corporation (“Chase”), which endorsed the Note in

blank and transferred ownership to Fannie Mae. Appellants made payments on the

Note until April 2007. On August 8, 2007, Chase sent Appellants a default letter,

notifying them that they were in default for an amount of $11,414.42, which

included principal, interest, escrow, late charges, and fees, for failing to make the

required monthly installments and late charges owed on the Note. The default

letter gave Appellants thirty days from the date of letter to cure the default.

Appellants failed to cure the default, and on October 3, 2007, Chase filed a

complaint to foreclose and accelerate the full amount due on the Note. Chase

alleged that Fannie Mae was the owner of the Note, that Chase was Fannie Mae’s

servicer, and that Appellants defaulted on “the payment due June 01, 2007 and all

subsequent payments.” This initial complaint was dismissed by the trial court.1

         Chase subsequently filed the instant action on June 12, 2013, again alleging

that Appellants were in default from the payment due on June 1, 2007, and all

subsequent payments, and again exercising its right to accelerate all amounts due

under the Note and Mortgage. Chase was later substituted as the party plaintiff by

Fannie Mae on October 7, 2014.



1    It is unclear from the record why this initial complaint was dismissed.
                                            2
      On March 16, 2017, the case proceeded to bench trial.           Through the

testimony of a Seterus2 employee, Jon Greenlee (“Greenlee”), Fannie Mae

introduced the following evidence: (1) a limited power of attorney Fannie Mae

provided to Seterus; (2) the original Note; (3) the Mortgage; (4) an escrow

disclosure statement; (5) a copy of the August 8, 2007, breach letter; (6) a

screenshot showing that the breach letter was mailed to Appellants; (7) a letter

indicating that the loan service had been transferred from Chase to Seterus; (8) a

screen printout showing that Fannie Mae acquired ownership of the loan on April

1, 2002; (9) three sets of loan payments histories; and (10) judgment figures that

were substantiated by Greenlee’s testimony.

      Rosa Gonzalez also testified at trial that Appellants were current on the Note

until April 2007, when their credit union reversed the payment.         She further

testified that she made two full monthly payments on June 14, 2007, and August 7,

2007, which Chase applied to the Note, and two partial payments on July 16, 2007,

and August 7, 2007, both of which went unapplied. She further testified that she

mailed two checks to Chase in October 2007, which Chase returned because the

checks were insufficient to cure the default. It is undisputed that Appellants did

not tender a full payment of the $11,414.42 demanded by the default letter.




2 In 2014, Fannie Mae changed its loan servicer from JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.,
the successor-by-merger to Chase, to Seterus, another loan servicing company.
                                         3
        On May 9, 2017, the trial court entered a Final Judgment of Foreclosure in

favor of Fannie Mae in the amount of $467,527.41. This timely appeal ensued.

II.     STANDARD OF REVIEW

          To the extent the trial court’s final judgment of foreclosure “‘is based on

factual findings, we will not reverse unless the trial court abused its discretion;

however, any legal conclusions are subject to de novo review.’” Verneret v.

Foreclosure Advisors, LLC, 

, 891 (Fla. 3d DCA 2010) (quoting

Colucci v. Kar Kare Auto. Grp., Inc., 

, 436 (Fla. 4th DCA 2006)).

III.    ANALYSIS

        On appeal, Appellants raise several arguments challenging the trial court’s

entry of Final Judgment of Foreclosure in favor of Fannie Mae. We affirm the trial

court’s entry of Final Judgment of Foreclosure, but we write to address one of the

arguments raised by Appellants. Specifically, Appellants contend that Fannie Mae

is barred by the five-year statute of limitations3 from collecting any amounts that

were due on the Note prior to the dismissal of the first action, as the instant

complaint alleges the same default date—June 1, 2007—as alleged in the first

action.

