McDONALD, J.
In this case, both sides have sought to prove a negative. The Appellant, Joseph E. Simms, was convicted of first degree murder and related offenses in 1996. In 2008, well after his conviction had become final, he embarked on an effort under the post-conviction DNA testing statute, Maryland Code, Criminal Procedure Article ("CP"), § 8-201, to prove that one item of the prosecution's evidence—socks he had allegedly worn at the time of the murders—lacked his DNA. The State ultimately responded with documentation that the socks no longer existed, having been destroyed long ago, along with other items seized in the case after his conviction had become final. Mr. Simms apparently accepted the fact that the socks had been destroyed and unsuccessfully pursued other post-conviction relief for several years on the theory that the socks had been destroyed in bad faith.
This case arose when Mr. Simms sought to reopen the proceedings under CP § 8-201 and obtain a hearing to explore the circumstances of the destruction of the socks. The pro bono counsel who had assisted him in the earlier proceedings under that statute moved to strike their appearance. The Circuit Court granted the motion to withdraw and denied Mr. Simms' request for new court-appointed counsel. The Circuit Court also turned down his request to conduct further proceedings under the post-conviction DNA testing statute.
For the reasons that follow, we affirm the rulings of the Circuit Court.
We describe first the post-conviction DNA testing statute that is the basis for this proceeding and then the factual and procedural history of this particular case.
In 2001, the General Assembly enacted the post-conviction DNA testing statute to provide a mechanism for a person who has been convicted of certain serious crimes to obtain exculpatory or mitigating evidence through DNA testing of items related to that conviction. Chapter 418, Laws of Maryland 2001, codified as later amended at CP § 8-201; see Thompson v. State, 395 Md. 240, 252-53, 909 A.2d 1035 (2006). In 2009, this Court adopted rules to govern proceedings under the statute. Maryland Rules 4-701 et seq.
Under the statute, a convicted person may ask a circuit court to order testing of "scientific identification evidence"—that is, evidence in the possession of the State related to the individual's prosecution that contains biological evidence in which there may be DNA. See CP § 8-201(b)(1)
A copy of the petition is to be provided to the State. CP § 8-201(e); Maryland Rule 4-705. The State is to file an answer to the petition that states, among other things, the existence, location, and amenability to testing of the evidence specified in the petition. Maryland Rule 4-706(c). If the evidence is missing or has been destroyed, the State is to provide certain details as to its search or the circumstances of the destruction. Id. The petitioner may then file a response to the State's answer contesting the accuracy or the adequacy of the State's answer, and requesting a search of other databases or logs. Maryland Rule 4-708.
Upon consideration of the filings, the Court may dismiss the petition in certain circumstances. Maryland Rule 4-707(a). If it does not dismiss the petition, it may appoint counsel for an indigent petitioner. Maryland Rule 4-707(b); Fuster v. State, 437 Md. 653, 668, 89 A.3d 1114 (2014). In certain circumstances, the court must hold a hearing on the petition. Maryland Rule 4-709.
The court is to order DNA testing of the physical evidence if the State agrees to the testing. Maryland Rule 4-710(a)(2)(A)(i). The court is also to order testing if it finds:
CP § 8-201(d)(1); see also Maryland Rule 4-710(a)(2)(A)(ii). In addition, the court is to order a database search by a law enforcement agency if the court finds that "a reasonable probability exists that the database search will produce exculpatory or mitigating evidence relevant to a claim of wrongful conviction or sentencing." CP
If the State has been unable to locate the evidence and there is a genuine dispute at to the adequacy of its search, the court must conduct a hearing. Maryland Rule 4-709(a)(2). Similarly, a hearing must be conducted if the evidence was destroyed and there is a genuine dispute over the lawfulness of the destruction. Maryland Rule 4-709(a)(3).
If the petitioner challenges the adequacy of the State's search, the State has the burden of establishing that it conducted a reasonable search for the evidence. If the State is unable to locate the evidence, it is to submit a detailed affidavit concerning its search for the evidence. Maryland Rule 4-706(c)(2)(B).
