United States Court of Federal Claims
                                          No. 16-236 C
                             (Filed Under Seal: November 17, 2016)
                                  (Reissued: December 2, 2016)

_____________________________________
TIBER CREEK CONSULTING, INC.,

               Plaintiff,                                     Bid Protest; Post Award; Motion
                                                              for Judgment on Administrative
v.                                                            Record; Price Realism Analysis;
                                                              Best Value Determination; Non-
                                                              Incumbent Awardee; CMMI
THE UNITED STATES,                                            Level 3 Certification; Balance of
                                                              Cost and Technical Expertise
               Defendant,

and

ARROWPOINT, INC.,

          Defendant-Intervenor.
__________________________________

        Heather A. James, Esquire, Whiteford, Taylor and Preston, LLP, Washington, DC, for
plaintiff.

      Richard P. Schroeder, Esquire, United States Department of Justice, Civil Division,
Washington, DC, for defendant.

       Lee Dougherty, Esquire, Offit Kurman, P.A., Tysons Corner, VA, for defendant-
intervenor.

                                   OPINION AND ORDER

Hodges, Senior Judge.

        This is a bid protest case. Tiber Creek is plaintiff; intervenor is ArrowPoint. The United
States is defendant. The issue is whether a substantially higher bid price was justified by a higher
level of technical expertise. That is, did the Request for Proposals (“RFP”) and other pre-bid


 Theparties filed no proposed redactions to the sealed Opinion filed on November 17, 2016. The
Opinion is reissued this date, unsealed.
documents permit the Government to award this contract to ArrowPoint because its bid price was
$10 million less than Tiber Creek’s, even though Tiber Creek’s technical expertise was superior.

       The National Guard Bureau issued invitations to bid for a contract that would provide
computer technology to assist the Army Reserve National Guard in fulfilling its critical missions,
especially including RCMS. RCMS is Reserve Component Manpower System, a
“comprehensive suite of software applications and modules that provide action officers and
senior leaders critical information needed to enhance their decision-making process.”
Administrative Record at Tab 4:42. RCMS is described as a “highly sophisticated, complex
information system.”

         Judicial review in procurement cases is limited to a relatively mechanical process
governed by the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C.S. §§701-706. The standard of review
provided by that Act is whether the decision was “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or
otherwise not in accordance with law[.]” 5 U.S.C.S. §706(2)(A). The courts consider whether the
procuring agency’s procedures were consistent with federal rules and regulations. See e.g.,
Savantage Fin. Servs. v. United States, 

, 1285-86 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (“The court’s
task is to determine whether [1] the procurement official’s decision lacked a rational basis, or [2]
the procurement procedure involved a violation of regulation or procedure.”) (quoting Weeks
Marine, Inc. v. United States, 

, 1358 (Fed. Cir. 2009)). This standard creates a
heavy burden for one who would overturn an agency decision.

       The Government acknowledged that plaintiff Tiber Creek showed a higher level of
technical expertise than ArrowPoint. The National Guard Bureau awarded the contract to
ArrowPoint because the difference between Tiber Creek and ArrowPoint’s levels of expertise did
not warrant the substantial difference in bid price. Tiber Creek’s bid price was approximately
$50 million; ArrowPoint’s was $40 million. An agency award based on such a balancing
between cost and technical benefits is not necessarily improper so long as it is made according to
agency procurement rules and regulations.

        The Administrative Record does not show that the National Guard Bureau acted unfairly
in awarding this contract to intervenor ArrowPoint, according to the standards of review that we
apply in bid protest cases. For that reason, we must grant defendant’s motion for judgment on the
Administrative Record, and deny plaintiff’s motion for judgment on the Administrative Record.

                                        BACKGROUND

       The National Guard Bureau issued a Request for Proposals for this re-compete of a firm
fixed-price indefinite delivery, indefinite quantity contract in October 2014. The one-year
contract is a 100% small business set-aside with four one-year option periods; plaintiff is the
incumbent. The RFP provided that price would not be the sole determinant in awarding the
contract, as various non-cost factors would be considered. The contracting officer would conduct
a best-value analysis if necessary to determine whether a technically superior offer justified a
substantially higher cost to the Government.

