DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA
                             FOURTH DISTRICT

                         VALERIE K. SHERMAN,
                              Appellant,

                                     v.

                         MYRON K. SHERMAN,
                             Appellee.

                              No. 4D18-3578

                           [September 25, 2019]

   Appeal from the Circuit Court for the Seventeenth Judicial Circuit,
Broward County; Carlos Augusto Rodriguez, Judge; L.T. Case No. CACE-
11-26900 (09).

   Elliot L. Miller, Miami Beach, for appellant.

    Jeffrey M. Weissman of Weissman & Dervishi, P.A., Fort Lauderdale,
for appellee.

                                  EN BANC

PER CURIAM.

   In this action involving partition of property, Valerie K. Sherman, the
appellant and plaintiff below, appeals the final judgment and the denial of
her motion to alter or amend the final judgment as to the issue of costs.
The costs of the partition sale itself have been reimbursed from the
proceeds of the sale. However, Valerie seeks an award against Myron K.
Sherman, the appellee and defendant below, for the other costs of suit,
pursuant to section 57.041(1), Florida Statutes (2018). Because the trial
court incorrectly applied a “prevailing party” standard to costs awarded
under section 57.041(1), when the correct standard is the “party
recovering judgment,” we reverse and remand for further proceedings. We
consider this case en banc, to recede from conflicting language regarding
the appropriate standard for awards of costs pursuant to section 57.041(1)
in our prior opinions.
                                Background

   Prior to her death, Ruth Frances Sherman created an irrevocable trust
for the residence she lived in with her son, Myron. After Ruth’s death,
Valerie, Ruth’s daughter, filed suit against her brother Myron individually
and as co-trustee of the “the Trust Agreement.” In the operative complaint,
Valerie asserted five counts seeking: (1) a declaration of rights under the
trust; (2) a resulting trust; (3) a constructive trust based on unjust
enrichment; (4) trust liquidation; and (5) partition with a request for
damages. At trial, Valerie sought alternative or supplemental awards of
damages regarding the title ownership of the residence.

   Myron raised various affirmative defenses and counterclaims for
reformation (seeking a determination that he was the sole owner of the
property after Ruth’s death), slander of title, and “contribution” damages
for expenses he advanced as a co-owner of the property, if the
counterclaim for reformation was denied.

    The matter proceeded to trial, after which the trial court entered its
final judgment. In the judgment, the trial court concluded that no
evidence had been presented as to any of the common-law damage claims
made by each party, and therefore dismissed the damages claims. The
trial court granted Valerie’s request for declaratory judgment, determining
that since its acquisition, the subject property was at all times owned by
“the Trust Agreement.” The trial court additionally adjudged as valid a
corrective deed establishing that Valerie and Myron, as co-trustees of the
the Trust Agreement, were the owners of the property. The trial court
granted Valerie’s request to liquidate the trust, which had continued in
existence well beyond the ten-year term originally contemplated in the
Trust Agreement. Important to this appeal, the trial court ruled:

      6. The Court grants [Valerie’s] Count V seeking partition and
      further finds that the premises consist of a single-family home
      which is not susceptible of partition in kind and can only be
      partitioned by sale. There appears to be no mortgages of
      record upon said parcel and a partition by sale shall convey
      full fee-simple title to the purchaser at said sale.

   The final judgment directed Valerie to advance “any and all subsequent
costs[,] fees or other expenses of this action,” with a provision that she was
to be reimbursed by the clerk of court from the proceeds of the sale.
However, the final paragraph of the final judgment stated that “[o]ther than
as indicated herein, each party to bear their own costs and attorney[’s]
fees.” The final judgment did not grant any relief to Myron or determine

                                      2
that he prevailed on any defense.

   After entry of the final judgment, Valerie filed a motion and
supplemental motion to alter or amend the final judgment, pursuant to
Florida Rule of Civil Procedure 1.530(g), seeking to eliminate the last
paragraph of the final judgment providing that each party shall bear their
own costs. Valerie asserted that nothing was presented at trial to support
the trial court’s ruling that each party should bear their own costs, and as
the prevailing party, she was statutorily entitled to costs pursuant to
section 57.041(1).

   At the hearing on the motion to amend the final judgment, Valerie’s
counsel clarified that section 57.041(1) dictates that costs be awarded to
the party recovering judgment, as opposed to the prevailing party, and
explained that the final judgment granted Valerie’s causes of action and
granted nothing on Myron’s affirmative defenses and counterclaims,
making it clear that Valerie was both the prevailing party and the party
recovering judgment.

