STATE OF VERMONT

                              ENVIRONMENTAL COURT

                                   }
City of Burlington,                }
       Plaintiff,                  }
                                   }
              v.                   }     Docket No. 29-2-09 Vtec
                                   }
Leon Beliveau,                     }
      Defendant.                   }
                                   }

                                   }
In re Beliveau Notice of Violation }     Docket No. 274-12-07 Vtec
       (Appeal of Beliveau)        }
                                   }

                                   Decision and Order

       In Docket No. 274-11-07 Vtec, Leon L. Beliveau appealed from a decision of the

Development Review Board (DRB) of the City of Burlington, upholding a Notice of

Violation for the use of the parking area and driveway at 52-54 Hickok Place. In Docket

No. 29-2-09 Vtec, the City brought an enforcement action against Mr. Beliveau, seeking

injunctive relief and a penalty for the violations. The City is represented by Kimberly J.

Sturtevant, Esq.; Defendant-Appellant Leon L. Beliveau (Defendant) has appeared and

represents himself.

       In Docket No. 274-11-07 Vtec, the Court resolved various motions in a Decision

and Order issued on September 12, 2008, leaving Questions 1, 2, and 4 of the Original

Statement of Questions and Question 6 of the Additional Statement of Questions for




                                            1
trial.1 In re: Beliveau Notice of Violation, No. 274-12-07 Vtec, slip op. at 4 (Vt. Envtl. Ct.

Sept. 12, 2008) (Wright, J.).    The merits hearing for that appeal was delayed, by

agreement of the parties, to allow it to be consolidated with the enforcement case filed

in February 2009 as Docket No. 29-2-09 Vtec.2

       After resolving additional motions in the enforcement action, the two

consolidated cases proceeded to trial before Merideth Wright, Environmental Judge.

The parties were given the opportunity to submit written memoranda and requests for

findings.   Upon consideration of the evidence and of the written memoranda and

requests for findings filed by the parties, the Court finds and concludes as follows.

       Defendant owns property located at 52-54 Hickok Place (the subject property) in

a Medium Density Residential zoning district in the City of Burlington.3 The property

contains a duplex residential building rented out to tenants. Defendant testified that he

acquired the subject property in 1986 and created the parking area in the rear of the

property in 1987.4 Defendant also owns an adjacent residential building on Greene

Street, as well as the adjacent residential building at 56 Hickok Place, both of which are


1
  Defendant’s initial statement of questions, filed when he was represented by counsel,
contained four questions; a second statement of questions submitted by Defendant
contained six additional questions.
2   Defendant filed an answer and also later filed a document denominated as a
“counterclaim,” asserting, among other things, that he did not personally commit any
“illegal acts” on the premises, but that tenants residing at the subject property caused
any inconsistencies with the site plan or zoning ordinance. The “counterclaim” asked
the Court to enjoin the City’s enforcement action. This decision addresses the issues
raised in the “counterclaim” as well as any affirmative defenses raised in Defendant’s
answer.
3  Facts and legal conclusions stated in the September 12, 2008 Decision and Order will
be restated in this decision only as necessary. A diagram of the property has been
provided to orient the reader to the features of the property referred to in this decision.
4   No zoning permit or site plan was submitted in evidence regarding the creation of
this parking area or showing what the preexisting parking was at the property as of
Defendant’s purchase of it.
                                              2
also rented out to tenants.