       The contracting officer awarded the contract to ArrowPoint in May 2015. Tiber Creek
requested a post-award briefing and thereafter filed a protest to GAO. The Agency then
conducted a new source-selection process and issued a new award. The result was the same,
however: ArrowPoint won the contract. Tiber Creek protested again and GAO denied the protest
in January of this year. Plaintiff then filed a bid protest in this court on February 17, 2016.
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        Plaintiff has standing to bring this action because it is an “interested party” pursuant to 28
U.S.C. 1491(b)(1). That is, its economic interest is affected by the outcome. See e.g., AFGE,
Local 1482 v. United States, 

, 1302 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (standing “is limited to actual
or prospective bidders or offerors whose direct economic interest would be affected by the award
of the contract or by failure to award the contract.”).

                                          DISCUSSION

        Very generally stated, plaintiff’s arguments tend to emphasize its own superior ratings
and general competence with regard to each element of the contract. Defendant and intervenor
respond in most instances by urging us to apply legal principles that call for standards of review
that are highly deferential to agencies’ decisions.

       Plaintiff’s concerns regarding the fairness and propriety of this procurement are: (1)
requirements concerning CMMI Level 3 certification; (2) consideration of differences in
technical expertise; (3) price realism analysis; and (4) best value determination.

A. CMMI Level 3 Requirements

        CMMI is Capability Maturity Model Integration. Level 3 refers to a quality standard that
is awarded to contractors “based on a company’s consistent demonstrated use of documented
practices,” according to plaintiff. Tiber Creek is CMMI Level 3 certified; ArrowPoint is not.

       Plaintiff contends that award of the contract to ArrowPoint violated terms of the agency’s
Request for Proposals in that the agency did not reasonably evaluate intervenor’s compliance
with CMMI Level 3 requirements. Tiber Creek explains that the CMMI certification is “meant to
ensure that contractors have ‘proven and mature organizational capabilities to manage the
RCMS.’” RCMS is Reserve Component Manpower System, a “comprehensive suite of software
applications and modules that provide action officers and senior leaders critical information
needed to enhance their decision-making process.” AR at Tab 4:42. Plaintiff describes RCMS as
a “highly sophisticated, complex information system.”

       The Agency’s Request for Proposals initially required that a winning bidder must be
CMM Level 3 qualified; however, amendments to the RFP prior to the bidding process allowed
bidders to comply with this requirement by showing that they have CMMI Level 3 certified team
members. According to plaintiff, the agency’s decision to amend the RFP to permit a bidder to
comply through a subcontractor erases the essential meaning of the CMMI Level 3 certification
requirement.

        The main reason for plaintiff’s argument that the general contractor itself should be
certified is the importance of management to successful completion of the job. The general
contractor must perform critical management and quality assurance functions that call for high
levels of experience and expertise. CMMI-certified subcontractors would be assisting, but not
directly managing the contract.

        Plaintiff contends that even if certification through a subcontractor does not violate terms
of the Request for Proposals and the Performance Work Statement, the agency’s failure to assess
weaknesses in ArrowPoint’s proposal is unreasonable and contrary to RFP requirements. The
agency’s decision to relax the CMMI Level 3 certification requirement was arbitrary and
irrational because it was made for intervenor’s benefit, plaintiff argues.
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        Defendant and intervenor respond that the Request for Proposals was amended prior to
bidding to “clarify” that the CMMI Level 3 certification requirement could be met by a team
member rather than the prime contractor. Plaintiff’s argument that the prime contractor itself
must be CMMI Level 3 certified adds a requirement that is not supported by the plain language
of the Performance Work Statement, defendant contends. Thus, the agency would be evaluating
proposals based on specifications outside the scope of the pre-bid documents.

        Defendant’s contention here is somewhat circular, and it misstates plaintiff’s certification
arguments to some extent. However, we cannot find support in the Administrative Record for
plaintiff’s assertion that the agency amended the certification requirement solely to make it
possible for ArrowPoint to qualify for this contract.

B. Technical Evaluations

        Disagreements within the National Guard Bureau regarding ArrowPoint’s technical
expertise caused the incumbent understandable concern. The contracting officer rejected most of
his advisory panel’s recommendations concerning ArrowPoint’s technical qualifications,
increasing its grades in that area in most cases. Plaintiff argues that the contracting officer’s
decision to ignore the panel’s advice and to rate ArrowPoint qualified on technical ability is
arbitrary and capricious.

        The expert advisory panel was convened to assist the contracting officer in evaluating
bidders’ technical qualifications. This group is known as the Source Selection Evaluation Board.
The Board found ArrowPoint’s technical qualifications to be substantially less than those of
incumbent Tiber Creek. The contracting officer disagreed with these evaluations by the Source
Selection Board and increased ArrowPoint’s ratings in several instances to higher, qualifying
levels.

