STATE OF VERMONT
                                       ENVIRONMENTAL COURT
                                                          }
In re Montpelier WWTF Discharge Permit                    }             Docket No. 22-2-08 Vtec
                                                          }

                         Decision on Cross-Motions for Summary Judgment
         This appeal concerns a renewal permit (#3-1207) for the Montpelier Wastewater
Treatment Facility (“Montpelier WWTF” or “Facility”) that was granted to the City of
Montpelier (“City”) by the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources (“ANR”) on January 2, 2008.
Appellant Conservation Law Foundation (“CLF”) challenges that permit as allowing discharges
of phosphorus that exceed what is permissible under applicable federal and state laws and
regulations.
         ANR and the Water Resources Panel of the Vermont Natural Resources Board (“Water
Panel”), supported by the City, have asked for summary judgment upholding the permit as
issued.1 CLF opposes these motions and requests summary judgment in its favor. In particular,
CLF requests that this Court exercise its de novo review of the permit to impose a more stringent
phosphorus limitation. We are therefore presented with cross-motions for summary judgment.2

                                             Factual Background
         For the sole purpose of putting the pending motions in context, we recite the following
facts, which we understand to be undisputed unless otherwise noted:
1.       Lake Champlain (“the Lake”) is a large, freshwater lake bordered by Vermont, New
York, and the Province of Quebec, Canada.
2.       Lake Champlain has been identified as an impaired waterway due to the existence of high
phosphorus levels that cause the Lake to exceed minimum water quality standards established by
the State.3 As a result, section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act (“CWA”) requires states bordering

1
   Although ANR’s initial motion in this matter was entitled a motion to dismiss, the Court gave notice to the parties
at a pretrial conference on November 13, 2008, that the Court was converting this motion to a motion for summary
judgment, pursuant to V.R.C.P 12(b). See Amended Scheduling Order (Nov. 14, 2008) (memorializing this
conversion).
2
    CLF is represented in these appeals by Anthony N.L. Iarrapino, Esq., and John L. Davenport, Esq.; ANR was
initially represented by Aaron Adler, Esq., and is now represented by Warren T. Coleman, Esq., and Michael
Steeves, Esq.; the Water Panel is represented by Mark L. Lucas, Esq.; and the City is represented by Steven F.
Stitzel, Esq.
3
    Phosphorus has been identified as contributing to the algae blooms that have been an unfortunate annual
occurrence in Lake Champlain during the summer months.


                                                          1
Lake Champlain to develop a target maximum for additional pollutants delivered to Lake
Champlain. See 33 U.S.C. § 1313(d). The terminology used in describing this target maximum
of delivered pollutants is recognized in the regulatory and development industries as “total
maximum daily load” (“TMDL”). See 

3.      On September 25, 2002, ANR and the New York Department of Environmental
Conservation issued the Lake Champlain Phosphorus TMDL (“Champlain TMDL”).                                This
TMDL established a maximum level of phosphorus that can be delivered to Lake Champlain
from all sources, for the stated purpose of eventually returning Lake Champlain to being a non-
impaired waterway.
4.      The Champlain TMDL divided the Lake into 13 segments and set annual loading limits
of phosphorus for each segment. The only segment at issue in this appeal is the Main Lake
Segment.
5.      The Montpelier WWTF discharges into the Winooski River, which then travels about
forty miles in a northwesterly direction before flowing into the Main Lake Segment of Lake
Champlain.
6.      The Champlain TMDL lists a total TMDL phosphorus loading capacity for the Main
Lake Segment of 110.3 metric tons of phosphorus per year (“mt/yr”). See Champlain TMDL at
15 tbl.3 (allocating 76.6 mt/yr to Vermont and 33.7 mt/yr to New York). This total phosphorus
loading capacity includes all point and nonpoint discharges from both Vermont and New York.4
7.      According to the latest estimate, the Main Lake Segment currently receives phosphorus
loads totaling 217.9 metric tons per year. See 2008 State of the Lake & Ecosystem Indicators,
attached as CLF Ex. G, at 5 fig.4 (listing loads of 148.4 mt/yr from Vermont and 69.5 mt/yr from
New York).
8.      Under the previous ANR-issued discharge permit for the Montpelier WWTF, the
Facility’s phosphorus discharges were limited to 4.388 metric tons per year.
9.      The Champlain TMDL established a maximum total phosphorus discharge, referred to as
a wasteload allocation (“WLA”), specifically from the Montpelier WWTF, of 3.290 metric tons
per year, which converts to 7,253 pounds per year.


4
   The Clean Water Act defines a “point source” as “any discernible, confined and discrete conveyance, including
but not limited to any pipe, ditch, channel, tunnel, conduit, well, discrete fissure, container, rolling stock,
concentrated animal feeding operation, or vessel or other floating craft, from which pollutants are or may be
discharged.” 33 U.S.C. § 1362(14). Any other source of pollution—such as general agricultural runoff—is a
nonpoint source.


                                                       2
10.    From 2002 through 2007, the Montpelier WWTF has never actually discharged more
than 3,192 pounds of phosphorus in any given year.
11.    On January 2, 2008, when ANR issued the Montpelier WWTF permit that is the subject
of this appeal, ANR adopted—without further calculation—the allowance of 7,253 pounds per
year of phosphorus discharge. ANR also listed a discharge limitation of a monthly average of
0.8 milligrams of phosphorus per liter of water discharged, since establishing such a limitation is
now required under Vermont law. See 10 V.S.A. § 1266a(a).

                                             Discussion
       The parties have presented the Court with cross-motions for summary judgment. CLF
contends that the phosphorus limit in the permit is not stringent enough to meet the requirements
of the federal Clean Water Act, the Vermont Water Pollution Control Act, and their respective
implementing regulations. ANR, the Water Panel, and the City disagree; they support the permit
as issued and ask this Court to summarily uphold the issued discharge permit.
       We may grant summary judgment only when “the pleadings, depositions, [and] answers
to interrogatories, . . . together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as
to any material fact and that any party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” V.R.C.P.
56(c)(3).   Generally, the burden of proof is on the party requesting summary judgment.
Chapman v. Sparta, 

, 159 (1997). When presented with cross-motions for summary
judgment, we must consider each motion in turn and afford all reasonable doubts and inferences
to the party opposing the particular motion under consideration. DeBartolo v. Underwriters at
Lloyd’s of London, 

, ¶ 8, 

(citing Toys, Inc. v. F.M. Burlington Co., 

, 48 (1990)).
       The parties in this appeal have worked together to narrow the issues on appeal, and each
party has also produced detailed, thoroughly researched briefs and accompanying statements of
undisputed material facts. These efforts have made it clear that all of the parties agree upon the
facts that are material to resolving this dispute. The Court is therefore presented with a purely
legal question that is appropriate for summary judgment. See V.R.C.P. 56(c)(3).
       The question before us is one of statutory interpretation. In particular, we must evaluate
whether it is a violation of the Clean Water Act, the Vermont Water Pollution Control Act, or
their respective implementing regulations, to base a discharge permit determination solely upon
the applicable TMDL wasteload allocation, particularly when that TMDL is more than five years
old. The process followed in the application proceeding now under appeal—a process that is

