2002 Tax Ct. Summary LEXIS 138">*138 PURSUANT TO INTERNAL REVENUE CODE SECTION 7463(b), THIS OPINION MAY NOT BE TREATED AS PRECEDENT FOR ANY OTHER CASE.
POWELL, Special Trial Judge: This case was heard pursuant to the provisions of
Respondent determined a deficiency of $ 5,804 in petitioners' 1994 Federal income tax and an accuracy-related penalty under section 6662(a) of $ 1,161. The issues2002 Tax Ct. Summary LEXIS 138">*139 are (1) whether petitioners may claim a business bad debt deduction under
Petitioners married on September 2, 1963, and separated in May of 2000. Petitioner Irwin I. Skoller (Mr. Skoller) is an attorney with an LL.M. in taxation from New York University School of Law. Ms. Skoller has a high school diploma. Since 1983, Mr. Skoller has operated a tax consulting and accounting business as a sole proprietor. Ms. Skoller worked in Mr. Skoller's office part time as an administrative assistant. 2002 Tax Ct. Summary LEXIS 138">*140 In addition to providing general office assistance, her duties included reconciling the bank statements, making deposits, and drafting checks at Mr. Skoller's direction. In 1994, Ms. Skoller left her employment at Mr. Skoller's office and started a typing business in her home.
In 1985, Mr. Skoller and Samuel L. Sachs formed Princeton Residential Associates Limited Partnership (PRA). PRA was a real estate venture in the business of purchasing residential real estate in East Windsor and West Windsor, New Jersey, for rental and resale. Mr. Skoller solicited clients from his tax practice to participate in the real estate venture.
In 1985 or early 1986, Mr. Skoller borrowed $ 60,000 to advance to PRA. Over the course of PRA's existence, the residential real estate market values in New Jersey declined. The values of PRA's homes fell below their purchase prices, and PRA did not have equity in its assets. As a result, no outside lenders would provide loans to PRA. In 1994, PRA sold its last house and apparently ceased doing business.
Mr. Skoller prepared petitioners' joint 1994 Federal income tax return. He reported the income and expenses from his tax practice on Schedule C, Profit or2002 Tax Ct. Summary LEXIS 138">*141 Loss from Business. On that Schedule C, petitioners claimed a $ 96,211 business bad debt deduction for amounts allegedly lent to PRA. The return also reflected wage income earned by Ms. Skoller, capital gains, a separate Schedule C from Ms. Skoller's typing service, and a Schedule E, Income or Loss From Partnerships & S Corporations, reporting losses from partnerships other than PRA. Ms. Skoller signed the return but did not examine or question it.
Petitioners appeared at trial pro se with respect to the business bad debt deduction and accuracy-related penalty issues. However, Ms. Skoller retained counsel with respect to the
Discussion
[8] The failure to discuss in brief an issue that was previously raised results in the abandonment of that issue. See
2002 Tax Ct. Summary LEXIS 138">*143 A requesting spouse may elect relief from joint and several liability under
RETURN.
(b) Procedures for Relief From Liability Applicable to
All Joint Filers. --
(1) In general. -- Under procedures prescribed by the
2002 Tax Ct. Summary LEXIS 138">*144 Secretary, if --
(A) a joint return has been made for a taxable
year;
(B) on such return there is an understatement of
tax attributable to erroneous items of one
individual filing the joint return;
(C) the other individual filing the joint return
establishes that in signing the return he or
she did not know, and had no reason to
know, that there was such understatement;
(D) taking into account all the facts and
circumstances, it is inequitable to hold the
other individual liable for the deficiency in tax
for such taxable year attributable to such
understatement; and
(E) the other individual elects (in such form as
the Secretary may prescribe) the benefits of2002 Tax Ct. Summary LEXIS 138">*145 this
subsection not later than the date which is 2
years after the date the Secretary has begun
collection activities with respect to the
individual making the election,
then the other individual shall be relieved of liability for tax (including interest, penalties, and other amounts) for such taxable year to the extent such liability is attributable to such understatement. [Emphasis added.]
These requirements are expressed in the conjunctive, and thus, a requesting spouse must satisfy all requirements of
Subparagraph (C) requires that the requesting spouse "not know, and [have] no reason to know, that there was [an] understatement" of tax.
Nonetheless, she must still satisfy the second prong of
Respondent argues that Ms. Skoller was put on notice regarding petitioners' claimed $ 96,211 business bad debt deduction. We agree. "[A] spouse cannot obtain the benefits of section * * * [6015] by simply turning a blind eye to -- by preferring not to know of -- facts fully disclosed on the return, of such a large nature as would reasonably put such spouse on notice that further inquiry would need to be made."
A reasonably prudent taxpayer should have been alerted to the possibility of an understatement on petitioners' 1994 Federal income tax return. On page 1 of Form 1040, U.S. Individual Income Tax Return, petitioners, 2002 Tax Ct. Summary LEXIS 138">*148 inter alia, reported $ 5,052 of income from Ms. Skoller's wages, a capital gain of $ 9,734, and an alleged $ 69,788 loss from Mr. Skoller's business. On page 2 of Form 1040 (the page Ms. Skoller signed), petitioners reported zero taxable income. Given the nature of Mr. Skoller's business, such a large operating loss would be unusual. A reasonable taxpayer in Ms. Skoller's situation would further inquire into the explanation behind the claimed loss. Ms. Skoller knew that Mr. Skoller operated a professional business and that petitioners held numerous partnership investments, but, as far as we can tell, the two were not interrelated. With those sources of income, a reasonably prudent taxpayer would be suspicious of reporting no taxable income.
In a remarkably similar situation, where the nonrequesting spouse was an accountant and prepared the joint return, we observed that the antecedent of
Consequently, we find that Ms. Skoller had reason to know of the understatement of tax under
However, as already stated, respondent concedes that Ms. Skoller is entitled to relief under
Reviewed and adopted as the report of the Small Tax Case Division.
To reflect the foregoing, Decision will be entered under Rule 155.
1. Unless otherwise indicated, subsequent section references are to the Internal Revenue Code for the year in issue, and Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.↩
2. Respondent concedes that Ms. Skoller is eligible for separate tax liability under
3. We note, however, that it is clear that, to the extent Mr. Skoller advanced funds to PRA (an issue that we need not decide), the advance was a contribution to capital and not a bona fide debt. "A * * * contribution to capital shall not be considered a debt for purposes of
With respect to the sec. 6662(a) accuracy-related penalty, Mr. Skoller never addressed this issue at trial. An attorney specializing in taxation law is held to a higher standard of care.
4.
5. As part of the Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998, Pub. L. 105-206, sec. 3201(a), 112 Stat. 734, Congress repealed
6. We need not rule on Ms. Skoller's claim for relief under