         The contracting officer, as source selection official for the contract, had the authority to
act as he did. He had broad discretion to decide how and whether to use the Board’s ratings and
recommendations, “subject only to the tests of rationality and consistency with the evaluation
criteria.” Matter of Gen. Dynamics Info. Tech., Inc., B-407057, 

at 4 (Comp.
Gen. Oct. 12, 2012).

        Plaintiff acknowledges the contracting officer’s authority in this regard, but points out
that the agency must articulate the reasons for its procurement decision “including a rational
connection between the facts found and the choice made” (quoting Distributed Solutions, Inc. v.
United States, 

, 377 (Fed. Cl. 2012)). Tiber Creek finds no “satisfactory”
explanation for the contracting officer’s decision in the Administrative Record.

        The agency decided that “any weaknesses assessed against ArrowPoint . . . would be
overcome by minimal experience performing against the requirements.” Tiber Creek contends
that this assertion “[has] no rational basis.” The National Guard Bureau’s assertion is somewhat
conclusory, but defendant emphasizes again the agency’s “broad discretion” in making such
determinations and the “heavy burden” assigned to a party who would demonstrate lack of
rational basis for agency decisions. See Banknote Corp. of Am., Inc. v. United States, 

, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2004).

        A contracting officer is not bound by Selection Board evaluations. The contracting
officer has the responsibility and the authority to evaluate offers and make procurement
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decisions. Firstline Transp. Sec., Inc. v. United States, 

(Fed. Cl. 2011). The
Selection Board’s duties are limited to an advisory function. The Board identified twelve
weaknesses among ArrowPoint’s technical sub-factors, but the contracting officer disagreed and
explained the reasons for his disagreement. Given his rationale for departing from the Board’s
conclusions, we must agree with defendant that the contracting officer’s action was a legitimate
exercise of the agency’s discretion.

C. Price Realism Analysis

        Price realism analyses are among the tools that agencies use to determine whether a
particular bidder understands its obligations under the contract and has priced all aspects of its
performance to insure a profit on the job. Obtaining a “deal” for the Government where a bidder
vastly underprices its contractual duties usually is no bargain for an agency. Often, the contractor
defaults in the midst of contract performance and the contracting officer must solicit bids for a
new contract. If the agency makes a price realism analysis a part of its pre-award process, it
should be able to determine whether a lower-cost bidder understands the nature of the work and
can realize a profit at the end of the contract.

         Where the Request for Proposals requires a price realism analysis, the agency must
consider the unique technical approaches proposed by each offeror. Ala. Aircraft Indus., Inc.-
Birmingham v. United States, 

, 696 (Fed. Cl. 2008), rev’d on other grounds, 

(Fed. Cir. 2009). Plaintiff makes the following criticisms of the agency’s handling of
its price realism analysis:

       1. ArrowPoint’s unrealistic staffing approach. The agency did not consider whether
ArrowPoint could perform the contract successfully given its proposed labor rates. Intervenor’s
proposed labor rates were below plaintiff’s. Despite the low labor rates, intervenor hoped to
retain plaintiff’s incumbent workforce in performing the contract. Plaintiff believes that
ArrowPoint would have to spend more on labor than it planned, possibly resulting in a loss on
the contract. Alternatively, it would have to hire workers who did not have the expertise and
experience of incumbent employees. Its ability to perform the contract would be compromised.

        2. The contracting officer’s representation that he evaluated intervenor’s pricing for
realism was “conclusory, boilerplate.” The Administrative Record does not support the
contracting officer’s assertion regarding performance risk and consideration of pricing consistent
with its technical proposal.

       3. The contracting officer’s Supplemental Statement to the Government Accounting
Office explained his efforts to conduct a price realism analysis. However, plaintiff terms it a
post-hoc rationalization and therefore unreliable.

        Defendant and intervenor respond to these assertions by highlighting the “substantial
discretion” that agencies enjoy in conducting price realism analyses. Where the solicitation does
not include a methodology for conducting such an analysis, the agency’s discretion is even
greater, they contend.

       The purpose of price realism analyses is to consider whether offerors understand the
RFP’s requirements for performing the contract. Plaintiff’s claim that ArrowPoint’s technical
rating should have been discounted because of its proposed labor rates misapprehends that

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purpose. Absent evidence in the Administrative Record that in fact intervenor did not understand
the contract’s requirements, labor rate estimates were not relevant to the price realism analysis.