                                                  3
endorsed by ANR, the Water Panel, and the City (as permittee)—derives a water quality based
effluent limitation (“WQBEL”) for the subject Facility, solely with reference to the Champlain
TMDL and without further analysis of the historical discharges for the Facility, improvements
that may be had through advances in technology, offset opportunities within the applicable
watershed, the levels of phosphorus currently entering the watershed from other sources, or
whether this particular discharge will cause or contribute to a violation of water quality
standards.5 We conclude that federal laws and regulations require a more reasoned site-specific
and time-specific analysis before a permit to discharge pollutants from the Facility is granted.6
We therefore conclude that the discharge permit issued by ANR must be vacated and the pending
application remanded to ANR for that more specific analysis.7
         The 2002 Champlain TMDL established a wasteload allocation for the Montpelier
WWTF that set a maximum allocation of phosphorus discharges at 3.290 metric tons per year,
also measured as 7,253 pounds per year. When ANR issued the Montpelier WWTF permit more
than five years later (in 2008), ANR adopted—without further calculation—the limit of 7,253
pounds per year as the current permitted phosphorus discharge, thereby allowing the Montpelier
WWTF to discharge up to 7,253 pounds of phosphorus per year8 from its outlets into the
Winooski River. Thus, ANR concluded, by reference to the phosphorus discharge maximums
established in 2002, that the Facility was entitled to a WQBEL equal to the 2002 TMDL
maximum.9


5
     We note at the outset that although the parties debate what level of phosphorus discharge “causes, has the
reasonable potential to cause, or contributes to” a violation of water quality standards, 40 C.F.R. § 122.44(d)(1)(iii),
it appears to be uncontested that some WQBEL is needed for phosphorus discharges from the Montpelier WWTF.
6
    Our conclusion on the federal law and regulations at issue here makes it unnecessary for us to address CLF’s
arguments regarding alleged violations of the Vermont Water Pollution Control Act and its implementing
regulations.
7
    Because we are remanding this appeal to ANR to begin and complete further analysis, we do not reach CLF’s
arguments regarding the claim that a net zero discharge permit limitation is required as a matter of law.
8
   This figure is more than twice the maximum phosphorus discharge actually experienced by the Facility in recent
years (3,192 pounds per year).
9
    ANR also listed a limitation of a monthly average of 0.8 milligrams per liter, as required under Vermont law. See
10 V.S.A. § 1266a(a). As is clear from the units used in this permit limitation—milligrams per liter—this restriction
is calculated based upon the total volume of water discharged in any given month. Thus, as a practical matter, if the
Montpelier WWTF experiences low discharge flows, the 0.8 milligrams per liter restriction will be the only
restriction that matters because it will prevent the Facility from discharging anywhere near its 7,253 pound annual
limit. If, on the other hand, the Facility experiences high enough discharge flows, it would run the risk of exceeding
the 7,253 pound annual limit (and at maximum flows could actually discharge nearly 10,000 pounds of phosphorus),
even while remaining consistently under 0.8 milligrams per every liter discharged. (We have come to this
conclusion with the use of a mathematical calculation: The daily limitation of 3.97 million gallons converts to
15,028,085 liters per day. Applying the 0.8 milligrams per liter limitation to maximum daily flows results in a

                                                           4
         According to ANR, the Water Panel, and the City, any permit limitation that is pulled
directly from the TMDL is in all cases consistent with the assumptions and requirements of that
wasteload allocation and therefore meets the requirements of 40 C.F.R. § 122.44(d)(1)(vii)(B).
ANR, the Water Panel, and the City also assert that this type of process does not violate the five-
year limitation on NPDES permits, see 33 U.S.C. § 1342(b)(1)(B), even in a circumstance where,
such as here, the TMDL relied upon in issuing the discharge permit is more than five years old.
We disagree on both points.
         Our Decision today has three components to it. First, we find that this is not an instance
where there has been a specific determination from either ANR or EPA to which we can defer.
Second, we conclude that the process of automatically adopting—without further analysis—a
WQBEL directly from a maximum wasteload allocation in a more-than-five-year-old TMDL
violates the five-year limitation on NPDES permits. See 33 U.S.C. § 1342(b)(1)(B). Third, we
conclude that the Clean Water Act and its implementing regulations require specific analysis in
each permit proceeding to determine whether a WQBEL that is derived from a TMDL is
“consistent with the assumptions and requirements of any available wasteload allocation.” 40
C.F.R. § 122.44(d)(1)(vii)(B). Each of the latter two conclusions provides an independent basis
for our ruling in this matter.

I.       Deference to ANR or EPA
         As a threshold issue to our interpretation and analysis, we must first determine whether to
grant what is known as Chevron deference to either ANR or EPA in the interpretation of the
federal regulations at issue here. See generally Chevron, U.S.A. v. Natural Res. Def. Council,

, 842–43 (1984).


calculation that up to 12,022,468 milligrams—roughly 26.5 pounds—of phosphorus could be discharged daily,
which in turn converts to over 9,672 pounds annually.)
   In other words, if flows into and out of the Facility are consistently high, the 0.8 milligrams per liter limitation on
its own may allow for the annual limit to be violated. We therefore decline ANR’s invitation to evaluate this permit
under the assumption that the 0.8 milligrams per liter limitation affords a more stringent limitation.
   We also recognize that some of these numbers may be inflated, as evidenced by affidavits that both ANR and the
City have provided, which state that the historical—and predicted—discharges at the Facility are significantly lower
than the amounts allowed under either the 3.97 million gallons per day flow limitation or the 0.8 milligrams per liter
phosphorus limitation. However, our focus in this proceeding must be governed by the permit for which the City
applied. If ANR and the City believed that more stringent limitations could be met, and wanted the permit to be
evaluated it that light, it was incumbent upon those parties to write such limitations into the pending application.
   We decline to follow the suggestion, assuming such is being made, that we hold that an overly permissive
limitation written into a permit is acceptable because the Facility would in fact meet more stringent limitations, due
to its experience of lower flows than what is permitted. Until more stringent limitations are considered and adopted,
we assume that the Facility wishes to receive a permit that authorizes the maximum amounts of pollutant discharges
currently listed in the permit.


