STATE OF VERMONT

                               ENVIRONMENTAL COURT



                                                  }
In re: Howard Center for Human Services           }
        Window Replacement Project                }      Docket No. 145-6-06 Vtec
        (Appeal of Howard Center                  }
             for Human Services, Inc.)            }
                                                  }

           Decision and Order on Cross-Motions for Partial Summary Judgment

       Appellant-Applicant (Applicant) Howard Center for Human Services, Inc. appealed

from a decision of the Development Review Board (DRB) of the City of Burlington denying

Applicant’s application to replace windows in the building at 45-47 Clarke1 Street in

Burlington. Applicant is represented by Franklin Kochman, Esq. and the City of Burlington

is represented by Eugene Bergman, Esq. The parties have moved for summary judgment

on Question 1 of the Statement of Questions: whether the proposed window replacement

is subject to design review pursuant to Article 6 of the Burlington Zoning Ordinance. The

following facts are undisputed unless otherwise noted.

       Applicant applied for a Certificate of Appropriateness to replace the primary

window sashes, in the building’s wooden, double-hung windows, with vinyl inserts. The

proposal does not involve replacing the exterior window frames or surrounding decorative

woodwork; it involves replacing the glass with thermal glass, framed by vinyl sashes. This

motion for summary judgment does not relate to the merits of this replacement, or whether

it has been done in other buildings along this street, or whether it should or should not be


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         All the documents refer to the spelling as “Clarke” Street with the exception of the
1973 maps of the city’s land use areas, which spells it as “Clark” Street; however, the
parties do not dispute its location.

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approved for this building.

       The parties do not dispute that the building was constructed in 1887 for a silver

plater named David Mitchell, in a typical Eastlake style, similar to other Italianate houses

in Burlington, and that, among its other features, it has decorative window architraves.

The building entrance was altered in about 1975 when the building was converted into an

architect’s office.

       Applicant contests whether the building is located in a Design Review zoning

district, and contests whether the proposed window replacement requires design review

from the DRB under §§6.1.3 and 6.1.4. The City argues that, as well as being in a Design

Review overlay district under §3.2.3(a), the building is an historic building which requires

design review under §3.2.3(b).



Design Review overlay district

       Applicant first argues that the 45-47 Clarke Street property is not in a Design Review

overlay district, and therefore should not have been subject to design review for the

window replacement project. Clarke Street is only one block long, bounded by Pearl Street

on its south end and by Grant Street on its north end.

       Section 3.2.3 of the Burlington Zoning Ordinance establishes the Design Review

overlay districts to “preserve, protect and enhance those areas within the city containing

structures of historical, architectural or cultural merit.” The Design Review overlay

districts established in §3.2.3 are distinct from the different “Historic Buildings” overlay

district established in §3.2.4.

       The Design Review overlay districts designated in the four subsections of §3.2.3 are,

in reverse order: in subsection (d), the entire RCO, WRL, WFC-N, C, GC, and E zoning

districts (not applicable to this property); in subsection (c), certain listed major street

corridors (not applicable to this property); in subsection (b), historic buildings (regardless

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of location); and, in subsection (a), the “Waterfront core, Regional Core and Inner City”

areas, “as delineated in the 1973 Municipal Development Plan for the City of Burlington.”

       In January of 1973 the City Council adopted a document entitled “The Official

Comprehensive Master Plan” (the 1973 Plan), and referred to in its text and in the adoption

resolution as the “Comprehensive Plan” or the “Comprehensive Master Plan.” The

adoption resolution states that the 1973 Plan was adopted “specifically in accordance with

the provisions of 24 V.S.A.[] Section 4385,” codified under subchapter 5 of 24 V.S.A.

Chapter 117. Subchapter 5 is entitled “Municipal Development Plan;” the subchapter

generally uses the term “plan,” which in turn is defined in 24 V.S.A. §4303(18) to mean “a

municipal plan adopted under section 4385.”

       Applicant argues that sufficient ambiguity is raised by the difference between the

title of the 1973 Plan and its reference in the Ordinance to exempt Applicant’s building

from the requirement of undergoing Design Review. However, despite the fact that the

title of the 1973 Plan is “Official Comprehensive Master” Plan rather than “Municipal

Development” Plan, there is no ambiguity that the 1973 Municipal Development Plan cited

in §3.2.3(a) of the Ordinance2 is the Comprehensive Master Plan adopted in 1973.

Applicant does not claim that any other municipal plan was adopted in 1973. Moreover,

the 1973 Plan was adopted specifically under the provisions of the state enabling act


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           Section 1.1.6 of the Ordinance also expressly states that the Ordinance was
adopted to “implement the planning policies adopted for the city as reflected in the
Municipal Development Plan and other planning documents.” Thus, even if the 1973
Comprehensive Master Plan were not the “Municipal Development Plan” referred to in
§3.2.3(a) of the Ordinance, it would be an “other planning document” which the Ordinance
was adopted to implement. In a paragraph entitled “Inner City Residential Area Policies,”
the 1973 Plan states that the “city shall require appropriate design . . . through design
review throughout the Inner City Area.” The Court’s “paramount function” in interpreting
an ordinance is to give effect to such legislative intent.” Appeal of Weeks, 

, 554
(1998).