        In Bartram v. U.S. Bank National Ass’n, 

(Fla. 2016), the

Florida Supreme Court stated that:



3   See § 95.11(2)(c), Fla. Stat. (2013).
                                            4
            [w]hen a mortgage foreclosure action is involuntarily
            dismissed . . . , the effect of the involuntary dismissal is
            revocation of the acceleration, which then reinstates the
            mortgagor’s right to continue to make payments on the
            note and the right of the mortgagee, to seek acceleration
            and foreclosure based on the mortgagor’s subsequent
            defaults.

   The mortgagee, however, has “the right to file a subsequent

foreclosure action—and to seek acceleration of all sums due under the note—so

long as the foreclosure action was based on a subsequent default, and the statute of

limitations had not run on that particular default.” 

(emphasis added);

accord Wells Fargo Bank, NA v. BH-NV Invs. 1, LLC, 

, 62 (Fla. 3d

DCA 2017). “Each ‘alleged default create[s] a new and independent right in the

mortgagee to accelerate payment on the note in a subsequent foreclosure action.’”

Bollettieri Resort Villas Condo. Ass’n, Inc. v. Bank of N.Y. Mellon, 

, 1142 (Fla. 2d DCA 2016) (quoting Singleton v. Greymar Assocs., 

1004, 1008 (Fla. 2004)).

      In the instant case, Fannie Mae’s Verified Complaint alleges that “[t]here

has been a default under the note and mortgage held by Plaintiff in that the

payment due June 1, 2007 and all subsequent payments have not been made.”

(emphasis added). It was undisputed at trial that Appellants did not renew making

payments on the Note after the dismissal of the initial complaint. Thus, Fannie

Mae’s second foreclosure action was not barred by the statute of limitations. See

Bank of N.Y. Mellon Corp. v. Anton, 

, 504 (Fla. 3d DCA 2017).

                                         5
      Appellants argue, however, that the statute of limitations bars Fannie Mae

from collecting any amounts due on the Note more than five years prior to the

filing of the second complaint, i.e., any amounts due before June 12, 2008. In

support of this argument, Appellants cite to language from this Court’s decision in

Deutsche Bank National Trust Co. v. Torres, 43 Fla. L. Weekly D991 (Fla. 3d

DCA May 2, 2018), where this Court stated that the bank “may be barred from

seeking certain defaulted payments under the note (those falling outside the five-

year statute of limitations).” 

This quoted language is inapplicable,

however, as it was dicta4 and was not necessary to this Court’s determination in

Torres that a “complaint . . . filed more than five years after the alleged initial

default date” is not barred where “the complaint also alleges that the borrower

defaulted ‘by failing to pay the payment due 5/01/2008 and all subsequent

payments.’” 

original). As the Florida Supreme Court clearly held

in Bartram, “with each subsequent default, the statute of limitations runs from the

date of each new default providing the mortgagee the right, but not the obligation,

to accelerate all sums then due under the note and 

;


4 See Hilkmeyer v. Latin Am. Air Cargo Expediters, Inc., 

, 825 (Fla.
1957) (stating that language which “was not necessary to the determination of the
cause . . . was therefore obiter dicta”); Bellsouth Telecomms., Inc. v. Church &
Tower of Fla., Inc., 

, 673 (Fla. 3d DCA 2006) (finding that
language in case citing and quoting from another case was not dicta but was
“critical to the outcome” of that case, as dicta is defined as “a judicial comment in
an opinion that is ‘unnecessary to the decision in the case and therefore not
precedential’” (quoting Blacks’s Law Dictionary 1102 (8th ed. 2004))).
                                         6
accord Torres, 43 Fla. L. Weekly at D991 (quoting 

);

see also Bollettieri Resort Villas Condo. Ass’n v. Bank of N.Y. Mellon, 

, 74 (Fla. 2017) (Lawson, J., specially concurring) (discussing the running of the

statute of limitations in the foreclosure context and noting that a mortgagee “must

bring suit for all amounts due under the note, which it cannot do under the terms of

the note until maturity—unless it gives notice that it intends to act on a default

(missed payment) by accelerating and declaring the entire balance due

immediately” (citation omitted)); Desai v. Bank of N.Y. Mellon Tr. Co., 

729 (Fla. 4th DCA 2018) (finding a similar argument made by the borrower to

be without merit under Bartram); In re BCML Holding LLC, 65 Bankr. Ct. Dec.