                                                            5
       We conclude that there are two independent reasons for not deferring to ANR’s
interpretation of the federal Clean Water Act or its implementing regulations. First, our Supreme
Court has explicitly stated that courts should not defer to ANR—a state agency—in the
interpretation of the federal Clean Water Act. In re Stormwater NPDES Petition, 

,
¶ 13 n.2, 

; see also Jacobus v. Dep’t of PATH, 

, ¶ 23, 

(“The
Court does not defer . . . to [a state agency’s] interpretation of federal law and regulations.”).
Second, any deference here to the agency that made the decision on appeal would run astray of
this Court’s statutory mandate to conduct a de novo hearing in this matter.               See 10
V.S.A. § 8504(h) (requiring “a de novo hearing on those issues which have been appealed”);
V.R.E.C.P. 5(g) (“All appeals under this rule shall be by trial de novo . . . .”); see also In re
Stormwater NPDES Petition, No. 14-1-07 Vtec, slip op. at 9 n.2 (Vt. Envtl. Ct. Feb. 18, 2009)
(Durkin, J.) (“ANR . . . asserts that this Court failed to show its determination on the pending
CLF petition the proper deference, given ANR’s undisputed expertise in the field of stormwater
assessment. ANR’s argument here confuses the proper deference shown to its determinations in
separate permit proceedings with the necessary de novo review that must be conducted when
ANR’s own determination has been challenged in an appeal.”). For these reasons, we cannot
defer to ANR’s interpretation of the federal statutes and regulations at issue here.
       We also conclude that this is not a situation where deference to EPA’s interpretation of
these statutes and regulations is appropriate, given that EPA has not yet spoken on the specific
legal issues that have arisen in this appeal. EPA is not before the Court in this appeal, and we
can find no instances where EPA has adopted an official regulation, ruling, policy, or any other
position regarding the legal issues raised in this appeal.       Although CLF claims that EPA
interprets 40 C.F.R. § 122.44(d)(1)(vii)(B) as requiring an individual analysis in each permit
proceeding to determine whether it is necessary to impose more stringent controls than those
required under the applicable TMDL wasteload allocation, we cannot find such an interpretation
by EPA. The closest that EPA has come to a general determination similar to that advocated by
CLF is the following:
       While the governing regulations require consistency, they do not require that the
       permit limitations that will finally be adopted in a final NPDES permit be
       identical to any of the WLAs that may be provided in a TMDL.
              TMDLs are by definition maximum limits; permit-specific limits like
       those at hand, which are more conservative than the TMDL maxima, are not
       inconsistent with those maxima, or the WLA upon which they are based.


                                                 6
In re City of Moscow, Idaho, NPDES Appeal #00-10, 10 E.A.D. 135, 148 (EPA Envtl. Appeals
Bd. July 27, 2001) (emphasis in original) (internal footnote omitted).
        While EPA’s statement in Moscow emphasizes that agencies like ANR can impose more
stringent permit limitations where needed, it does not state that ANR is always required to do so.
Indeed, given the procedural posture and the deferential standard of review in Moscow, EPA
could not have reached that issue.       Further, EPA’s statements in Moscow and in other
proceedings that a permit limitation need not be “identical” to a wasteload allocation could
simply be recognition that the units of a wasteload allocation often must be translated to different
units when placed into an NPDES permit. See 

n.35 and sources cited therein. In short,
nothing in Moscow or any of the other sources cited by CLF, and nothing that the Court has
unveiled in its own independent research on this issue, reveals EPA’s position—one way or the
other—on whether a state agency must analyze the underlying assumptions of an applicable
TMDL wasteload allocation at each permit issuance to determine whether to impose more
stringent permit limitations than those required under the applicable TMDL.
        Because EPA has yet to analyze or state a determination on this issue, we find that we
cannot apply Chevron deference in this proceeding: “There is simply nothing here to which we
may defer.” St. Agnes Hosp. v. Sullivan, 

, 1568 (D.C. Cir. 1990); accord 

not due . . . where the Secretary has never issued any regulation, ruling or policy
statement . . . .”); Conn. Primary Care Ass’n v. Wilson-Coker, No. 3:02cv626, 

, at *8 (D. Conn. Sept. 5, 2006) (“Because [the agency] never engaged in any
interpretation . . . , there is nothing for the Court to defer to.”). In short, Chevron deference is
available only when, among other things, “the agency has issued regulations or taken other
considered and official action, declaring that course.” Federal-Mogul Corp. v. United States, 

, 1579 (Fed. Cir. 1995).         Further, as in the Federal-Mogul case, EPA’s non-
participation in the current appeal before this Court “leaves us with some question about its
current posture.” 

see also Bowen v. Georgetown Univ. Hosp., 

, 212
(1988) (“[W]e have declined to give deference to an agency counsel’s interpretation of a statute
where the agency itself has articulated no position on the question . . . .”). For these reasons, we
find that we cannot defer to EPA on the interpretation of the statutes and regulations at issue
here.




                                                 7
II.    Whether the Phosphorus WQBEL Violates the Five-Year Limitation on NPDES
       Permits
       In our independent analysis of the legal issues in this appeal, we next must address
whether the process of automatically adopting—without further analysis—a WQBEL directly
from a maximum wasteload allocation in a more-than-five-year-old TMDL violates the statutory
five-year limitation on NPDES permits. See 33 U.S.C. § 1342(b)(1)(B). For the reasons detailed
below, we conclude that it does.
       It is helpful to start our analysis by looking at the holding of the former Vermont Water
Resources Board in Re: Village of Enosburg Falls, No. WQ-03-03, Memorandum of Decision
(Apr. 21, 2004), available at http://www.nrb.state.vt.us/wrp/decisions/wrbdecisions/2004/wq-03-
03mod.pdf. While we recognize that under 10 V.S.A. § 8504(m) this Court must give “the same
weight and consideration” to decisions of the former Water Resource Board that we give to our
own previous decisions, we are not bound by those previous decisions. At any rate, we find
Enosburg Falls distinguishable from the appeal at hand.
       We first focus our analysis on the conclusion announced in Enosburg Falls (and repeated
by some of the parties to this appeal) that if ANR is forced to analyze whether to impose more
stringent permit limitations than what the TMDL requires, it “would render the TMDL process
meaningless.” 

Our legal analysis causes us to disagree. It is significant that the Water
Resources Board reached this conclusion a mere year and a half after the Champlain TMDL was
issued. At that time, so soon after the TMDL was developed, it probably would have been
meaningless to engage in further analysis as to whether more stringent permit limitations were
needed. But the appeal before us now arises more than six and a half years since the Champlain
TMDL was issued. In that intervening period, the five-year statutory time limit for NPDES
permits has run, and there has been ample time to study whether the underlying assumptions of
the Champlain TMDL have been met so as to bring Lake Champlain into compliance with water
quality standards. The undisputed present fact is that Lake Champlain currently experiences
roughly twice the phosphorus load than the targeted loading capacity set by the 2002 Champlain
TMDL.
       In light of the lengthy period of time that has passed since the 2002 Champlain TMDL
was issued, we conclude that it would be meaningful—and is in fact required under the Clean
Water Act and its implementing regulations—to analyze at each permit issuance whether more
stringent permit limitations are required. This does not deprive the Champlain TMDL of its


                                                8
import because the TMDL—a Lake-wide maximum daily load determination—remains a
maximum, a ceiling that limits any WQBEL set for phosphorus discharges, while leaving the
determination of whether to impose more stringent limitations to further analysis. “Maximum”
means maximum, just like the D.C. Circuit has held that “[d]aily means daily.” Friends of the
Earth v. EPA, 

, 142 (D.C. Cir. 2006). As with budgetary decisions made every day,
the imposition of one maximum (such as a credit limit) does not mean that no additional limits
are needed.10
         We find no support in the Act or its implementing regulations for the premise that
perpetual use of total maximum daily limits in and of themselves satisfy the statutory goal.
Rather, “the national goal” of the Clean Water Act was “that the discharge of pollutants into the
navigable waters be eliminated.” 33 U.S.C. § 1251(a)(1) (emphasis added). In fact, the initial
goal of the Clean Water Act was to eliminate all discharges “by 1985.” 