       In 1996, Defendant applied for and received a Zoning Permit and Certificate of

Appropriateness (COA), issued on a single form as Zoning Permit # 97-228 and as COA

#097-005A (the 1999 Zoning Permit/COA), to replace the duplex’s “existing two[-]story

rear porch” with new construction. Defendant’s application described the proposed

work and, in the spaces on the application for filling in the number of parking spaces,

showed “10” as existing, “10” as proposed, and “5±” as required.             Defendant’s

application included a hand-drawn site plan, and a set of elevations of the proposed

new stairs and porch. Only the elevations, not the site plan, were stamped as receiving

final approval in connection with the 1996 Zoning Permit/COA.          The 1996 Zoning

Permit/COA stated the required number of parking spaces as “4,” but did not state a

number for “existing parking spaces” and did not show any parking spaces on the

associated hand-drawn site plan. The sole specific permit condition (other than a set of

fourteen “standard” permit conditions) was that:

       The stairs, railing and support structure shall be painted or stained to
       match the trim on the duplex within six (6) months of their installation, or
       this permit shall be null and void.
       Sometime prior to May of 1999, Defendant removed an existing small accessory

structure from the northwest corner of the property; the structure had been labeled as

“barn[/]garage,” with a footprint of “10 x 20” feet, on the 1996 site plan. In September

of 1999 the Zoning Enforcement/Compliance Officer sent Defendant a Notice of

Violation, alleging that he had removed a garage, increased the parking area, and

installed a fence on the subject property without first obtaining a zoning permit for the

work.5 Defendant did not appeal the 1999 Notice of Violation, and it became final. 24

V.S.A. § 4472(d).

5   At a subsequent site visit with Defendant on September 15, 1999, the Zoning
Enforcement/Compliance Officer withdrew the allegations of the Notice of Violation
regarding the fence installation; it is not at issue in the present cases.
                                            3
       Instead, on October 13, 1999, Defendant filed an application for a new Zoning

Permit and Certificate of Appropriateness. The 1999 application sought approval to

“remove 10 x 20 garage, return area to green space, lay down railroad tie to prevent

tenants from driving onto new green space.” It included a photocopy of the 1996 site

plan, with railroad ties drawn in at the edges of the parking and driving areas, from the

northwest corner at the head of the driveway to the southeast corner of the east parking

area (near the northeast corner of the house). The site plan submitted with the 1999

application (1999 Site Plan) did not show railroad ties along the back (north) of the

house, and did not show a walkway along the west side of the house or any railroad

ties between the fourteen-foot-wide driveway and the west side of the house.

       The 1999 Site Plan was stamped and signed as receiving final approval on

October 18, 1999; it shows that the property is 50 feet in width. City’s Exh. 5. It shows a

walkway or stairs from the rear of the building out to the driveway, but does not show

a walkway along the east side of the driveway, running along the west side of the

house. The driveway and parking areas are shown as three contiguous areas on the

coverage calculations: 90’ x 14’, 27’ x 34’, and 20’ x 20’ in size (see attached diagram);

these contiguous areas include the parking areas, any area necessary for maneuvering

cars into and out of the parking areas, the portion of the driveway next to the house,

and the portion of the driveway extending beyond the house to the north.6 The actual

placement of any existing or proposed parking spaces is not shown on the approved

site plan. No pedestrian walkway is shown on the approved site plan.

       The dimensional requirements for a head-on (90°) parking space under both the




6  This decision will refer to the 90’ x 14’ area as the driveway, to the 20’ x 20’ area as the
north parking area, and to the easterly portion of the 27’ x 34’ area (approximately
sixteen to eighteen feet in depth) as the east parking area.
                                              4
1993 Zoning Ordinance and the 2005 Zoning Ordinance7 is nine feet in width and

twenty feet in length for a standard car and eight feet in width and eighteen feet in

length for a compact car. 1993 & 2005 Zoning Ordinances § 10.1.10 & Table 10-C. The

2005 Zoning Ordinance allows the front two feet of a space heading into a setback to

extend into the setback, reducing the parking space length accordingly. 2005 Zoning

Ordinance § 10.1.10 & Table 10-C.      The 1993 Zoning Ordinance exempted existing

structures and land uses from the parking requirements “so long as the kind or extent”

of the use is not changed, 1993 Zoning Ordinance § 10.1.4; the 2005 Zoning Ordinance

continued the exemption for existing structures unless there is a change in the structure

or the use that “increases the parking requirements.” 2005 Zoning Ordinance § 10.1.4.