   Despite the fact that it was Valerie, and not Myron, who sought the
partition, the transcript of the hearing indicates that the trial court denied
Valerie’s motion, reasoning that neither party was the prevailing party
because the judgment was not favorable to one over the other, as there
was a partition, and it was more equitable that each party incurring costs
before the hearing should bear those costs without reimbursement, except
as provided in the final judgment.

   Following the hearing, the trial court entered an order simply stating
that Valerie’s motion to amend the final judgment was “denied.” Valerie
gave notice of appeal. 1

                               Appellate Analysis

   “An appellate court reviews whether a trial court’s award of costs is
excessive for an abuse of discretion; however, whether a cost requested
may be awarded, at all, is a question of law to be reviewed de novo.” City
of Boca Raton v. Basso, 

, 1144 (Fla. 4th DCA 2018)
(quoting Winn-Dixie Stores, Inc. v. Reddick, 

, 730 (Fla. 1st
DCA 2007)). As such, the standard of review of the trial court’s denial of

1Subsequent to the proceedings on appeal, it appears the trial court entertained
and granted Valerie’s motions for award of costs relating to (1) the partition sale
of the property and (2) a sanction imposed for failure to admit the genuineness
of a document. Those costs awards are not the subject of this appeal.

                                        3
Valerie’s request for costs is de novo.

   On appeal, Valerie argues that the trial court erred in denying her
motion to alter or amend the final judgment, precluding her from obtaining
an award of costs. She contends the premise of the trial court’s ruling is
that there was no prevailing party, since the net effect of the judgment was
to grant partition. Valerie argues the trial court should have applied the
proper standard, the “party recovering judgment” standard, which would
have entitled her to an award of costs under section 57.041(1).

   Section 57.041(1) provides in pertinent part:

      (1) The party recovering judgment shall recover all his or her
      legal costs and charges which shall be included in the
      judgment . . . .

§ 57.041(1), Fla. Stat. (emphasis added). Our supreme court in Hendry
Tractor Co. v. Fernandez, 

, 1316 (Fla. 1983), explained
that this language “expressly demands that the party recovering judgment
be awarded costs. This unambiguous language need not be construed.”
(emphasis added).

   Valerie points out that while the “prevailing party” and the “party
recovering judgment” will frequently be the same party, circumstances
may arise in which that is not the case. For example, a party may prevail
on some, but not all counts or causes of action, or it may be difficult to
discern which party prevails where a non-monetary judgment is entered.

   In Hendry Tractor, the supreme court clarified that “a plaintiff in a
multicount personal injury action who recovers [a] money judgment on at
least one but not all counts in the cause of action, is the ‘party recovering
judgment’ for purposes of section 57.041(1), Florida Statutes (1979), and
therefore is entitled to recover costs.” 

the argument that a
defendant prevailed in defense of a failed count does not appear to entitle
the defendant to costs, where the plaintiff nevertheless prevailed on at
least one other count.

   Although not discussed by the parties in their briefs, we note that in
Folta v. Bolton, 

(Fla. 1986), the supreme court clarified the
holding of Hendry Tractor to apply to claims “arising out of a single set of
circumstances.” 

In Folta, the court addressed a multicount
medical malpractice action in which the claims involved two unrelated
injuries which could have been filed as separate actions because the fact
patterns of the injuries were different. 

Joinder was proper

                                      4
because some of the defendants were common to both injuries.               

court wrote:

      Although section 57.041 provides for costs to “the party
      recovering judgment” and section 768.56 [addressing fees and
      costs in medical malpractice actions] provides for “prevailing
      party” attorney fees, we concede that the same principles
      should be applied under each provision.

(emphasis added). In the next paragraph, the court explained
that the holding in Hendry Tractor was guided by the procedural posture
of the case, pointing out that under the modern pleading rules, alternative
pleading of causes of action arising out of the same transaction is
permitted, which is the reason the court did not follow its prior holding in
Marianna Mfg. Co. v. Boone, 

, 

(1908). 

court said:

      In Marianna Mfg. Co., we concluded that “[w]here the verdict
      is in effect for the defendant on any one or more of the counts
      of a declaration the costs should be taxed as the statute and
      rules 

, 45 So. at 755.

original). What is important to note is that Marianna Mfg.
Co. involved an action alleging two counts for breach of contract
concerning two different breaches of contract. Marianna Mfg. 