with the goal of eliminating all discharges of pollutants into navigable waters, 33
U.S.C. § 1342(b)(1)(B) requires that each NPDES permit expire within five years of its issuance.
As one scholar has noted, it is important to keep in mind that NPDES permits “were to be issued
for just five-year terms, and businesses were to adopt new technology in the transition time to
eliminate their discharges” in that five-year period. Mary Christina Wood, Nature’s Trust:
Reclaiming an Environmental Discourse, 25 Va. Envtl. L.J. 243, 253 (2007) (emphasis added)
(internal citation to 33 U.S.C. § 1342(b)(1)(B) omitted); see also Nw. Envtl. Advocates v. EPA,
No. C 03-05760 SI, 

, at *12 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 18, 2006) (“[T]he requirement
that NPDES permits last only five years serves to ensure that permits evolve to reflect advances
in technology.” (emphasis added)), aff’d, 

(9th Cir. 2008). But see Natural Res.
Def. Council v. N.Y. State Dep’t of Envtl. Cons., 

, 488 (N.Y. App. Div. 2008)
(holding without discussion that an expedited “administrative renewal” of a permit did not
violate the requirement that permits must be renewed every five years).11 We find further


10
    We believe an appropriate analogy may be gleaned from our current fiscal crisis, which appears to have been
brought on in part by a practice of banks, creditors, and debtors all concluding that the appropriate level of personal
debt should equate to the maximum allowed levels of debt.
11
    At least one scholar has noted that New York’s expedited “administrative renewal” of permits “directly
contradicts the CWA scheme mandating permit review based on the five year life of [a] permit.” Karl S. Coplan, Of
Zombie Permits and Greenwash Renewal Strategies: Ten Years of New York’s So-Called “Environmental Benefit
Permitting Strategy”, 22 Pace Envtl. L. Rev. 1, 23 (2005). Regardless of the propriety of New York’s expedited
“administrative renewal” process, the process that ANR has adopted here goes far beyond that, since ANR never
engaged—nor made any plans to engage—in even an expedited review of whether the wasteload allocation in the
Champlain TMDL provided a stringent enough WQBEL.


                                                          9
support for our interpretation from the very title of the applicable portion of the Clean Water Act:
the “permit system is called the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System, reflecting
Congressional intent to phase out pollution to waterways.” 

n.31 (emphasis
in original).
        The five-year limitation on NPDES permits is significant here because unlike the permit
at issue in Enosburg Falls, the Montpelier WWTF permit on appeal here was issued more than
five years after the establishment of the Champlain TMDL. When ANR engages in the process
of automatically adopting a wasteload allocation from a TMDL that was developed more than
five years earlier and then uses the pollution discharge maximums as a WQBEL, it effectively
authorizes a permittee to pollute for more than five years. (Notably, ANR does not contest that
the Champlain TMDL is without any expiration date.) The Ninth Circuit has explicitly held that
under the Clean Water Act, a state agency cannot do anything that effectively authorizes
polluting beyond the five-year term of an NPDES permit. See Citizens for a Better Env’t—Cal.
v. Union Oil Co. of Cal., 

, 1120 (9th Cir. 1996).
        In Union Oil, a state agency issued an amended permit order in 1991, which set a
limitation on the selenium that permittee Union Oil could discharge, but the agency agreed that
this limitation would not become effective until late 1993. 

As that deadline
approached, Union Oil successfully negotiated with the state agency to extend the effective
deadline until 1998—a full seven years after the selenium limitation was placed in Union Oil’s
NPDES permit. 

was memorialized in a “cease and desist order” (“CDO”)—
a rather ironic term given that the CDO in effect actually gave permission for Union Oil to
continue discharging above the final selenium limitation.
        Although the CDO appeased the concerns of the state agency (which received a $2
million payment in exchange for the extended deadline, see id.), it also led to a coalition of
environmental groups filing a citizen suit against Union Oil for violating the terms of its NPDES
permit. 

(citing 33 U.S.C. § 1365 (the citizen suit provision of the Clean Water Act)).
Union Oil claimed that it had not violated its NPDES permit because the CDO effectively
modified its permit to allow it to discharge at higher levels until 1998. 

        The Ninth Circuit rejected this argument for several reasons, including that “there is a
five year duration on the life of an NPDES permit that the ‘effective modification’ asserted here
would violate.” 

(citing 33 U.S.C. § 1342(b)(1)(B)).



                                                10
       We find the situation in this appeal analogous to the situation that the Ninth Circuit faced
in Union Oil, in that if ANR is allowed to automatically apply TMDL limits beyond the five-year
duration of NPDES permits—without any further analysis of whether to impose stricter
limitations—it would violate the requirement that NPDES permits be subject to review every
five years. See 

U.S.C. § 1342(b)(1)(B)). Further, following in this de novo
proceeding the type of process that ANR used below would flaunt clear congressional intent that
requires agencies to use each five-year renewal period to impose more stringent requirements on
a discharger. See 33 U.S.C. § 1342(o) (the anti-backsliding provision); see also, e.g., In re
Keene Wastewater Treatment Plant, NPDES Appeal #07-18, 

, slip op. at 7–8
(EPA Envtl. Appeals Bd. Mar. 19, 2008) (“In enacting the CWA, Congress expected that
NPDES permits would be revisited every five years by permit issuers, new pollutant analyses
conducted, and the permits reissued with new, sometimes more stringent terms and conditions
incorporated, so that the express statutory goals of restoring and maintaining clean water would
be achieved.”); United States v. Louisville & Jefferson County Metro. Sewer Dist., No. 91-6461,

, 

(6th Cir. Jan. 12, 1993) (unpublished decision) (“NPDES permits
have a duration of five years, and, as a general rule, subsequent permits are supposed to be no
less stringent than the one before it.” (internal citation omitted)); Nicholas A. Robinson, Legal
Systems, Decisionmaking, and the Science of Earth’s Systems: Procedural Missing Links, 27
Ecology L.Q. 1077, 1159 (2001) (“[E]ffluent permits expire no later than every five years and
cannot degrade water quality standards, and since water quality standards must be reviewed for
upgrade every three years, the effluent permit can be made stricter and stricter as water quality
improves and as the water quality standards are increased.” (internal citations omitted)); Kurt
Stephenson et al., Toward an Effective Watershed-Based Effluent Allowance Trading System:
Identifying the Statutory and Regulatory Barriers to Implementation, 5 Envtl. Law. 775, 795
(1999) (“Permits are reissued every five years and are drafted with the intent to make effluent
limitations progressively more stringent.”).
       Another analogous case on this issue is Natural Resources Defense Council v. EPA, 

(D.C. Cir. 1990) (“NRDC”). In that case, the EPA had decided “that a permit issued
under the underground injection well program of the Safe Drinking Water Act would satisfy . . .
RCRA [the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act] permit requirement[s] . . . because such a
permit qualifies as a RCRA permit under EPA’s permit-by-rule regulations.”            