Section 10.1.16 of both ordinances prohibits tandem parking spaces (one behind the

other requiring moving a vehicle to reach the space), except that the restriction does not

apply to single detached dwellings or to duplexes.

      Zoning Permit No. 00-209 and Certificate of Appropriateness No. 97-005B (the

1999 Zoning Permit/COA) were issued on a single form on October 18, 1999, by the

Zoning Administrator and Planning Director, respectively.        The project description

reads as follows:

      Removal of the detached single bay, single story garage in the rear yard of
      the existing duplex. Area to be returned to green space. No changes to
      the existing parking area.
      The lot coverage due to the removal of the garage building was reduced from

72% to 69%, which is less nonconforming than prior to the removal of the building. The

existing, proposed, and required numbers of parking spaces for the property are all


7
   The zoning ordinance provided in evidence as City’s Exhibit 1 is the 2005 Zoning
Ordinance, as amended through 2006, in effect as of the date of the 2007 Notice of
Violation. The 1993 Zoning Ordinance in effect at the time that both the 1996 and the
1999 Zoning Permit/COA were issued was provided in connection with the City’s
August 28, 2008 responses to Appellant-Defendant’s motion for summary judgment.
                                            5
stated on the permit as “4,” even though Defendant’s application left those entries

blank, and the 1996 Zoning Permit/COA had only stated the “required” parking as four

spaces and made no representation or condition regarding the existing parking. The

sole specific permit condition of the 1999 Zoning Permit/COA (other than a set of

fourteen “standard” permit conditions) was that:

       The existing parking area as defined on the approved site plan shall be
       defined with timber curbs (minimum of two 6”x 6”, stacked and spiked
       into the ground) within thirty (30) days of issuance of this zoning permit,
       or this permit is null & void.
       Nothing in the approved site plan provided in evidence as City’s Exhibit 5

showed a walkway between the driveway and the house, or required timber curbing

between the driveway and the house. Nothing in the approved site plan showed the

locations of any existing or proposed parking spaces. Nothing in the approved site plan

or the zoning permit conditions prohibited tandem parking in the driveway or

prohibited parking in any specific portion of the “existing” parking areas.

       Defendant signed at the bottom of the permit. Standard Condition 7 states that

the permittee is solely responsible for completing all improvements shown on approved

plans and that, by accepting the permit, the permittee “agrees to maintain all

improvements in a satisfactory condition.” Defendant did not appeal the 1999 Zoning

Permit/COA, and it became final. 24 V.S.A. § 4472(d) (stating that upon “failure of any

interested person to appeal” a municipal decision or order, “all interested persons

affected shall be bound by that decision or act . . . and shall not thereafter contest [it],

either directly or indirectly”). That is, even though the preexisting use of that corner

garage had been for parking, the 1999 Zoning Permit/COA required its replacement

with open space, and that requirement cannot now be challenged.

       On October 9, 2002, Defendant applied for a Certificate of Occupancy for the

subject property, including his certification that the project is in compliance with the

“setbacks and dimensional requirements indicated on [the] approved site plan . . . dated
                                             6
10/18/99,” and that “all conditions of approval or findings of facts” have been met. The

Certificate of Occupancy was issued on October 23, 2002, based on that certification.

       Between the issuance of the 1999 Zoning Permit/COA and May of 2007, no City

representative contacted Defendant regarding violations of the 1999 Zoning

Permit/COA.