D. Best Value Determination

        Best value determinations state their function by the name they carry. The term suggests
the breadth of judgment that a government official must exercise in the course of making such a
determination. Best value determinations require agency officials to balance the costs of
contracts for goods or services to the Government, with the value of benefits to the Government
offered by bidders. Such benefits may be technical, but they could be factors such as experience,
strength of management, or various intangibles that may be seen as special benefits to the
Government. If so, these benefits may offset higher costs of competing bids in the selection
process. Making a best value determination requires a series of judgment calls.

        Given the nature of a best value determination, and the burdens placed on who would
overturn the bid process in general, it is not a surprise that judgment calls by government
procurement experts are difficult to reverse. Plaintiff in this case contends that the contracting
officer’s best value determination was unsupported by the Administrative Record. For example,
plaintiff asserts that the record does not show how or whether the advantages of plaintiff’s
“Superior” technical offering vis-a-vis ArrowPoint’s own proposal were considered when the
contracting officer made his source selection decision.

        Tiber Creek notes that ArrowPoint’s technical approach, rated as “Acceptable,” had
significant weaknesses that were not offset by strengths. Plaintiff believes that such a contractor
would require special oversight to complete the contract satisfactorily. The contracting officer
decided that plaintiff benefited from natural incumbent advantages in its bid proposal. As
intervenor performed the contract, it would meet or exceed plaintiff’s operating standards when
plaintiff itself performed the contract. In fact, Tiber Creek performed initially at the same level
as ArrowPoint when plaintiff was first awarded its incumbent contract, the contracting officer
stated. He regarded any differences in strength between plaintiff and intervenor as “marginal.”

        Plaintiff’s own offer demonstrated “an exceptional understanding of the requirements,”
according to the Source Selection Evaluation Board, and showed strengths and general expertise
that intervenor did not possess. AR Tab 59:2164. Tiber Creek points to case law holding that
procurement decisions are arbitrary and capricious if the offered explanation runs counter to
evidence. Info. Scis. Corp. v. United States, 

(Fed. Cl. 2006). The contracting
officer’s decision on best value has no rational basis, plaintiff believes.

        Defendant and intervenor emphasize the “substantial discretion” afforded procurement
officials in determining best value. In fact, the contracting officer has even greater discretion in
making such a determination than he would if the contract were awarded based on cost alone.
Galen Med. Assocs., Inc. v. United States, 

, 1330 (Fed. Cir. 2004). Courts are
“highly deferential” to agency’s best value determinations. Femme Comp Inc. v. United States,

, 727 (Fed. Cl. 2008).

        A disappointed bidder’s mere disagreement with most agency decisions regarding bid
evaluation and contract award does not meet its burden of showing that the decision was
arbitrary and capricious. See, e.g., AM Gen., LLC v. United States, 

, 696 (Fed.
Cl. 2014); Banknote Corp. of Am. v. United States, 

(Fed. Cl. 2003). The agency
chose to award this contract to ArrowPoint instead of Tiber Creek because it determined that
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plaintiff’s higher rating on technical factors did not merit the roughly $10 million premium on
price.

        Such a determination is very difficult to overturn, particularly when the contracting
officer gives supporting rationale for his decision. For example, he noted that both offerors had a
solid record of past performance, and he anticipated that the applicable sixty-day transition
period would allow ArrowPoint to adjust to operational conditions and make other adjustments
necessary for satisfactory completion of the contract. While plaintiff might not agree with such
judgments, mere disagreement with procurement decisions does not meet a protestor’s burden of
showing arbitrary and capricious behavior by the Government.

                                         CONCLUSION

         We considered plaintiff’s concerns with this procurement carefully, and compared its
arguments and contentions with evidence available in the Administrative Record. The
contracting officer made reasoned and conscientious decisions in the process of awarding this
contract, and he was careful to document or otherwise support his rationale. Just as plaintiff finds
it difficult to argue successfully against most judgment calls by the contracting officer, we
cannot overrule his rational, well-documented decisions. For the most part, the contracting
officer provided adequate explanations supporting his decisions for the Record, normally well
beyond the conclusory. In such circumstances, we must deny plaintiff’s motion for judgment on
the Administrative Record and reject its petition for an injunction.

      Plaintiff’s Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record is DENIED. Defendant’s
Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record is GRANTED. Intervenor’s Motion for
Judgment on the Administrative Record is GRANTED. Plaintiff’s Petition for Injunction is
DENIED. The Clerk of Court will dismiss the complaint. No costs.


       IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                              s/Robert       H. Hodges, Jr.
                                              Robert H. Hodges, Jr.
                                              Senior Judge




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