(internal citations omitted).   An environmental organization challenged this EPA combined


                                               11
permitting process on several grounds, including alleged violations of the five-year review
requirement on permits issued under RCRA. 

U.S.C. § 6925(c)(3)). The D.C.
Circuit reversed and remanded the case to EPA, holding that although EPA is free to integrate
various permitting processes to avoid duplication, the agency cannot grant a RCRA permit until
it “demonstrate[s] that [its] process meets the statutory requirements for such a permit.” 

.
         Just as EPA was required in the NRDC case to show that any shortcuts it made in the
permitting process did not evade the requirements needed in each permit application proceeding,
we similarly conclude that ANR cannot use the Champlain TMDL as a substitute for undertaking
its duties to establish whatever phosphorus WQBEL is statutorily required for the Montpelier
WWTF, unless ANR can demonstrate that such a process meets the statutory requirements for an
NPDES permit. Here, because the Champlain TMDL is more than five years old, and because
the Clean Water Act requires that any permit term be limited to a five-year period, see 33 U.S.C.
§ 1342(b)(1)(B), the process ANR followed in analyzing the Montpelier WWTF application for
an NPDES permit is deficient as a matter of law, since the very process allows for pollution
discharge limits to be automatically renewed beyond the statutorily required five-year period.
         Our legal conclusion here is reinforced by the congressional intent expressed in the Clean
Water Act, which aims to eliminate all discharges of pollutants into navigable waterways. See,
e.g., 33 U.S.C. § 1251(a)(1); see also, e.g., Mark C. Van Putten & Bradley D. Jackson, The
Dilution of the Clean Water Act, 19 U. Mich. J.L. Ref. 863, 893–94 (1986) (“[T]he Clean Water
Act’s goal of continued progress towards eliminating all pollutant discharges conflicts with
dischargers’ interest in avoiding water pollution control requirements . . . . Congress clearly
sacrificed dischargers’ competitive interest in favor of the environmental interest to the extent
that ambient water quality considerations require controls more stringent than national effluent
limitation guidelines. . . . [T]he zero discharge goal [is] the operative principle of the Act
. . . .”).12 We therefore conclude that the Clean Water Act does not allow the institutionalization



12
    Our decision to look at congressional intent when interpreting the federal Clean Water Act and its implementing
regulations is in accord with a number of Vermont Supreme Court cases interpreting federal law. See, e.g., Vt.
Student Assistance Corp. v. Zeichner, 

, 617 (1998) (looking at congressional intent to interpret a federal
statute); White Current Corp. v. Vt. Elec. Co-op., Inc., 

, 227 (1992) (looking at plain language and
congressional intent to interpret a federal statute); see also Howard v. Dep’t of Soc. Welfare, 

, 115
(1994) (looking at the expressed purpose of a federal statute to determine how to interpret it). Also, our analysis of
congressional intent underlying the Clean Water Act leads us to note that we find a similar intent expressed by the
Vermont legislature in state water quality laws.

                                                         12
of permit processing that effectively provides an automatic right to pollute for more than five
years.
         In light of the clear congressional intent to eliminate pollution discharges altogether, 33
U.S.C. § 1251(a)(1), and in light of the requirement that a specific permit authorization to pollute
at a certain level run for no more than five years, 33 U.S.C. § 1342(b)(1)(B), we reject ANR’s
assertion that the Clean Water Act authorizes using any TMDL maximum wasteload
allocation—including one that is more than five years old—as an automatic WQBEL for any
NPDES permit.
         ANR’s interpretation, when taken to it its logical conclusion, would allow the terms of
every subsequent effluent discharge permit to mirror any available maximum wasteload
allocation in a TMDL for decades into the future.                     Such a process would render ANR’s
responsibilities to be limited to a ministerial act, to be completed every five years when a permit
came up for renewal, whereby ANR would issue each successive permit with the exact same
effluent limitations as the previous permit. As a result, although ANR’s duties are undoubtedly
much simpler under this type of process, it leads to the five-year limitation on NPDES permits
becoming superfluous.           We are reminded here of another court’s observation that “[w]hile
perhaps the [agency] acts with good intentions, its policy arguments must fail in the face of clear
statutory language.” Cape Hatteras Access Pres. Alliance v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior, 

108, 123 (D.D.C. 2004).               Here, the statute is quite clear that no permit—or permit
limitation—can last more than five years without some further review and analysis. See 33
U.S.C. § 1342(b)(1)(B). In light of this statutory directive, we are compelled to vacate the
permit at issue in these proceedings.

    As mentioned earlier, the Montpelier WWTF permit includes a provision limiting the total phosphorus effluent
concentration to a monthly average of 0.8 milligrams per liter. This provision is explicitly required by 10 V.S.A.
§ 1266a(a). The next subsection in that statute creates a savings clause: “Notwithstanding any provision of
subsection (a) of this section to the contrary, the secretary shall establish effluent phosphorus wasteload allocations
or concentration limits within any drainage basin in Vermont, as needed to achieve wasteload allocations in a total
maximum daily load document approved by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, or as needed to
attain compliance with water quality standards adopted by the Vermont water resources board pursuant to chapter 47
of this title.” 10 V.S.A. § 1266a(b). At first glance, this language appears to be an endorsement of ANR’s decision
to adopt the wasteload allocation in the Champlain TMDL as a permit limitation without further analysis. However,
even if the Vermont Legislature did endorse this type of procedure, it would not relieve ANR of its duties to impose
stricter limitations when that is required under the federal CWA. See 33 U.S.C. § 1370 (noting that where there is a
conflict between state and federal law, the more “stringent” provision prevails).
    We conclude that the savings clause in 10 V.S.A. § 1266a(b) serves a similar purpose to its companion language
in 33 U.S.C. § 1370: both provisions aim to ensure that the most stringent water quality protections—wherever they
arise in either state or federal law—be implemented to protect the State’s waters. See also In re NPDES Stormwater
Petition, No. 14-1-07, slip op. at 8 (Vt. Envtl. Ct. Feb. 18, 2009) (Durkin, J.) (noting that the Clean Water Act calls
for “multiple layers of protection” to prevent violations of water quality standards).