If the evidence has been destroyed, the State is to submit an affidavit containing a description of relevant protocols and legal requirements, stating whether the destruction complied with those requirements, and documenting the destruction. Maryland Rule 4-706(c)(2)(C); see also Arey v. State, 400 Md. 491, 503-04, 929 A.2d 501 (2007) ("Because the State was the custodian of evidence, the State needs to check any place the evidence could reasonably be found, unless there is a written record that the evidence had been destroyed in accordance with then existing protocol.") (emphasis added). The State must make "a prima facie case, either directly or circumstantially, that the requested scientific identification evidence no longer exists...." Washington v. State, 424 Md. 632, 651, 37 A.3d 932 (2012); Johnson v. State, 440 Md. 559, 568, 103 A.3d 650 (2014). If the State establishes that it has conducted a reasonable search, either by documenting the destruction of the evidence or by demonstrating that a diligent search has proved fruitless, the State has satisfied its burden of persuasion. Arey, 400 Md. at 505, 929 A.2d 501.
If the court finds that the State has conducted an adequate search and that the evidence sought to be tested is not within its possession and was not "intentionally and willfully destroyed," the court is to deny the petition. Maryland Rule 4-710(a)(1)(A).
The statute requires the State to preserve scientific identification evidence that
The State's preservation obligation is not retroactive—i.e., it applies only to evidence in possession of the State on or after October 1, 2001, the date the statute became effective. Washington, 424 Md. at 666-67, 37 A.3d 932; Chapter 418, §§ 2, 3, Laws of Maryland 2001.
If the court orders DNA testing, depending on the results of the test, the court will either dismiss the petition, open post-conviction proceedings, or order a new trial. CP § 8-201(i); Maryland Rule 4-711.
Other provisions of the statute concern the timing of the testing and the allocation of the costs of testing. CP § 8-201(g), (h). An appeal from an order issued in a proceeding under the post-conviction DNA testing statute is taken directly to this Court. CP § 8-201(k)(6).
On the morning of December 13, 1995, the bodies of Mr. Simms' former girlfriend, Belinda Baynor, and Peter W. Williams were discovered inside Mr. Williams' house.
At trial, the State introduced into evidence several articles of clothing—including a jacket, boots, socks, and a towel—that had been found in a trash bag close to the home of Mr. Simms' aunt. The aunt testified that she observed Mr. Simms acting nervously and wearing those clothes in the early morning hours of December 13, 1995. The State also presented expert testimony that the clothing had blood stains with DNA profiles that matched those of Mr. Williams and Ms. Baynor.
On April 6, 1998, the jury convicted Mr. Simms of two counts of first degree murder and two counts of weapons-related offenses. He was sentenced to two consecutive sentences of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. Mr. Simms appealed. The Court of Special Appeals affirmed the convictions in an unreported opinion in 1999. Mr. Simms subsequently sought post-conviction relief, basing his petition on a long list of contentions concerning alleged prosecutorial misconduct and ineffective assistance of counsel. His post-conviction petition was denied by the Circuit
On January 7, 2008, Mr. Simms filed a pro se petition for relief pursuant to CP § 8-201. He alleged that a more sophisticated DNA test
The Circuit Court summarily denied Mr. Simms' petition without requiring the State to respond. Mr. Simms appealed to this Court, which held that his pro se petition, when liberally construed, presented a prima facie case for DNA testing and therefore should not have been denied summarily. Simms v. State, 409 Md. 722, 733, 976 A.2d 1012 (2009). The Court remanded the case to the Circuit Court with directions to require the State to respond to the petition, to allow Mr. Simms' attorney
On remand, at the request of the Public Defender, pro bono attorneys from the University of Baltimore School of Law Innocence Project Clinic—Michele Nethercott, the clinic's director, and Justin Esworthy—represented Mr. Simms in his quest for DNA testing. The State apparently did not oppose DNA testing of the socks. On July 16, 2010, the Circuit Court held a brief hearing. At the hearing, the Assistant State's Attorney advised that the socks themselves had been destroyed, but that "cuttings" from the socks that still existed were being made available for the DNA testing requested by Mr. Simms. Appearing on behalf of Mr. Simms, Mr. Esworthy advised the Circuit Court that the lab was not expected to have results for approximately two months. The Circuit Court directed Mr. Esworthy to provide a status report and to request a further hearing upon receipt of the lab results.
Shortly thereafter, on March 15, 2011, Mr. Esworthy sent a status report to the Circuit Court. He informed the court that it had been determined that the cuttings that had been sent to the lab were not from the socks that Mr. Simms sought to have tested.
An outside observer might well have concluded that the proceeding under the post-conviction DNA testing statute was over. The Circuit Court apparently did. On September 28, 2011, it closed the case.
