DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA
                            FOURTH DISTRICT

MELISSA MINSK DONOHO, as candidate for the Broward County Judge
                    Circuit Group 38,
                        Appellant,

                                   v.

     JASON ALLEN-ROSNER, whose legal name is JASON ALLEN
    ROSNER, as candidate for Broward County Judge Circuit Group
          38, and DR. BRENDA C. SNIPES, in her official
               Capacity as Supervisor of Elections for
                     Broward County, Florida,
                             Appellees.

                            No. 4D18-1814

                           [August 24, 2018]

   Appeal of non-final order from the Circuit Court for the Seventeenth
Judicial Circuit, Broward County; Mily Rodriguez Powell, Judge; L.T. Case
No. 2018-010919.

   Melissa Minsk Donoho, Fort Lauderdale, pro se.

   Juan-Carlos “J.C.” Planas of KYMP LLP, Miami, for appellee Jason
Allen-Rosner.

  Burnadette Norris-Weeks of Burnadette Norris-Weeks, PA, Fort
Lauderdale, for appellee Dr. Brenda C. Snipes.

FORST, J.

    Appellant Melissa Donoho, a candidate for circuit court judge in the
Seventeenth Judicial Circuit, appeals an order denying her emergency
complaint for temporary injunctive relief. She sought to prevent an
opponent, Appellee Jason Allen Rosner, from appearing on the primary
ballot as “Jason Allen-Rosner.” She claims Appellee began hyphenating
his middle and last name to take advantage of alphabetical placement on
the ballot. The trial court concluded that Appellee is not precluded from
using the hyphenated form of his name on the ballot. We agree with the
trial court that the elements for a temporary injunction were not met.
Thus, we affirm.
                                Background

    The parties are two of the candidates for seventeenth circuit (Broward
County) judge in Group 38. The dispute at issue concerns Appellee’s
choice of name to be placed on the August 28, 2018 ballot. In several
filings with the Florida Department of State (“the Department”) in January
2018, Appellee listed his name as “Jason Allen Rosner.” In subsequent
filings with the Department, his name was noted as “Jason Allen-Rosner.”

   Appellant filed a complaint for temporary injunctive relief in May 2018,
requesting that Appellee be enjoined from appearing on the August ballot
as “Jason Allen-Rosner.” Appellant alleged that Appellee is known
professionally and personally as “Jason Rosner” or “Jason A. Rosner.” For
example, Appellee’s name is not hyphenated on his marriage license or
voter registration. In addition, at the time he filed with the Department,
his name was not hyphenated on the Florida Bar’s website. Appellee was
identified on three previous ballots as a candidate for judicial office as
“Jason A. Rosner” or “Jason Allen Rosner.” Appellant’s complaint alleges
that she “will suffer irreparable harm in the absence of injunctive relief
and has no other adequate remedy at law.” If Appellee was listed as “Jason
A. Rosner” on the ballot, Appellant would have the first slot on the four-
candidate listing, with Appellee listed fourth.

    The trial court entered a detailed order finding that the elements for a
temporary injunction—particularly a substantial likelihood of success and
irreparable harm—were not shown.

                                  Analysis

   “The standard of review of trial court orders on requests for temporary
injunctions is a hybrid. To the extent the trial court’s order is based on
factual findings, we will not reverse unless the trial court abused its
discretion; however, any legal conclusions are subject to de novo review.”
Fla. High Sch. Athletic Ass’n v. Rosenberg ex rel. Rosenberg, 

, 826 (Fla. 4th DCA 2013) (quoting Foreclosure FreeSearch, Inc. v.
Sullivan, 

, 774 (Fla. 4th DCA 2009)).

    To obtain a temporary injunction, the petitioner “must establish that
(1) irreparable harm will result if the temporary injunction is not entered;
(2) an adequate remedy at law is unavailable; (3) there is a substantial
likelihood of success on the merits; and (4) entry of the temporary
injunction will serve the public interest.” Univ. Med. Clinics, Inc. v. Quality


                                      2
Health Plans, Inc., 

, 1195 (Fla. 4th DCA 2011) (citing
Foreclosure FreeSearch, 

).

   A. Appellant failed to establish irreparable harm

   As indicated in her complaint and elaborated at the hearing, Appellant
does not seek to have Appellee disqualified from the election, but instead
requests relief in the form of ballot placement. Without injunctive relief,
the ballot lists Appellee first and Appellant second, followed by two
additional candidates. The relief requested is a ballot listing Appellant first
and Appellee last.

    “Irreparable injury will never be found where the injury complained of
is ‘doubtful, eventual or contingent.’” Jacksonville Elec. Auth. v. Beemik
Builders & Constructors, Inc., 

, 373 (Fla. 1st DCA 1986)
(quoting First Nat’l Bank in St. Petersburg v. Ferris, 

, 424
(Fla. 2d DCA 1963)). Appellant’s argument is premised on the speculative
belief that the first name listed on the ballot receives an advantage. The
trial court found that any harm to Appellant is speculative. We agree, as
we cannot say that “irreparable harm will result if the temporary
injunction is not entered.”

   B. Appellant failed to establish no adequate remedy at law

   Appellant’s brief fails to address this prong of the four-prong test.
Below, Appellant argued that no adequate remedy at law exists because
there is no reasonable manner to undo a judicial election premised on a
fraudulent and illegal ballot presented to voters.

   In any event, as the trial court found below, this “element” is not
“dispositive” as Appellant has failed to meet the other prongs of the test.

   C. Appellant failed to establish a substantial likelihood of success
      on the merits

    Appellant frames the issue on appeal as “May a candidate for judicial
office appear on the ballot under a fictitious surname created solely for the
purposes of confusing voters and altering his position on the ballot?” The
answer to this question may be “no”; however, the trial court properly
found that the addition of a hyphen did not create an invalid surname
under the applicable State election laws and, most crucially, that neither
factual nor legal support exists for the argument that Appellee used the
name “Jason Allen-Rosner” rather than “Jason Allen Rosner” in an
attempt to deceive or confuse voters.

