Case: 16-11773   Date Filed: 02/14/2017   Page: 1 of 10


                                                         [DO NOT PUBLISH]



            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                       ________________________

                             No. 16-11773
                         Non-Argument Calendar
                       ________________________

                  D.C. Docket No. 4:15-cr-10011-JEM-1



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                               Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                 versus

ROBERTO ROQUE-REYES,

                                                         Defendant-Appellant.

                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Southern District of Florida
                      ________________________

                            (February 14, 2017)

Before MARTIN, JULIE CARNES, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
              Case: 16-11773     Date Filed: 02/14/2017   Page: 2 of 10


      Defendant Roberto Roque-Reyes appeals his 24-month sentence, which

reflects a 12-month upward variance from the top of the advisory guideline range,

after pleading guilty to conspiring to encourage and induce aliens to enter the

United States. On appeal, Defendant argues that his sentence is procedurally and

substantively reasonable. Because we conclude that the district court committed

procedural error by relying on clearly erroneous facts in imposing Defendant’s

sentence, we vacate his sentence and remand for resentencing.

I.    BACKGROUND

      According to the Presentence Investigation Report (“PSR”), on July 28,

2015, the United States Coast Guard received information regarding two jet skis,

carrying six people, that were traveling toward Key West, Florida, from Cuba. The

Coast Guard interdicted the jet skis and identified the six people as Defendant, his

codefendant Raisel Travieso-Reyes, and four other Cuban nationals. An

investigation later revealed that the jet skis were registered on June 20, 2015, to

two different owners, one of whom was Defendant’s father’s best friend.

      Defendant initially told Government officials that he and Travieso-Reyes

were fishing with family and friends and got bored, so they decided to ride jet skis.

While riding the jet skis, they rescued four people floating in the water. Defendant

later changed his story, explaining that he had traveled to Cuba with Travieso-




                                          2
              Case: 16-11773      Date Filed: 02/14/2017   Page: 3 of 10


Reyes to pick up his uncle, and that he did not know the three other people, nor had

he anticipated picking them up.

      Defendant subsequently pled guilty to conspiring to encourage and induce

aliens to enter the United States, in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(1)(A)(v)(I). In

anticipation of sentencing, the probation officer prepared the PSR, which assigned

Defendant a base offense level of 12, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2L1.1. With a 2-level

reduction for acceptance of responsibility, Defendant’s total offense level was 10.

Based on a total offense level of 10 and a criminal history category of I,

Defendant’s advisory guideline range was 6 to 12 months’ imprisonment.

Defendant filed no objections to the PSR.

      At the sentencing hearing, the Government recommended a six-month

sentence—the low end of the guideline range. The district court asked defense

counsel to explain why Defendant deserved only a six-month sentence. The

district court then stated:

             But the bottom line is this . . . you and I both know that people
      are paying $10,000 a head to be smuggled from Cuba. And that these
      jet skis that these fellows were on were purchased like a day before.
      For the trip, obviously. I don’t think they were purchased for fishing.

             These two fellows went down there to get four people, and you
      and I also have no idea how many people have perished while they
      were being brought back here from Cuba on one of these commercial
      enterprises. How many people have been dumped because they were
      fearful of Coast Guard intervention.
             This is a very serious problem, and I don’t think six months is
      enough. Tell me why it is. Yeah. I don’t see it. I think that this is a
                                           3
              Case: 16-11773    Date Filed: 02/14/2017   Page: 4 of 10


      very serious problem that we need to have—as you know, the factors
      under 3553 include deterrence. I don’t think six months deters them
      because you and I both have seen people in here for the third and
      fourth and fifth times and I get—I’m really sick of it. I am sick of
      people that think they can flaunt our laws. That they come here and
      take what—that take everything given to them and just take advantage
      of the people of the United States and go back over there and continue
      to go back and forth to Cuba to bring people here for money.