While he did not pursue further action in the proceeding under CP § 8-201, Mr. Simms did institute a separate action seeking relief based on the destruction of the socks. On August 1, 2011, he filed a pro se petition in the Circuit Court for a writ of habeas corpus. In that petition, he asserted that he was denied due process and equal protection when the State destroyed the evidence that had been admitted at trial. He also asserted that the State should have notified him when it destroyed the evidence. The State responded to that petition. The Circuit Court ultimately denied the petition in October 2012, holding that Mr. Simms failed to show that the State had acted in bad faith when it destroyed the socks.
Mr. Simms, represented by the Public Defender, appealed the Circuit Court's decision. The Court of Special Appeals dismissed the appeal. Simms v. Shearin, 221 Md.App. 460,
On December 23, 2013, more than a year after the Circuit Court had denied relief to Mr. Simms with respect to his allegation that the State had improperly destroyed the socks, Mr. Simms seemingly reversed course and questioned whether the socks had been destroyed on the date set forth in the Bazzle affidavit. He renewed his request for relief under the post-conviction DNA testing statute by a pro se "Petitioners [sic] Motion for Appropriate Relief Under DNA Postconviction State Section 8-201(c)(i)." In that document, he argued that the Bazzle affidavit, which had been filed two years earlier, was insufficient by itself to establish when the socks had been destroyed or that the socks did not exist. He asked the Circuit Court to hold a hearing and to appoint counsel for him.
The Circuit Court reopened the proceeding under CP § 8-201 and issued a scheduling order. Although Mr. Simms had asked for appointment of counsel, the court appeared to assume that the Innocence Project attorneys continued to represent him, copying them on the scheduling order. Soon thereafter, Ms. Nethercott informed Mr. Simms that she intended to withdraw the appearance of the Innocence Project attorneys, and filed a motion to that effect.
On May 14, 2014, the Circuit Court held a hearing to address the motion to withdraw the appearance of the Innocence Project attorneys, Mr. Simms' request for appointment of counsel, and Mr. Simms' motion for relief under CP § 8-201. The Circuit Court first granted the motion to withdraw the appearance of the Innocence Project attorneys and denied Mr. Simms' motion for appointment of new counsel. The Court then considered the merits of Mr. Simms' request for relief under CP § 8-201.
Mr. Simms argued that the State had destroyed the evidence without providing him with 120 days' notice, as now required by CP § 8-201(k)(2). The Assistant State's Attorney responded that the evidence had been destroyed in 2000, pursuant to the then-current practice after the conviction had become final and before the passage or effective date of the 2001 legislation that enacted the post-conviction DNA testing statute with its preservation and notification obligations. In response, Mr. Simms argued that the statutory preservation and notification obligations should be treated as retroactive. He also asserted
Three weeks later, the Circuit Court rendered its decision in a memorandum opinion dated June 3, 2014. Consistent with this Court's approach in Mr. Simms' prior appeal under the post-conviction DNA testing statute, the Circuit Court construed his pro se motion liberally. But, even giving his renewed petition a liberal reading, the court found that he was not entitled to the relief that he sought.
In its opinion, the Circuit Court held that the State had made an adequate search for scientific identification evidence, that there was "no reasonable probability" that a further search would produce relevant evidence, and that the relief sought by Mr. Simms had already been fully granted. With respect to Mr. Simms' assertion that the State failed to preserve evidence in compliance with the statute, the court noted in a footnote that the statutory obligation to preserve such evidence was not effective at the time of the destruction of the evidence sought by Mr. Simms.
Mr. Simms appealed that decision directly to this Court. His pro se notice of appeal, filed July 1, 2014, appeared to raise, as its primary argument, the question whether the socks had actually been destroyed. It also reiterated his contention—made in his habeas corpus petition and at the hearing on his motion under CP § 8-201—that the evidence had been destroyed in bad faith. Before us, Mr. Simms was represented by able and experienced pro bono counsel.
In this appeal we must decide the following questions:
1—Did the Circuit Court abuse its discretion when it granted the motion of the Innocence Project counsel to strike their appearance?
2—Did the Circuit Court abuse its discretion when it declined to appoint new counsel for Mr. Simms?
3—Was the Circuit Court clearly erroneous when it declined to order relief under CP § 8-201?
The answer to all of these questions is "no."