       As of May 29, 2007, when the Zoning Enforcement Officer took the photographs

in evidence as City’s Exhibit 9, Defendant had not fully installed the required railroad

ties according to the 1999 Site Plan. The area in the northwest corner of the property

formerly occupied by the 10’ x 20’ removed garage remained available for parking and

was not set off by railroad ties or seeded with grass. The north and east sides of the

north parking area were surrounded by a single layer of railroad ties, placed by

Defendant in 1999. The north parking area was wider than the twenty feet shown on

the 1999 Site Plan, and appeared to have room for three cars (not including the

northwest corner space).     The north and east sides of the east parking area were

surrounded by a single layer of railroad ties, placed by Defendant in 1999. The east

parking area was wider than the 34 feet shown on the 1999 Site Plan and appeared to

have room for five cars. Cars were parked along the west edge of the property in the

area of the driveway; however, there was enough room between the house and the

parked cars for a vehicle to drive into or out of the parking areas to the rear of the

house. The single layer of railroad ties was staked into the ground when originally

installed, but some of the stakes may have been removed over time when and if tenants

or snow plow contractors moved the railroad ties.

       On or about June 12, 2007, after a discussion with the Enforcement Officer,

Defendant had the railroad ties at the northerly edge of the north parking area moved

towards the south about five feet, in order to increase the distance between the north

parking area and the rear lot line of the property.

       On June 12, 2007, the Zoning Enforcement Officer issued the Notice of Violation
                                             7
that is the subject of the appeal in Docket No. 274-12-07 Vtec, stating as the violation:

“[p]remises [are] inconsistent with site plan approved on October 10, 1999.” The 2007

Notice of Violation states that a site plan was attached. The 2007 Notice of Violation did

not state as a violation that more than four cars were parked on the property, or that

cars were parked along the driveway, and did not refer to any existing pedestrian

walkway. Defendant appealed the 2007 Notice of Violation to the DRB, and appealed

the DRB’s decision upholding the Notice of Violation to this Court in Docket No. 274-

12-07 Vtec.8

       As of the Enforcement Officer’s inspections on June 26, 2008, and July 20, 2008,

Defendant had not installed the required double layer of railroad ties according to the

1999 Site Plan. The area in the northwest corner of the property formerly occupied by

the 10’ x 20’ garage that Defendant removed was set off by railroad ties and covered

with grass; no measurement was provided in evidence from either the June or the July

2008 inspection of the width of the grassed area measured from the property line. The

north and east sides of the north parking area were surrounded by a single layer of

railroad ties. The north parking area was wider than the twenty feet shown on the 1999

Site Plan, and appeared to have room for three cars, as shown on the photographs in

evidence as City’s Exhibits 11-5, 11-6, and 12-3. The north, east, and south sides of the

east parking area were surrounded by a single layer of railroad ties. The east parking

area appeared to have room for four cars, as shown on the photograph in evidence as

City’s Exhibit 12-3. Cars were parked along the west edge of the property in the area of

the driveway; however, there was enough room between the house and the parked cars


8 Defendant’s Notice of Appeal to the DRB, dated June 13, 2007, only seeks to appeal
the Enforcement Officer’s “determination” that Defendant “must put up a
2.5[-foot-]high metal fence approximately 3 feet from” the house, between the traveled
portion of the driveway and the house. While this may have been an oral statement by
the Enforcement Officer to Defendant in the course of their discussions, it was not a
requirement of the 2007 Notice of Violation.
                                            8
for a vehicle to drive into or out of the parking areas to the rear of the house, as shown

on the photographs in evidence as City’s Exhibits 11-12, 12-1, 12-3, and 12-4. At least

some of the single layer of railroad ties were staked into the ground, evidenced by the

head of a stake that appears in the photograph in evidence as City’s Exhibit 11-2. The

photograph in evidence as City’s Exhibit 11-10 shows several concrete or stone slabs

located along the west side of the house partially covered by the driveway gravel; if

these slabs were formerly a pedestrian walkway, such a walkway does not appear on

the site plans for either the 1996 or the 1999 Zoning Permit/COA.

       As of the Enforcement Officer’s inspection on December 5, 2008, the width of the

green space formerly occupied by the garage measured 8.5 feet in width, rather than the

10-foot dimension of the building that was removed. The north parking area measured

17 feet in depth (north-south) and 25.3 feet in width (east-west) as contrasted with the

20’ x 20’ dimensions shown on the approved plans. The east parking area measured

10.1 feet in depth (east-west) and 37.1 feet in length (north-south) as contrasted with the

34-foot length shown on the approved plans.