      Defendant asserted that there was no evidence showing that he or Travieso-

Reyes had been previously involved in alien smuggling, nor had any facts been

developed to show that the purpose of this trip was anything other than to pick up a

family member. Because Defendant was unemployed and had arrived illegally in

the United States in March 2015, the district court questioned how Defendant was

able to purchase the jet skis, satellite phone, and the Global Positioning System

(“GPS”). The district court repeatedly expressed its belief that this was a

commercial enterprise, and stated that it did not believe that Defendant went to

Cuba with two, three-passenger jet skis solely to pick up his uncle.

      The district court explained that it was considering a sentence substantially

above the guidelines based on the need to provide deterrence under 18 U.S.C.

§ 3553(a). The district court ultimately sentenced Defendant to 24 months’

imprisonment. Defendant objected to the procedural and substantive

reasonableness of the upward variance, arguing that the Government had not

offered any evidence contradicting Defendant’s representation that he went to

Cuba to pick up his uncle. This appeal followed.
                                          4
                Case: 16-11773       Date Filed: 02/14/2017        Page: 5 of 10


II.    DISCUSSION

       On appeal, Defendant challenges his 24-month sentence as procedurally and

substantively unreasonable. Because we conclude that Defendant’s sentence is

procedurally unreasonable, we pass no judgment on its substantive reasonableness

had there been no procedural error.

       Defendant argues that the district court committed procedural error by

relying on clearly erroneous facts in imposing his sentence. In particular, he

argues that the district court lacked an evidentiary basis for concluding that

Defendant engaged in an alien-smuggling commercial enterprise.

       Using a two-step process, we review the reasonableness of a district court’s

sentence for abuse of discretion. United States v. Cubero, 

, 892 (11th

Cir. 2014). First, we determine whether a sentence is procedurally reasonable,

then we consider whether the sentence is substantively reasonable in light of the

totality of the circumstances and the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors. 1 

may be procedurally unreasonable if the district court . . .

selects a sentence based on clearly erroneous facts . . . .” United States v.


1
  The § 3553(a) factors include: (1) the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history
and characteristics of the defendant; (2) the need to reflect the seriousness of the offense, to
promote respect for the law, and to provide just punishment for the offense; (3) the need for
deterrence; (4) the need to protect the public; (5) the need to provide the defendant with needed
education or vocational training or medical care; (6) the kinds of sentences available; (7) the
Sentencing Guidelines range; (8) pertinent policy statements of the Sentencing Commission;
(9) the need to avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities; and (10) the need to provide restitution
to victims. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).
                                                5
              Case: 16-11773    Date Filed: 02/14/2017    Page: 6 of 10


Gonzalez, 

, 1323 (11th Cir. 2008). We review the district court’s

factual findings for clear error. United States v. McGuinness, 

, 1304

(11th Cir. 2006). A factual finding is clearly erroneous when a review of all the

evidence leaves this Court with “the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has

been” made. United States v. Philidor, 

, 885 (11th Cir. 2013).

“Although review for clear error is deferential, a finding of fact must be supported

by substantial evidence.” United States v. Robertson, 

, 1330 (11th

Cir. 2007).

      The Government must prove the facts relevant to sentencing by a

preponderance of the evidence. See United States v. Watts, 

, 156

(1997). The sentencing court’s factual findings may be based upon evidence heard

during trial, facts admitted by the defendant’s guilty plea, undisputed statements in

the PSI, or evidence presented during the sentencing hearing. See United States v.

Smith, 

, 1281 (11th Cir. 2007); United States v. Shelton, 

, 1330 (11th Cir. 2005). Although the district court is permitted to draw

reasonable inferences from the record, it must base its factual determinations on

reliable and specific evidence, not speculation. United States v. Creel, 

, 1359 (11th Cir. 2015); United States v. Newman, 

, 1238 (11th

Cir. 2010).