At the outset, there is some confusion as to what rule and standards govern a motion by counsel to withdraw from representation of a petitioner in a proceeding under CP § 8-201. Like other post-conviction proceedings, it has a hybrid nature. On the one hand, courts frequently refer to post-conviction proceedings as "separate and distinct civil procedure[s]." E.g., Ruby v. State, 353 Md. 100, 107, 724 A.2d 673 (1999). Yet some of the rules governing such proceedings, including the rules governing proceedings under the post-conviction DNA testing statute, are codified in a title of the Maryland Rules called "Criminal Causes." See Maryland Rules, Title 4, Chapters 400, 700.
The Motion to Strike Appearance filed by the Innocence Project counsel was purported to be made under Rule 4-214(d),
A better fit is Maryland Rule 2-132, which governs a motion to strike an attorney's appearance in a civil case. That rule allows for withdrawal by a simple notice if the client has another attorney of record. Rule 2-132(a). In a situation like the instant case, where a substitute attorney is not entering an appearance, the departing attorney must file a motion. Rule 2-132(b).
Although the attorneys from the Innocence Project formally filed their motion under Rule 4-214(d), we assess the disposition of that motion under Rule 2-132. A circuit court's decision to grant a motion to withdraw is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard. Serio v. Baystate Properties, LLC, 209 Md.App. 545, 554, 60 A.3d 475 (2013). "An abuse of discretion occurs `where no reasonable person would take the view adopted by the court' or if the court acts `without reference to any guiding rules or principles.'" Id. (quoting North v. North, 102 Md.App. 1, 13, 648 A.2d 1025 (1994)).
In our view, the Circuit Court did not abuse its discretion when it granted the motion of the Innocence Project counsel to withdraw their appearance. Everyone, including Mr. Simms, appears to have treated the determination, in early 2011, that the socks and other items recovered from the trash bag had been destroyed as the conclusion of the proceeding under CP § 8-201. Had that conclusion been embodied in a court order at the time, the appearance of the Innocence Project attorneys would have automatically terminated under Rule 2-132(d). Indeed, in his "Motion for Appropriate Relief" to reopen the proceedings under CP § 8-201 filed two and a half years later, Mr. Simms appeared to believe he was unrepresented as he requested appointment of counsel.
When it became apparent that the court was under the impression that the Innocence Project attorneys still represented Mr. Simms, counsel sought to withdraw their appearance in a way that complied with the procedural requirements of Rule 2132(b). They filed a motion to withdraw their appearance. They advised Mr. Simms in writing a month in advance of filing the motion of their intentions. That motion recounted the history of their representation of Mr. Simms, including the fact that they had advised Mr. Simms more than two and a half years earlier that they would not pursue further relief under the post-conviction DNA testing statute on his behalf.
The main proposition that Mr. Simms sought to pursue in his "Motion for Appropriate Relief"—whether the State had destroyed the evidence in violation of the later-enacted post-conviction DNA testing statute—was not the issue for which counsel had originally been appointed and was at odds with their representation to the court that they would not be seeking further relief under the post-conviction DNA testing statute. At the hearing, the Circuit Court noted the representation by the Innocence Project counsel that the issue for which they had been appointed had been resolved. It was well within the discretion of the Circuit Court to conclude that the granting of the motion would not cause undue delay, prejudice, or injustice.
Mr. Simms does not identify any particular prejudice that he suffered as a result of the withdrawal of the Innocence Project attorneys. As noted above, they had not filed the motion he was seeking to litigate. At most, he suggests that either Ms. Nethercott or Mr. Esworthy may have known the location of other items available for testing. That speculation, again, is contradicted by their representations to the Circuit Court and Mr. Simms that further efforts under the CP § 8-201 would not be fruitful.
Maryland Rule 4-707(b) governs appointment of counsel in proceedings under the post-conviction DNA testing statute. That rule provides as follows:
Maryland Rule 4-707(b). Although this rule uses the phrase "shall appoint," this Court has held that a circuit court's decision whether to appoint counsel is discretionary. Fuster, 437 Md. at 664-69, 89 A.3d 1114.
Mr. Simms argues that this Court's holding in Fuster is inapplicable to his case because, unlike the petitioner in Fuster, he requested appointment of counsel in his petition. He further argues that because the Circuit Court did not immediately deny his renewed petition as a matter of law, he was entitled to appointment of counsel under Rule 4-707(b).