       As of the Enforcement Officer’s inspection on July 14, 2009, the width of the

green space formerly occupied by the garage measured 8.8 feet in width, rather than the

10-foot dimension of the building that was removed. The north parking area measured

15 feet in depth (north-south) and 23.6 feet in width (east-west) as contrasted with the

20’ x 20’ dimensions shown on the approved plans. The east parking area measured

35.4 feet in length (north-south) as contrasted with the 34-foot length shown on the

approved plans.

       The attorney’s fees and expenses incurred by the City regarding the present

notice of violation appeal and enforcement action amounted to $10,752.65, without

including the amounts expended on final preparation for trial, trial, and filing post-trial

memoranda. The City did not present evidence as to the time spent on the violation by

the Compliance Officer nor her hourly rate for that time. The City did not present
                                            9
evidence as to the number of railroad ties required to construct the second layer of ties,

the number of stakes required to stake them into the ground, the cost of these materials,

or the cost of the labor necessary to perform the work. Without knowing the number of

ties or stakes required, Defendant’s evidence that he spent $44.66 to purchase three

railroad ties in June of 2007 and spent $97.50 on labor to install them, does not allow the

Court to determine his avoided costs for failing to install the second layer of railroad

ties. To the extent that the railroad ties can be counted in the photographs, it appears

that approximately eighteen railroad ties have been installed in a single line; the

purchase and installation of an additional eighteen would cost approximately $853,

estimated using Defendant’s evidence as to his 2007 costs to install three railroad ties.



       After the seven-day period to cure the violation given in the 2007 Notice of

Violation, Defendant violated the site plan approved in the 1999 Zoning Permit/COA by

failing to install and maintain the second layer of 6” x 6” railroad ties around the then-

existing parking areas, from the northwest corner in front of the former garage, along

the north and the east parking areas, to near the northeast corner of the house, and by

expanding the width of the north parking area by 5.3 feet and by expanding the width

of the east parking area by 3.1 feet.        Standard condition 7 of the 1999 Zoning

Permit/COA makes Defendant responsible for completing all of the improvements

shown on the approved plan, regardless of whether he has others do the work.

Standard condition 7 of the 1999 Zoning Permit/COA also makes Defendant responsible

for maintaining all improvements in a satisfactory condition, regardless of whether it is

his tenants, or his snow plow contractor, or others who have moved or removed any

portion of those improvements.9 The duration of the violation is 757 days, from June 19,


9 Defendant argues that the 1999 Site Plan as well as the 1999 Zoning Permit should be
considered to be null and void if he did not fully comply with it, as provided in
Condition 1. However, Condition 1 only refers to “this permit” and does not invalidate
                                            10
2007 through the last inspection date about which testimony was given at trial: July 14,

2009.

        On the other hand, the only violation cited in the 2007 Notice of Violation was

that the subject property was “inconsistent with site plan approved on October 10,

1999.” Allowing vehicles to park in the driveway, allowing vehicles to park other than

in the north parking area and the east parking area, and failing to place a barrier

between the driveway and the house, do not violate the site plan approved in the 1999

Zoning Permit/COA, as none of those features is shown on the 1999 Site Plan.10 In

addition, if the parking of more than four vehicles on the property is a violation of the

number of vehicles stated on the 1999 Zoning Permit/COA as “existing parking”; or if

the parking of vehicles owned by tenants of Defendant’s neighboring properties is a

violation of the zoning ordinance, neither of these violations were cited on the 2007

Notice of Violation and therefore cannot be the subject of this enforcement action. 24

V.S.A. §§ 4451–52. Defendant is, of course, free to apply for approval of any specific

number and placement of parking spaces on the subject property, whether for a

determination as to the “existing parking” referred to in the 1999 Zoning Permit/COA;

or as a parking waiver to address the parking requirements for his adjacent properties

as shared parking spaces; or under any other provision allowed under the current

zoning ordinance. No such application is before the Court in the present cases.