                                          6
              Case: 16-11773     Date Filed: 02/14/2017   Page: 7 of 10


      Here, Defendant’s sentence is procedurally unreasonable sentence because

the district court relied on clearly erroneous facts. The district court imposed an

upward variance because it was convinced that Defendant was engaged in an alien-

smuggling commercial enterprise. However, this factual finding was not supported

by substantial evidence in the record. See 

. The

district court arrived at this conclusion based on Defendant’s smuggling of three

people in addition to his uncle, and the district court’s impression that Defendant

must have had a source of funding in order to purchase two jet skis, full tanks of

fuel, a GPS, and a satellite phone.

      While Defendant’s smuggling of three people other than his uncle was

supported by reliable and specific evidence, there was no evidence showing that

this incident was part of an alien-smuggling commercial enterprise. No evidence

was offered to show the likelihood that Defendant had previously engaged in alien

smuggling. Moreover, the Government did not present any evidence that

Defendant was paid or acted for purposes of financial gain when picking up the

three additional people in Cuba. Cf. United States v. Dominguez, 

,

1066 (11th Cir. 2011) (explaining that, in the separate but related context of

enhancing a defendant’s sentence for participating in a smuggling operation for

commercial advantage under 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(2)(b)(ii), it is sufficient to show

that the defendant acted for purposes of financial gain). Nor was this fact admitted


                                          7
              Case: 16-11773     Date Filed: 02/14/2017    Page: 8 of 10


during the guilty plea proceedings, or supported by the factual statements in the

PSR.

       The district court’s determination that Defendant must have been involved in

an alien-smuggling venture in order to gain access to the jet skis and electronic

equipment was likewise not supported by substantial evidence in the record.

Neither jet ski was registered to Defendant; one was registered to Defendant’s

father’s best friend and the other to his co-defendant’s stepfather. The district

court also focused on the fact that the jet skis were purchased immediately prior to

the trip, stating that, “these jet skis that these fellows were on were purchased like

a day before. For the trip, obviously.” But the PSR showed that the jet skis were

registered on June 20, 2015, and thus were purchased at least one month before

Defendant and Travieso-Reyes traveled to Cuba. Further, the only evidence

presented regarding the GPS and satellite phone showed that the equipment was

found in the co-defendant’s possession. Therefore, any factual finding that

Defendant purchased this equipment is purely speculative. Because Defendant’s

purchase of the jet skis and electronic equipment seemed to factor heavily in the

district court’s evaluation, but this assumption was not established by reliable and

specific evidence, it cannot support an inference of the existence of a commercial

enterprise. See 

; 

.




                                           8
              Case: 16-11773     Date Filed: 02/14/2017   Page: 9 of 10


      Further, the Government did not contest Defendant’s assertion that he went

to Cuba for his family and that his actions on the date in question were not part of a

commercial venture. Therefore, after a thorough review of the record, we are left

with the firm conviction that the district court’s finding that Defendant was

engaged in an alien-smuggling enterprise was clearly erroneous.

      Of course, that Defendant may not have been involved in a commercial

alien-smuggling enterprise does not mean that the district court was prohibited

from imposing an upward variance based on a proper assessment of the § 3553(a)

factors, nor that the court is necessarily prohibited from imposing a variance on

remand if that decision is grounded in an accurate finding of the facts. We are not

persuaded, however, by the Government’s argument that even if the district court

was mistaken about some of the evidence, its sentencing decision was not based on

clearly erroneous facts. The Government argues that the district court was

concerned about deterring smugglers who unsafely transported migrants across

open seas and subjected those people to great danger. The need for deterrence is a

factor that a sentencing court may properly consider. See 18 U.S.C.

§ 3553(a)(2)(B). But here the district court’s comments overwhelmingly focused

on the importance of deterring commercial alien-smuggling operations. Indeed,

the district court itself stated, “if my mother was over there, I probably would steal

a boat and go get her. That’s not what’s happening here . . . .” Given that the


                                          9
             Case: 16-11773    Date Filed: 02/14/2017    Page: 10 of 10


district court appeared to rely strongly on the presumed existence of an alien-

smuggling commercial enterprise in making its sentencing decision, the district

court abused its discretion.

      Because we conclude that the district court committed a procedural error, we

VACATE Defendant’s sentence and REMAND for resentencing.




                                         10