                                                         13
III.   Whether the Phosphorus WQBEL Violates the Requirement that a WQBEL be
       Consistent with the Assumptions Underlying an Applicable Wasteload Allocation
       Turning to 40 C.F.R. § 122.44(d)(1)(vii)(B), we find additional legal foundation for why
ANR must engage in some degree of site-specific and time-specific analysis for each discharge
application to determine whether a suggested wasteload allocation provides a stringent enough
permit limitation. Although ANR, the Water Panel, and the City are correct that any permit
limitation pulled directly from the Champlain TMDL meets the “requirements” of the TMDL
(since it establishes a limit for that facility that does not exceed the wasteload allocation in the
TMDL), their interpretation renders the word “assumptions” in 40 C.F.R. § 122.44(d)(1)(vii)(B)
superfluous, by never engaging in an analysis of what the underlying assumptions of the TMDL
are and whether those assumptions have proved accurate and reliable in the years since the
TMDL was issued. Our Supreme Court has directed us to “presume statutory language is
inserted advisedly and not intended to create surplusage.” State v. Carroll, 

, ¶ 7, 

; cf. also Friends of the 

(“The existence of two conditions does not
authorize EPA to disregard one of them.”).
       We therefore must make every effort to give meaning to the requirement that each permit
limitation be “consistent with the assumptions” underlying a wasteload allocation. 40 C.F.R.
§ 122.44(d)(1)(vii)(B); accord, e.g., Jeffrey M. Gaba, Generally Illegal: NPDES General Permits
Under the Clean Water Act, 31 Harv. Envtl. L. Rev. 409, 434–35 (2007) (“[I]n addition to
consistency with the applicable WLA, EPA regulations also require that any WQBEL be
consistent   with   the    ‘assumptions’   of   any   applicable    WLA.”     (citing   40   C.F.R.
§ 122.44(d)(1)(vii)(B)).
       The Champlain TMDL is rife with assumptions that played a role in the setting of the
wasteload allocation for the Montpelier WWTF. Most significantly, the Champlain TMDL
explicitly states that “the balance between allowable point and nonpoint source loads is part of
the allocation decision.” Champlain TMDL at 21. It is perfectly acceptable to engage in these
types of tradeoffs when drafting a TMDL. See 40 C.F.R. § 130.2(i) (“If Best Management
Practices (BMPs) or other nonpoint source pollution controls make more stringent load
allocations practicable, then wasteload allocations can be made less stringent. Thus, the TMDL
process provides for nonpoint source control tradeoffs.”); see also Douglas R. Williams, When
Voluntary, Incentive-Based Controls Fail: Structuring a Regulatory Response to Agricultural
Nonpoint Source Water Pollution, 9 Wash. U. J.L. & Pol’y 21, 82 (2002) (“EPA made clear that


                                                14
in establishing TMDLs, states were free to make reduction trade-offs between nonpoint and point
sources.”).
         In allocating phosphorus discharge reductions among various sources, the Champlain
TMDL noted that “Vermont has already accomplished major reductions in point source
phosphorus loading.” Champlain TMDL at 90. The Champlain TMDL therefore assumed that
there would need to be significant decreases in nonpoint source discharges—an assumption that
clearly played a role in the relatively lenient wasteload allocations for point sources. Even a
cursory examination of the Champlain TMDL reveals that it places the bulk of responsibility for
phosphorus reductions on nonpoint sources. See, e.g., 

(“The major responsibility for
future phosphorus load reductions necessary under the Lake Champlain Phosphorus TMDL will
fall on nonpoint sources.”).13
         Given this allocation and the tradeoffs that were made, the success of the Champlain
TMDL, as delineated when it was issued in 2002, depended primarily upon reductions in
discharges from nonpoint sources. See, e.g., 

(“Vermont’s approach for controlling
nonpoint sources . . . calls for a full implementation effort in each program area to address all
controllable phosphorus sources.”). In fact, the Champlain TMDL rejected the idea of allowing
trading between point and nonpoint sources because it “would run a high risk of trading a point
source loading increase for a nonpoint source phosphorus reduction that is actually necessary to
meet the nonpoint source portion of the TMDL.” 

         The drafters of the 2002 Champlain TMDL felt comfortable at the time placing the bulk
of responsibility for phosphorus reductions on nonpoint sources because “there [wa]s ample
reason to believe that the nonpoint source reductions will be met or exceeded.” 

(emphasis added). The use of the phrase “to believe” here reveals an underlying assumption
made in 2002: that efforts to reduce the phosphorus loading of Lake Champlain from nonpoint
sources would be successful. Such assumptions are proper and in fact necessary when dealing
with future actions.        However, the TMDL assumptions that were made in 2002 become
problematic when they are used as the sole basis for setting a WQBEL in 2008, particularly
when these assumptions were never checked in the actual permit application process, despite
evidence that Lake Champlain is currently receiving roughly twice the levels of phosphorus
compared to what was allowed under its approved loading capacity in the 2002 Champlain


13
    We find further support for this conclusion in the fact that the Montpelier WWTF was granted a permit limitation
that was significantly higher than any level of phosphorus that the Facility had actually discharged in recent years.

                                                         15
TMDL. We therefore conclude that 40 C.F.R. § 122.44(d)(1)(vii)(B) directs that agencies not
blindly accept such past assumptions, but rather analyze them at each permit issuance—or at
least at each permit issuance that occurs more than five years after the issuance of the applicable
TMDL—to determine whether those assumptions continue to have a basis of reliability.
       In addition to the general assumption that there would be massive decreases in nonpoint
source discharges of phosphorus, the 2002 Champlain TMDL contains a number of specific
assumptions as to how those decreases will come about. For instance, the 2002 Champlain
TMDL assumed that agricultural land will continue to be protected “through the cooperative
efforts of federal and state programs and willing land owners.” 

The protection of
agricultural land was important at the time of the drafting of the 2002 TMDL because
“[c]onversion of agricultural land to some other non-agricultural use or purpose (e.g., residential
or commercial) has been shown to result in the potential for significant increases in phosphorus.”

the preservation of agricultural land, the 2002 Champlain TMDL also
depended upon “willing land owners”—presumably referring to those noble farmers who choose
to keep their land in agricultural use.     

of such “willing land owners”
constitutes another underlying assumption of the 2002 TMDL. See 

landowners
(or their successors-in-interest) reverse course at any time (for instance, to generate needed
income during difficult economic times), nonpoint sources of phosphorus will presumably
increase, and the Champlain TMDL will be at risk of no longer meeting its goals for acceptable
phosphorus levels. See 

TMDL also explicitly stated in 2002 that the “progress to date in
reducing phosphorus loads to Lake Champlain has been possible because of a sustained
commitment of state and federal funding for point and nonpoint source programs.” 

This track record of continued funding supposedly “provide[s] further reasonable assurances that
progress will continue to be made in meeting the phosphorus load allocations established by the
TMDL.”     

reductions in phosphorus loads are “possible because of a sustained
commitment of state and federal funding,” 

is that reductions in phosphorus
loads are dependent on such funding. See also 

(“Additional state and federal funds will
be needed to continue this successful program.” (emphasis added)). Thus, far from providing
“reasonable assurances,” the dependency on funding from multiple governmental bodies reveals
that the TMDL is at risk of failing if the state or the federal government chooses to cut back on


                                                  16
funding—a possibility that is quite real given the current economic realities and budget
shortfalls.
        Indeed, in addition to depending upon budgetary stability in programs that were already
established, the TMDL also noted in 2002 that “[e]xpanded programs are needed” in certain
areas to meet the nonpoint source load allocation goals. 

To expand these programs, so
that further reductions in phosphorus loading could be accomplished, “[i]ncreased governmental
funding [will be] needed.” 

(emphasis added).
        The TMDL authors made a number of other assumptions in their calculations, such as
continued compliance with forestry Accepted Management Practices (“AMPs”). 