        In a zoning enforcement case, the Court assesses a daily penalty for the period

during which the defendant has the benefit of the zoning violation. See 24 V.S.A.

the approved site plan. Moreover, if the permit were invalidated, Defendant would
then have to address the violations stated in the 1999 Notice of Violation regarding the
removal of the 10’ x 20’ garage.
10
    Moreover, the 1999 Zoning Permit/COA provided that there would be “no changes
to the existing parking area” other than the removal of the garage footprint as parking.
This decision does not resolve whether the “existing parking area” accommodated nine
vehicles (other than in the garage footprint), as suggested by the “10” parking spaces
stated as “existing” in Defendant’s application for the 1996 Zoning Permit/COA.
                                           11
§ 4451(a) (authorizing the imposition of up to $100 per violation of a zoning bylaw, and

establishing that each day that such a violation continues is a separate offense); Town of

Sherburne v. Carpenter, 

, 133 (1990) (“As long as defendant has the benefit of

the zoning ordinance violation, the statute requires that he pay a daily fine.”).

         The Court calculates a penalty “to remove the economic benefit and any avoided

costs achieved by the defendant from the violation, as well as to compensate the

enforcement entity generally for the legitimate costs of bringing the enforcement

action.” Town of Calais v. Noordsij, No. 142-6-06 Vtec, slip op. at 7 (Vt. Envtl. Ct. Aug.

29, 2008) (Wright, J.) (citing City of St. Albans v. Hayford, 

, ¶¶ 15–18, 

). The Court may also consider the factors enumerated in the state environmental

enforcement statute. See 10 V.S.A. §§ 8010(b), (c)(2); In re Jewell, 

, 606–07

(1999) (stating that the “court has discretion . . . not only to balance [a defendant’s]

continuing violation against its compliance costs but also to consider such factors as

those specified in [10 V.S.A. §§ 8010(b) and (c)(2)]”). These factors include deterrence,

the duration of the violation, and mitigating circumstances, including unreasonable

delay by the enforcement authority in seeking enforcement. 10 V.S.A. §§ 8010(b)(2), (6),

& (8).

         In the present case, the appropriate penalty must recognize that the Court has

found in favor of Defendant on issues regarding the number of vehicles, parking in the

driveway, and placing a barrier between the driveway and the house, which were the

primary issues pursued by the City in this litigation. The penalty must also recognize

the long delay of eight years between the issuance of the 1999 Zoning Permit/COA and

the 2007 inspection and Notice of Violation. For both reasons, it is not appropriate for

the City to be reimbursed for its entire expenditures on this enforcement action. Rather,

it will achieve deterrence and compliance regarding the violation of the 1999 Site Plan

as stated in the Notice of Violation, to require Defendant to move the installed layer and

install the second layer of railroad ties in compliance with the 1999 Site Plan, and to
                                            12
impose a penalty (in addition to the costs of conducting that work) of $3.00 per day for

the 757 days of violation, for a total of $2,271.



       Accordingly, based on the foregoing, it is hereby ORDERED and ADJUDGED

that Defendant violated the 1999 Zoning Permit/COA and its approved site plan by

failing to install and maintain a double layer of 6” x 6” railroad ties, pinned into the

ground, around the then-existing parking areas, and by expanding the width of the

north parking area by 5.3 feet and the width of the east parking area by 3.1 feet,

compared to those areas as shown on the approved plan.             As soon as weather

conditions allow, Defendant shall move the installed layer and install the second layer

of railroad ties in compliance with widths of both parking areas as shown on the 1999

site plan. In addition, Defendant shall pay a penalty of $3.00 per day for the 757 days of

violation, for a total of $2,271.



       Done at Berlin, Vermont, this 15th day of January, 2010.




                              _________________________________________________
                                    Merideth Wright
                                    Environmental Judge




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