                                      3
   We agree with the trial court that “the issue of whether the candidate
oath allows for hyphenation” presents a case of first impression. However,
several district court opinions guide us as to what is and what is not
acceptable with respect to how a candidate is identified on an election
ballot.

   In Levey v. Dijols, 

(Fla. 4th DCA 2008), this Court dealt
with the issue of a judicial candidate who had used her maiden name on
the ballot. We discussed the definition of “name” in the context of the
statute:

      Section 105.031(4)(b) instructs the candidate to “please print
      name as you wish it to appear on the ballot.” The term “name”
      is not defined within the statute or in any other Florida statute
      pertaining to elections. Significantly, the oath does not
      require candidates to print any particular name, not the name
      as it appears on their driver’s license, voter’s registration, nor
      Florida Bar license.

      Black’s Law Dictionary defines a “name” as: “A word or phrase
      identifying or designating a person or thing and distinguishing
      that person or thing from others.” Black’s Law Dictionary
      1048 (8th ed. 2004). Merriam–Webster’s Online Dictionary
      defines a “name” similarly: “a word or phrase that constitutes
      the distinctive designation of a person or thing.”

      In the context of this statute, the term “name” connotes any
      legal form of name the person is entitled to use and have
      printed on the ballot.

.

   In Levey, the candidate’s legal name was “Mardi Levey Cohen,” and she
chose to appear on the ballot under her maiden name of “Mardi Anne
Levey.” We found that this did not run afoul of the statute, which does
not require a candidate to use a specific name, and noted that the trial
court found no “evil purpose” to the choice of name and “no fraud or
misconduct.” 

see Jordan v. Robinson, 

, 418 (Fla.
4th DCA 2010) (reversing an injunction that prevented a judicial candidate
from using his birth name on the ballot; agreeing with the trial court that
the candidate’s desire to use his birth name appeared to be aimed at
appealing to an ethnic segment of the electorate in a “thinly veiled attempt
to deceive and confuse the voters of Broward County,” but that the

                                      4
candidate lacked a fraudulent intent to deceive voters).

    Here, “Jason Allen-Rosner” is a form of Appellee’s name. The Levey
and Jordan opinions reflect that a candidate is free to choose how his or
her name will appear on the ballot, absent an “evil purpose to [the] choice
of name” or an “attempt to confuse the voters into thinking that he [or she
is] someone else.” See 

; 

.

    In both Levey and Jordan, we looked to an earlier decision from the
Third District, Planas v. Planas, 

(Fla. 3d DCA 2006). There,
the court addressed a situation in which candidate Juan E. Planas
designated the name “J.P. Planas” to be listed on the ballot as a candidate
for a state representative position, challenging the incumbent J.C. Planas.
The court held that,

      [B]y designating a name . . . which had not been adopted by
      him and under which he had not transacted private and
      official business, the appellant did not act in the good faith
      and honest purpose required of all candidates . . . [a]llowing
      him to succeed through a stratagem clearly intended to
      deceive and confuse voters with the incumbent long and
      widely known as “J.C.” Planas, simply cannot be permitted.

(alterations, citations and quotations omitted).

   In the instant case, the trial court found that Appellee “has used his
hyphenated name in his public and private life for over a year.” The trial
court noted that the use was “selective” and that the “decision to employ
a hyphenated name could be seen as a way to give [Appellee] a competitive
advantage in the election.” Ultimately, however, the trial court concluded
that Appellee’s use of the hyphenated name did not make his name
“unrecognizable” or “create the type of confusion as seen in Planas.” We
agree and determine that Appellant has failed to establish a likelihood of
success on the merits, let alone a substantial likelihood.

   D. Appellant failed to establish entry of the temporary injunction
      will serve the public interest

    As detailed in Levey, a candidate for elective office has a great deal of
latitude in choosing how to be listed on the ballot—the candidate need not
use his/her “legal name” or the name that the candidate generally uses for
identification. Here, Jason Allen Rosner merely placed a hyphen between
his middle and last name. There is no evidence or argument that he did
so in an effort to have voters believe that he was “Jason Allen” rather than

                                     5
“Jason Rosner.”

    The fact that Appellee chose to be listed as “Allen-Rosner” rather than
“Rosner” and the fact that Appellant has taken legal action to enjoin
Appellee’s ballot placement appears to contradict Appellant’s argument
that “[a] judicial election ballot is not a scramble to create a name to be
listed first like a Yellow Pages listing – ‘aa aardvark locksmith.’” Clearly,
both parties to this action believe that the first name listed on the ballot
receives a boost in votes.

    As Appellee abided by the rules in designating the name for placement
on the ballot and did not employ “a stratagem clearly intended to deceive
and confuse voters,” we cannot conclude that entry of an injunction will
serve the public interest. To the extent that our election laws provide
candidates great latitude in how they will be listed on the ballot, and to
the extent that an electoral benefit is conferred on the candidate listed
first, the remedy lies not with the courts.

                                Conclusion

   Appellant has failed to establish the elements for a temporary
injunction, and the trial court’s legal analysis is in accord with the
pertinent statute and case law. Accordingly, the trial court’s denial of
Appellant’s complaint for temporary injunctive relief is affirmed.

   Affirmed.

TAYLOR and KUNTZ, JJ., concur

                            *        *         *

    FINAL UPON RELEASE; NO MOTION FOR REHEARING WILL BE
 ENTERTAINED; MANDATE ISSUED SIMULTANEOUSLY WITH OPINION.




                                     6