(“For the purpose of the Lake Champlain Phosphorus TMDL, it will be assumed that compliance
with the AMPs will prevent increases in phosphorus loading from logging activities in
Vermont.” (emphasis added)). The TMDL is also premised upon the assumption that ANR or
some other entity will be able to contain or offset the effects of urbanization:
        On average, developed land in the basin yields more phosphorus runoff per unit of
        area than either agricultural or forest land. The trend towards urbanization that is
        apparent in some Vermont portions of the Lake Champlain Basin is creating new
        phosphorus sources. In order to attain the wasteload allocation for developed
        land, phosphorus runoff generated by new development must be minimized
        through proper site design, construction techniques, and stormwater treatment,
        and phosphorus load reductions from existing developed areas must be achieved
        sufficient to offset the effects of new development.

(emphasis added) (internal citation omitted).
        The use of the word “must” here implies yet another assumption that must now be
reviewed: that water quality standards will not be met if phosphorus runoff from new
development is not contained. See 

Champlain TMDL explicitly states that
“[e]xpanded efforts in the following areas will be needed to attain the phosphorus wasteload
allocation for developed land,” and then lists “[s]tormwater discharge permitting,” “[e]rosion and
sediment control at construction sites,” “[b]etter backroads,” and “[l]ocal municipal actions.” 

        Taking just one of these factors, we note that it is a bit surprising to see that the
Champlain TMDL’s success depends upon “better backroads”—a phrase that sounds somewhat
oxymoronic in a state like Vermont, where potholes, frost heaves, washboards, free-flowing
drainage ditches, and other mud-season obstacles can turn any outing into an adventure.
Granted, the Champlain TMDL lays out an elaborate plan for upgrading Vermont’s backroads,


                                                 17
but at the end of the day this plan presumes that there will be a large amount of local and state
funding, as well as changes to municipal regulations—all things that “need the support of town
officials and voters” to be successful. 

The TMDL notes that “[t]here are 136 Vermont
cities and towns that are either wholly or partly within the Lake Champlain Basin.” 

Further, “[i]n many cases, the delivery of phosphorus to Lake Champlain from developed land
results from activities that are under the jurisdiction of municipalities.” 

unclear what
portion of those 136 cities and towns the TMDL presumed must vote to increase funding and to
change local zoning regulations before the Champlain TMDL will meet its water quality goals.
       In summary, the Champlain TMDL itself states that its predicted success in protecting
water quality standards depends upon an array of measures, including vast amounts of funding—
at the federal, state, and local level—not only being sustained, but being increased by a total of
nearly $10 million dollars per year. See 

This funding, along with a host of other
measures described in the Champlain TMDL, in turn depends upon the state and possibly as
many as 136 cities and towns all voting to implement funding as well as numerous other
legislative changes in a relatively short period of time. See 

Other measures, such as
the protection of agricultural land, depend not only upon governmental decisions, but also upon
decisions by private actors, described in the TMDL as “willing land owners,” who will
forevermore reject development on their lands. 

       All of these measures are necessary for the presumed success in phosphorus reductions
anticipated by the 2002 Champlain TMDL, which placed the bulk of responsibility for
phosphorus load reductions on nonpoint sources. 

In fact, the TMDL noted that “the
scope of nonpoint source control programs necessary to meet the target loads for the [L]ake is so
extensive that nearly every feasible BMP is likely to be needed in some watersheds in order to
attain the nonpoint source portion of the phosphorus load allocation.” 

Champlain TMDL itself is not challenged in this lawsuit, the regulations
implementing the Clean Water Act direct that its underlying “assumptions” must at least be
reviewed in the course of a review of a new NPDES permit application.             See 40 C.F.R.
§ 122.44(d)(1)(vii)(B) (requiring that WQBELs be “consistent with the assumptions and
requirements of any available wasteload allocation” in an approved TMDL (emphasis added)).
Here, there were a number of underlying assumptions—including doing nearly everything
“feasible” to reduce phosphorus from nonpoint sources, see Champlain TMDL at 89—that led to



                                               18
a tradeoff that allowed a facility such as the Montpelier WWTF to have the wasteload allocation
that it was granted, rather than a more stringent limitation.
       Those assumptions might not be as worrisome if the Champlain TMDL incorporated a
large enough “margin of safety,” as is required by 40 C.F.R. § 130.7(c)(1), to ensure that water
quality standards will be met. But here, although the Champlain TMDL nominally included an
“implicit margin of safety . . . by the fact that the model’s mean predicted phosphorus
concentrations are below the applicable phosphorus criteria for most lake segments,” Champlain
TMDL at 43 (emphasis added), the Main Lake Segment at issue here did not include such a
margin of safety. See 

fig.4. Thus, it is all the more important that state agencies
undergo an independent evaluation at each permit reissuance to determine whether the
assumptions underlying the TMDL allocations (for point and nonpoint sources) still justify
allowing the maximum wasteload allocation listed in the TMDL. Without the margin of safety
that was built into the phosphorus allocations for most of the other Lake segments, and given
how optimistic the projections of the Champlain TMDL are, stricter permit limitations may be
needed to compensate for any exceedances in any other allocated discharges to the Main Lake
Segment.
       In short, the Champlain TMDL was premised in 2002 on a number of assumptions about
planned decreases in discharges from nonpoint sources. Given the tradeoff system used in the
Champlain TMDL, those assumptions necessarily led to a more lenient wasteload allocation for
the Montpelier WWTP than what might otherwise be expected to ensure that water quality
standards are met. Although the Champlain TMDL requires “additional phosphorus removal”
from wastewater treatment plants and other point sources, it notes that these measures are all
“practical and cost-effective.” 

But the reference to “practical and cost-effective”
measures implies that the wasteload allocations in the TMDL are not really WQBELs at all—
rather, they appear to be less stringent technology based effluent limitations (“TBELs”). Cf. 40
C.F.R. § 130.2(h) (noting that “WLAs constitute a type of water quality-based effluent
limitation,” not a less stringent TBEL). While such an allocation might be acceptable if all of its
underlying assumptions were met and nonpoint sources really decreased their discharges of
phosphorus by the amounts called for in the Champlain TMDL, this allocation is not acceptable
if those assumptions have not yet been realized.         Hence, 40 C.F.R. § 122.44(d)(1)(vii)(B)
requires that agencies analyze whether the underlying assumptions of a TMDL have come to
pass when they consider the issuance of a new or renewed discharge permit.