. Marianna Mfg. also held that a verdict which was silent as to one
count constituted a verdict in favor of the defendant as to that count. 

    Although there is language in Folta suggesting that “the party
recovering judgment” and “prevailing party” are equivalent standards, we
focus on the language in Folta affirming the principle in Hendry Tractor
that an award of costs (as distinct from fees) should focus on who obtained
a judgment in multicount actions seeking relief on claims “arising out of a
single set of circumstances,” and affirming the principle in Marianna Mfg.
that costs in multicount actions seeking relief on factually distinct and
unrelated claims “should be taxed as the statute and rules direct”; in other
words, as to which party obtained a judgment as to each separate claim.

.

   The multicount scenario was recently discussed by this Court in Basso,
where the plaintiff filed suit against the City of Boca Raton for false arrest
and false imprisonment. 

. The plaintiff
prevailed on the false imprisonment claim and obtained a money judgment

                                      5
against the city. 

prevailed in defense of the false arrest claim.

moved for costs. 

Despite the damages
awarded against it on the false imprisonment claim, the city moved for
costs asserting it had prevailed in defense of the false arrest claim. 

court determined that each party was entitled to costs in their
entirety with respect to the prevailed upon counts ($2,494.83 to the
plaintiff and $8,611.87 to the city), and thus awarded a net cost final
judgment in favor of the city in the amount of $6,117.04. 

we determined that it was error to deny the plaintiff’s motion for costs
where she had recovered a money judgment in the suit. 

In
coming to the conclusion that the plaintiff was entitled to “all of her court
costs” and that the trial court erred in holding that the plaintiff must pay
the city its court costs, we analyzed section 57.041(1), and applied the
supreme court’s instruction that:

      “The statute expressly demands that the party recovering
      judgment be awarded costs. This unambiguous language
      need not be construed.” Hendry Tractor Co. v. Fernandez, 

, 1316 (Fla. 1983); see also Weitzer Oak Park
      Estate, Ltd. v. Petto, 

, 991 (Fla. 3d DCA 1991)
      (stating that “every party who recovers a judgment in a legal
      proceeding is entitled as a matter of right to recover lawful
      court costs, and a trial judge has no discretion to deny costs
      to the parties recovering judgment”).

   Despite our emphasis on the language of section 57.041(1) in Basso as
setting the “party recovering judgment” standard, it appears we have also
subsequently characterized the standard with reference to the “prevailing
party.” Specifically, after Basso, we issued our opinion in Coconut Key
Homeowner’s Ass’n v. Gonzalez, 

, 434 (Fla. 4th DCA 2018),
in which we said:

      Court costs under section 57.041, Florida Statutes (2008), are
      also “[]governed by the ‘prevailing party’ standard . . . .[]”
      Wyatt v. Milner Document Prods., Inc., 

, 490
      (Fla. 4th DCA 2006) (quoting Spring Lake Imp. Distrib. v.
      Tyrrell, 

, 658-59 (Fla. 2d DCA 2004)), abrogated
      on other grounds by Westgate Miami Beach, Ltd. v. Newport
      Operating Corp., 

(Fla. 2010).

in original) (emphasis added).


                                      6
   As can be seen in the above quote, we cited our prior opinion in Wyatt,
which quoted the Second District’s Spring Lake decision for the proposition
that costs are governed by the prevailing party standard. Notably, the
Second District has receded from Spring Lake in an en banc opinion
wherein it determined that the plain language of section 57.041(1) and the
supreme court’s opinion in Hendry Tractor indicate that the proper
standard for determining entitlement to costs is to the “party recovering
judgment,” and the standard for costs is not to be confused with the
“prevailing party” standard for attorney’s fees.        Wolfe v. Culpepper
Constructors, Inc., 

, 1136-37 (Fla. 2d DCA 2012). The
Second District has reaffirmed its holding regarding the “party recovering
judgment” standard as the proper standard for awarding costs. Hawks v.
Libit, 

, 324 (Fla. 2d DCA 2018) (“Since Wolfe was decided
in 2012, this court has applied the ‘party recovering judgment’ standard—
not the ‘prevailing party’ standard—to costs motions filed pursuant to this
section.”); Wanda Dipaola Stephen Rinko Gen. P’ship v. Beach Terrace
Ass’n, 

, 1015 (Fla. 2d DCA 2015).