While it is true that the petitioner in Fuster did not request counsel, a circuit court's exercise of discretion is not controlled by whether a petitioner makes a request. The evident purpose of the provision for appointment of counsel is to provide a petitioner with the means to develop facts and legal arguments to support a petition for testing when the petition clears certain hurdles and the involvement of counsel would be beneficial to the petitioner and the court in resolving issues raised by the petition. In our view, the Circuit Court retained discretion to decline to appoint new counsel for Mr. Simms even though he had made a request.
Here, the Circuit Court was faced with a petitioner who had already had the benefit of well-qualified and experienced counsel in pursuing DNA testing of a specific item of evidence—evidence that the State had established, to the satisfaction of that counsel and Mr. Simms (at least for some period of time), no longer existed. Moreover, when Mr. Simms changed course before the Circuit Court to question the legality and timing of the destruction of the evidence, he suggested no basis for contradicting the detailed documentation provided by the State. A circuit court is not required to second-guess counsel or to indulge every speculation a petitioner might wish to pursue. The Circuit Court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that it should not deploy the limited resources available for petitioners in DNA testing cases to retread ground that had already been covered or to pursue a legally-doomed theory.
In its memorandum opinion, the Circuit Court noted that Mr. Simms, through counsel, had conceded in early 2011 that the socks in question had been destroyed and that he had not subsequently suggested any basis for questioning the detailed documentation attached to the Bazzle affidavit. Accordingly, the court
This Court reviews a circuit court's reasonableness determination under the post-conviction DNA testing statute according to a "clearly erroneous" standard. Johnson, 440 Md. at 570, 103 A.3d 650; Washington, 424 Md. at 651, 37 A.3d 932; Blake v. State, 418 Md. 445, 460, 15 A.3d 787 (2011). Under this standard, "if there is any competent evidence to support the factual findings below, those findings cannot be held to be clearly erroneous." Washington, 424 Md. at 651, 37 A.3d 932 (brackets omitted) (quoting Solomon v. Solomon, 383 Md. 176, 202, 857 A.2d 1109 (2004)).
Mr. Simms argues that the Circuit Court should have conducted further proceedings under CP § 8-201 to allow him to explore whether the socks had in fact been destroyed or might still be available for testing.
The Circuit Court was not obliged to conduct a fishing expedition to indulge every permutation that Mr. Simms might imagine. Johnson, 440 Md. at 571-72, 103 A.3d 650 (speculation is not sufficient to overcome a prima facie showing by the State). Here, he had received the assistance of very qualified counsel who determined that the evidence in question was no longer available for testing. Even had the evidence been located and been available for testing, it would not have conclusively established Mr. Simms' innocence. Mr. Simms' theory was that a sophisticated DNA test of the socks would reveal an absence of his skin cells. This would only be significant if he could also show that he
The Circuit Court concluded that the Bazzle affidavit, the supporting documentation of the chain of custody and destruction of the evidence, and Mr. Simms' admission that the State destroyed the evidence, all indicated that a further search would not produce relevant evidence with reasonable probability. Given the affirmative and unrebutted evidence that the socks had been destroyed, the Circuit Court's conclusion was not clearly erroneous.
For the reasons explained above, we hold:
1. The Circuit Court did not abuse its discretion when it granted the motion of the Innocence Project attorneys to withdraw their appearance.
2. The Circuit Court did not abuse its discretion when it declined to appoint new counsel for Mr. Simms.
3. The Circuit Court was not clearly erroneous when it declined to conduct further proceedings or to award relief under CP § 8-201.
JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR BALTIMORE CITY AFFIRMED. COSTS TO BE PAID BY APPELLANT.
CP § 8-201(b).
We also note that the Legislature amended the statute during the pendency of this appeal, largely to expand the class of persons who may file a petition for DNA testing by adding other offenses to the list of qualifying convictions. Chapter 396, Laws of Maryland 2015. As Mr. Simms was already eligible to file a petition under the prior version of the statute, the 2015 amendment has no bearing on this case.
The motion also purported to be filed under Maryland Rule 4-214(d)—a rule governing withdrawal of counsel in criminal cases. As explained later in the text, Maryland Rule 2-132 is likely the more applicable rule, given that the proceeding is civil in nature. Moreover, it is arguable that there was no need to withdraw the appearance of counsel, given the automatic termination provision of Maryland Rule 2-132(d). See Part II.A. of this opinion below.
The rule was amended slightly in 2015 to take account of a simultaneous amendment to Rule 2-131(b) that allows for an attorney to enter a limited appearance under certain conditions.