                                                 19
        To be clear, our Decision today does not determine whether the underlying assumptions
of the Champlain TMDL have been met.                 Rather, we simply hold that the implementing
regulations of the Clean Water Act require a permit review to include an analysis of whether past
TMDL assumptions have some impact upon the discharge application being considered.
        One stark reality that appears to be undisputed is that the efforts to control or reduce
phosphorus discharges into Lake Champlain have not yet been successful. According to the
latest estimate, which none of the parties dispute, the Main Lake Segment currently receives
phosphorus loads totaling 217.9 metric tons per year. See 2008 State of the Lake & Ecosystem
Indicators, attached as CLF Ex. G, at 5 fig.4 (listing loads of 148.4 mt/yr from Vermont and 69.5
mt/yr from New York).          This number is nearly double that segment’s phosphorus loading
capacity of 110.3 metric tons per year. Thus, in ANR’s own words, “ANR does not contest that
under current conditions, the Main Lake Segment has no remaining loading capacity for
discharges of phosphorus.” (ANR’s Resp. to CLF’s Statement of Undisputed Material Facts,
at 2 (emphasis in original)). Any review of the application for a renewed discharge permit for
the Montpelier WWTF therefore must assess the reality that the Champlain TMDL is failing to
achieve its mandate under the Clean Water Act to protect water quality standards, and that Lake
Champlain remains an impaired water body.14               This current reality makes it all the more
important for ANR to include in its analysis of any discharge permit application whether the
relatively less stringent wasteload allocations listed in the Champlain TMDL are still protective
enough to meet the requirements of the Clean Water Act. We pass no judgment on that specific
issue today, but we do hold that ANR must engage in this analysis before it can establish the
proper phosphorus WQBEL for the current Montpelier WWTF permit.
        We recognize that it is possible that it will be quite costly for the City to comply with
more stringent phosphorus controls. On the other hand, the TMDL states that the Montpelier
WWTF could use “anaerobic selector zones” to reduce phosphorus discharges in a way that
simultaneously leads to “cost savings relative to current operating costs, even if more stringent
phosphorus limits are required.” Champlain TMDL at 52; accord 

tbl.17 (listing the
Montpelier facility as a site that could have significant savings in annual operating costs through
use of this technology). As with any new technology, this would require an initial capital

14
     We may be “beyond the stage when merely shifting the deck chairs on a sinking ship will suffice.” In re
Alexandria Lake Area Sanitary Dist. NPDES/SDS Permit #MN0040738, 

, 328 (2009) (Anderson,
J., dissenting). While Alexandria addresses phosphorus discharges and we find the above quote relevant to our
analysis, the Alexandria decision is otherwise distinguishable from the case before us in many ways.

                                                     20
investment, which will likely cause hardship for the City. Although we regret that the City might
have to incur this—and possibly other—capital expenditures during difficult economic times, we
have previously noted that we are without authority to take such monetary considerations into
account in rendering our decision on this type of matter:
       We are obligated to determine the applicable law and apply it to the undisputed
       material facts. Similarly, while we are very mindful of the significant monetary
       obligations that may follow our decision here, we cannot allow those monetary
       consequences to impact our legal analysis at this stage of the proceedings. We
       remind the parties that we are a court of limited subject matter jurisdiction, and
       while acts or decisions of the ANR Secretary may be appealed de novo to this
       Court, we are not aware of any statutory provision allowing our Court to conduct
       an economic analysis in these types of proceedings.
In re NPDES Stormwater Petition, No. 14-1-07, slip op. at 36 (Vt. Envtl. Ct. Aug. 28, 2008)
(Durkin, J.).
       In addition to the jurisdictional limitations that prevent the Court from engaging in an
economic analysis here, the structure of the Clean Water Act precludes any such analysis when it
comes to protecting water quality standards. See, e.g., In re City of Moscow, Idaho, NPDES
Appeal #00-10, 10 E.A.D. 135, 168 (EPA Envtl. Appeals Bd. July 27, 2001) (“[S]ection
301(b)(1)(C) of the CWA requires unequivocal compliance with applicable water quality
standards, and does not recognize an exception for cost or technological infeasibility.”).
       In short, the decision that Congress made when it passed the Clean Water Act was that
water quality takes priority over all other considerations, no matter how legitimate those
considerations may be. Thus, according to the Clean Water Act, whenever ANR or this Court
analyzes what must be done to bring a facility into compliance with applicable water quality
standards, the costs—or even the feasibility—of such measures are not proper for our
consideration, no matter how meritorious they may be. See 

EPA Environmental
Appeals Board has explicitly stated that any agency implementing the Clean Water Act is
without authority to grant variances from water quality standards based on cost or technological
infeasibility. In re J&L Specialty Prods. Corp., NPDES Appeal #92-22, 5 E.A.D. 31, 48–49
(EPA Envtl. Appeals Bd. Feb. 2, 1994). Similarly, this Court—standing in place of ANR in this
de novo appeal—is without authority to take such considerations into account. Cf. Friends of the

(“If adherence to this mandate leads to unintended consequences for water
quality or for municipal pocketbooks, interested parties should direct their concerns to EPA or to




                                                21
Congress, either of which can take steps to mitigate any fallout from the CWA’s unambiguous
directive. We, however, have no such authority.”).
       In summary, we find that ANR must engage in an analysis, prior to the issuance of the
discharge permit applied for here, to determine whether the wasteload allocation in the
Champlain TMDL is protective enough of state water quality standards to be adopted as a
WQBEL, or whether a more stringent limitation is required.          We conclude that such an
application review process is required as a matter of law, so that a WQBEL meets the five-year
limitation on permits required by 33 U.S.C. § 1342(b)(1)(B), and so that a WQBEL is
“consistent with the assumptions and requirements of any available wasteload allocation” in an
approved TMDL, pursuant to 40 C.F.R. § 122.44(d)(1)(vii)(B).
       This application review process will not lead to a conflict with the Champlain TMDL,
which maintains a ceiling beyond which the permit WQBEL cannot pass. Cf., e.g., Friends of
the 

(“[A]ll water bodies can achieve water quality standards if their
TMDLs are set low enough—if all else fails, they can be set to zero—and the two requirements
therefore never conflict with each other.”). As one scholar has noted, “[a]fter setting TMDLs,
states must take additional measures to control both point and diffuse pollution through such
measures as more stringent point source permits.” Cynthia J. Aukerman, Agricultural Diffuse
Pollution Controls: Lessons for Scotland from the Chesapeake Bay Watershed, 20 J. Land Use
& Envtl. L. 191, 241 (2004). We agree.
       A TMDL is meant to be a safety net. Whether the Champlain TMDL serves that purpose
here is not at issue in this case. But we conclude that the Clean Water Act prohibits the sole
reliance upon a TMDL that the record in this case suggests was all that occurred in the ANR
review process below. Specifically, we conclude that the Clean Water Act requires that before
this discharge permit can be issued, further analysis is needed to determine the proper
phosphorus WQBEL for the Montpelier WWTF.

                                          Conclusion
       For all the reasons more fully discussed above, we GRANT summary judgment to CLF
and hold that the Montpelier WWTF permit is invalid as issued, and we DENY all other requests
for summary judgment. Although we would normally maintain jurisdiction to engage in a de
novo analysis of what phosphorus permit limitation is appropriate for the Facility, we instead
choose here to follow the Supreme Court’s guidance that in a situation like this—where ANR is
yet to engage at all in the analysis that the Clean Water Act requires, the proper recourse is to

                                               22
remand the case to ANR to engage in that analysis in the first instance. See In re Stormwater
NPDES Petition, 

, ¶ 30. We therefore REMAND the pending discharge permit
application back to ANR to engage in the requisite analysis directed by this Decision.

       Done at Berlin, Vermont, this 30th day of June 2009.



                                             ___________________________________
                                              Thomas S. Durkin, Environmental Judge




                                               23