   The First and Third Districts also appear to be aligned with the Second
District. See Bessey v. Difilippo, 

, 997 (Fla. 1st DCA 2007);
Weitzer Oak Park Estate, Ltd. v. Petto, 

, 991 (Fla. 3d DCA
1991). Additionally, we note that in Basso, we relied on Hendry Tractor,
Wanda, and Bessy in determining that costs should be awarded to the
“party recovering judgment.”

    Finally, to the extent it could be argued that the “party recovering
judgment” standard does not apply where claims sound in equity, due to
the equity court’s traditional discretion to apportion costs, it is relevant to
point out that Valerie in this case specifically sought costs pursuant to
section 57.041(1). As the Second District recently reasoned in Hawks,
there does not appear to be authority suggesting that section 57.041(1)
should apply differently to equitable claims. See 

(“[W]e have been unable to locate, any authority from this court
suggesting that section 57.041(1) or the holding in Wolfe should apply
differently to equitable claims.”). Significantly, the language in section
57.041(1) carves out only the following exception to the entitlement to
costs:

      (1) The party recovering judgment shall recover all his or her
      legal costs and charges which shall be included in the
      judgment; but this section does not apply to executors or
      administrators in actions when they are not liable for costs.

§ 57.041(1), Fla. Stat. (emphasis added). The action below does not involve

                                      7
executors or administrators, thus the exception does not apply.

   Based on the foregoing, although equity courts generally have the
discretion to apportion costs, section 57.041(1) mandates costs to Valerie
as the party recovering judgment in this action. We reverse the trial court’s
order as to costs and remand for the trial court to grant the motion to
amend or alter the final judgment as to the provision for costs. We recede
from the language of any of our prior opinions in which it appears that we
have construed the “prevailing party” standard to apply to costs awarded
pursuant to section 57.041(1). Under section 57.041(1), costs should be
awarded to the “party recovering judgment.”

   Reversed and remanded.

LEVINE, C.J., MAY, DAMOORGIAN, CIKLIN, GERBER, CONNER, FORST,
KLINGENSMITH, and KUNTZ, JJ., concur.
CONNER, J., concurs specially with an opinion.
WARNER, J., concurs in part and dissents in part with an opinion, in which
GROSS and TAYLOR, JJ. concur.

CONNER, J., concurring specially.

    I concur with the majority opinion and its analysis regarding the correct
standard to be applied to an award of fees pursuant to section 57.041(1),
Florida Statutes (2018). I write to point out that, in my opinion, the
attorneys for both parties below led the trial court astray by either failing
to discover and alert the trial court or, worse yet, ignoring that the partition
statute has a provision addressing costs. Neither party brought to the trial
court’s attention the provision of section 64.081, Florida Statutes (2018),
which states:

      Every party shall be bound by the judgment to pay a share of
      the costs, including attorneys’ fees to plaintiff’s or defendant’s
      attorneys or to each of them commensurate with their services
      rendered and of benefit to the partition, to be determined on
      equitable principles in proportion to the party’s interest. Such
      judgment is binding on all his or her goods and chattels,
      lands, or tenements. In case of sale the court may order the
      costs and fees to be paid or retained out of the moneys arising
      from the sale and due to the parties who ought to pay the
      same. All taxes, state, county, and municipal, due thereon at
      the time of the sale, shall be paid out of the purchase money.

§ 64.081, Fla. Stat. (emphases added). Similarly, on appeal the parties

                                       8
failed to cite this statute in their briefs.

   However, my reading of the transcript reveals the trial judge intuitively
understood that partition actions are unique. The case law interpreting
section 64.081 makes clear that costs incurred by both parties in partition
actions are to be paid in proportion to the party’s interest in the property,
subject to adjustment based on equitable principles. See Robinson v. Barr,

, 600 (Fla. 2d DCA 2014) (“The circumstance that both
[parties] prevailed on their claims for partition, but not on their requests
for additional relief is not a valid reason to disregard the command of
[section 64.081]” to award costs in proportion to the party’s interest.); Diaz
v. Sec. Union Title Ins. Co., 

, 1006 (Fla. 3d DCA 1994)
(awarding attorney’s fees for a separate probate proceeding as an award in
the partition action because the prior probate proceeding was of benefit to
the partition action).