193 (Bankr. S.D. Fla. 2018) (finding a similar argument made by the debtor-in-

possession which had purchased a condominium subject to defendant’s mortgage

and which was seeking a default judgment against the defendant that excluded

payment amounts outside the five year limitations period to be without merit under

Bartram).

      As discussed below, we conclude that Fannie Mae is not barred from

seeking a final judgment that includes amounts due outside the five-year statute of

limitations, as Fannie Mae alleged that Appellant had defaulted within the

limitations period and that Fannie Mae had exercised its right to accelerate all

sums due under the Note and Mortgage. In a typical residential loan, the terms of

the note and mortgage split the entirety of the debt owed by the borrower into a

                                         7
series of periodic installment payments. If a borrower defaults, the note holder

could choose to seek a judgment only for that missed installment payment. More

typically, and as occurred here, the note holder can choose to exercise its

contractual right to accelerate the entirety of the borrower’s obligation under the

note and mortgage and seek a judgment on that amount.5              By exercising its

contractual right to acceleration, the note holder is not seeking to collect a series of

individual past and future installment payments due to it. Instead, the holder elects

to accelerate the entirety of the obligation owed to it under the terms of the note

and mortgage, such that the entire sum owed—including principal, interest,

advances, costs, and fees—will be included in the judgment. It is that entire

debt—not individual installments of it—that comes due upon acceleration and that

is sought to be liquidated in a foreclosure action. Thus, when considering an

accelerated obligation, while the triggering default must occur within the five year

limitations period, the debt that is subject to judgment and collection is the

5 In paragraph 6(C) of the Note, the Appellants affirmed that upon a default, the
note holder may send notice that the holder “may require me to pay immediately
the full amount of the Principal which has not been paid and all interest that I owe
on that amount.” Paragraph 6(E) of the Note further provides that upon
acceleration the note holder may also recover its costs and expenses, including
attorneys’ fees. Finally, Paragraph 10 of the Note expressly incorporates by
reference all the remedies available to the note holder under the Mortgage,
including its right to acceleration.

Turning to the Mortgage, Paragraph 22 of that document provides that a default by
the borrower means that the note holder “at its option may require immediate
payment of all sums secured by this Security Instrument,” as well as costs and
expenses, including attorneys’ fees.
                                           8
accelerated debt, i.e., the entire amount due under the mortgage loan. See 

.      Because Fannie Mae was seeking a judgment on the

accelerated obligation, the trial court properly entered a Final Judgment of

Foreclosure in favor of Fannie Mae in the full amount of that obligation.

      For those reasons, we disagree with the decision of our sister court, the Fifth

District Court of Appeal, in Velden v. Nationstar Mortgage, LLC, 

(Fla. 5th DCA 2018), which Appellants cite in support of their argument. In

Velden, the Fifth District “reverse[d] and remand[ed] for the trial court to exclude

an award of damages for any defaults that occurred more than five years prior to

the filing date,” relying on its recent precedent. See 

We find Velden to

be contrary to the Florida Supreme Court’s decision in Bartram and decline to

follow the Fifth District’s reasoning. See 

(Lambert, J., specially

concurring) (noting that under Bartram, because “Velden . . . defaulted on

subsequent monthly note payments[,] . . . Nationstar’s predecessor . . . ‘had the

right to file a subsequent foreclosure action—and to seek acceleration of all sums

due under the note—so long as the foreclosure action was based on a subsequent

default, and the statute of limitations had not run on that particular default’”

(quoting 

)). To the extent that this decision conflicts

with Velden, we certify conflict.

      Accordingly, we affirm the Final Judgment of Foreclosure in favor of

Fannie Mae.

                                         9
Affirmed.




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