   Because section 64.081 applies specifically to partition actions, that
was the appropriate statute for the trial court to apply, not section
57.041(1). See State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Nichols, 

,
1073 (Fla. 2006) (noting the “long-recognized principle of statutory
construction that where two statutory provisions are in conflict, the
specific statute controls over the general statute”) (quoting State v. J.M.,

, 112 (Fla. 2002)). However, because section 57.041(1) was
the only statute argued below and on appeal, I concur with the majority
opinion.

WARNER, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part.

   While I agree with the construction that the majority opinion places on
the language used in section 57.041, Florida Statutes (2018), I concur in
the result on different grounds. All three actions upon which the court
based its judgment were equitable, and both the Declaratory Judgment
Statute and the Partition Statute have their own cost provisions. Florida
Supreme Court precedent allows trial courts discretion in allocating costs
in equitable actions. While the trial court had discretion in allocating
costs, I would conclude that it abused its discretion by denying costs
without determining what those costs were and how that would affect the
equitable rights of the parties.

   As noted in the majority, all of the causes of action asserted by Valerie
were equitable in nature. As to the Declaratory Judgment action, section
86.081, Florida Statutes (2018) provides that “The court may award costs
as are equitable.” As to the partition action, as noted in Judge Conner’s
concurring opinion, section 64.081, Florida Statutes (2018) requires that

                                        9
each party pay a proportionate share of costs as is equitable. Thus, those
two causes of action had specific cost allocation statutes applying
equitable considerations.

   The remaining equitable action of reformation does not have a specific
statute governing cost allocation, but the supreme court has never receded
from cases which provide for discretion in the taxing of costs in equitable
actions: “The general rule is that costs follow the results of the litigation
but in equity this rule may be departed from according to the circumstances.”
Schwartz v. Zaconick, 

(Fla. 1954) (emphasis added). This
rule has been in effect for over 150 years, as it appears to be first
announced in Lewis v. Yale, 

(1852). Likewise, the statute in
question, section 57.041, has been in existence since 1828, with basically
the same language. See Act Nov. 23, 1828, § 71.

    The majority relies on Hendry Tractor Co. v. Fernandez, 

, 1316 (Fla. 1983), to explain the meaning of “party recovering a
judgment,” but it fails to address Hendry’s qualification to the application
of the statute. The Hendry court noted: “As a general rule costs follow the
outcome of the litigation and we are not here confronted with a situation
warranting departure from such principle.” 

v. Zaconick,

(Fla.1954)) (emphasis added). I can only surmise by the
citation to Schwartz that the supreme court did not intend to recede from
its rulings that allow the trial court discretion in taxing costs in equitable
actions. As the supreme court explained in Puryear v. State, 

, 905 (Fla. 2002),

      [T]his Court does not intentionally overrule itself sub silentio.
      Where a court encounters an express holding from this Court
      on a specific issue and a subsequent contrary dicta statement
      on the same specific issue, the court is to apply our express
      holding in the former decision until such time as this Court
      recedes from the express holding.

Therefore, I conclude that, having failed to recede from its express holding
that trial courts have discretion in the allocation of costs in equity cases,
the trial court did not err by refusing to apply section 57.041 without
regard to equitable circumstances. In Hawks v. Libit, 

, 324
(Fla. 2d DCA 2018), the Second District noted that the court was “unable
to locate, any authority from this court suggesting that section 57.041(1)
or the holding in Wolfe [v. Culpepper Constructors, Inc., 

(Fla. 2d DCA 2012)] should apply differently to equitable claims.” Although
there may be no Second District authority, as noted above, there is ample
supreme court precedent which would suggest otherwise. The majority

                                     10
opinion agrees with Hawks as to the application of the statute to cases in
equity. If my view of Hendry and prior supreme court case law on the
subject is correct, then both the majority opinion and Hawks conflict with
supreme court precedent.

    However, the trial court did not act within its discretion by requiring
each party to bear his or her own costs without any evidence of the extent
of the costs of each party. The court cannot act equitably without such
information. Therefore, I agree that the court erred in denying the motion
to amend to correct the final judgment by deleting that provision.

   Once that provision is removed from the final judgment, then the court
can consider appellant’s motion on the merits. Because I would hold that
the court has discretion in its allocation of costs, I would not mandate that
the court approve all taxable costs. The appellee should be entitled to
oppose the motion by arguing that the court should consider equitable
principles in determining what and how much to award to appellant in
these proceedings. Both the specific statutes governing declaratory
judgments and partition actions, as well as supreme court precedent
governing other equitable actions, permit the trial court to exercise such
discretion.

                            *        *         *

   Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.




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