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entitled “Municipal Development Plan.” There is therefore no ambiguity regarding which

plan is referenced in the Ordinance that would require resort to the principles of statutory

construction.

       Applicant next argues that the “Inner City” area referenced in §3.2.3(a) of the

Ordinance is insufficiently defined in the 1973 Plan to determine whether 45-47 Clarke

Street is located within the “Inner City” area. The 1973 Plan designated several “land use

areas” within the City. One of the land use “areas” designated in the 1973 Plan is the

“Inner City Residential Area,” which is defined in the 1973 Plan as having two sections, one

to the north of the Regional Core and one to its south. The northerly section is “[b]ounded

by the Waterfront Area, Central Vermont Railroad line and North Willard Street (as

extended northerly) to the north of the Regional Core.” The portion of the Waterfront Area

pertinent to the northerly Inner City area is described in the 1973 Plan as being bounded

on the east by North Avenue and Battery Street. The Regional Core area is described in the

1973 Plan as being bounded on the north by Pearl Street. Applicant’s property at 45-47

Clarke Street, and the entirety of Clarke Street, is located north of Pearl Street, west of

North Willard Street, south of the Central Vermont Railroad line and east of Battery Street

and North Avenue. Applicant’s property is therefore located within the “Inner City

Residential Area” described in the text of the 1973 Plan, even if there were no map

appended to that Plan.

       Moreover, the map attached to the 1973 Plan sufficiently establishes the boundaries

of each land use area referenced in the 1973 Plan to determine that the entirety of Clarke

St. is within the northerly of the two “Inner City” land use areas shown on the 1973

“Comprehensive Master Plan Land Use Area Map.” The terms “Inner City Residential”

area and “Inner City” area are used interchangeably in the 1973 Plan. Applicant does not

claim that any other “Inner City” area is defined in the 1973 Plan, other than the “Inner City

Residential Area.” There is therefore no ambiguity regarding which Inner City area is

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referenced in the Ordinance, or the boundaries of that area, that would require resort to the

principles of statutory construction.




Historical Status of Applicant’s building

       The City argues that even if there were ambiguity in the boundaries of the Inner City

area, Applicant’s property would require design review in any event as an historic building

under §3.2.3(b)3, as it is a building listed on the Vermont Register of Historic Resources.

Although material facts appear to be in dispute regarding whether or the degree to which

past changes to the building may have affected its historic qualities, the building remains

an historic building subject to design review under §3.2.3(b) as well as under §3.2.3(a).



Substantial Alteration

       Applicant argues that, even if the building is within the Design Review overlay

district, the window replacement project does not constitute development or a substantial

alteration for which a Certificate of Appropriateness or DRB approval is required.

       First, window replacement that alters trim details or otherwise changes the exterior

appearance of a building is specifically listed in §4.1.3(a) as a type of “land development”

requiring a zoning permit. In a Design Review district, §6.1.4 requires a Certificate of

Appropriateness to be obtained from the DRB before “the commencement of any

development or activity.”

       Moreover, the proposed window replacement constitutes “restoration” of the

building, requiring DRB approval of the plan under §6.1.3, regardless of whether it



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         This is distinct from those historic buildings within the “Historic Buildings”
overlay district established in §3.2.4, which references Article 8 of the Ordinance.

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qualifies as substantial alteration of the building.

       The proposed window replacement constitutes “alteration” of the building, as that

term is defined in §30.1.2. Alteration means:

       the rearrangement of interior space, including the addition of walls, halls,
       steps, elevators, escalators, the rearrangement of the exterior bearing walls,
       including new doors, wind exits4 or facades; but not including ordinary
       maintenance or repairs.

Even if the curious phrase “wind exits” is not read to mean “windows, exits,” because the

definition is by a non-exclusive list of examples, we may interpret the examples to include

“windows” as other items within the class of the included terms, that is, openings in the

exterior facade of the building.

       More importantly, the proposed window replacement does not qualify as “ordinary

maintenance or repair” of the windows as it is excluded from the definition of the

exemption in §6.1.9. The “ordinary maintenance or repair” of any exterior architectural

feature, such as a window, is only exempt if it “does not involve a change in design,

material, color or the outward appearance of the feature,” and even then, only if the total

dollar value for all labor and materials in the project is less than $5,000. In the present

project, although the parties dispute whether the window replacement project will involve

a change of color, design, or outward appearance, there is no question that it involves a

change of material from wood to vinyl, and therefore does not fall within the exemption.

Moreover, the cost estimate provided by Applicant on the application was $17,385, above

the $5,000 exemption limit. This limit also provides some guidance to the Court in

interpreting the extent of alteration that should be considered to be substantial. In the


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         Neither the Ordinance nor commonly-available dictionaries define the term “wind
exits,” suggesting that a typographical error may have crept into this section of the
Ordinance; however, the parties did not supply any earlier edition of the Ordinance that
could illuminate whether this list originally read “new doors, windows, exits or facades.”

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present case, the replacement of all the window glass and window sashes in the building

qualifies as “substantially alter[ing]” the building sufficiently to require DRB approval

under §6.1.3, as well as under §6.1.4.



       Accordingly, based on the foregoing, it is hereby ORDERED and ADJUDGED that

Appellant-Applicant’s Motion for Summary Judgment is DENIED and summary judgment

is GRANTED in favor of the City on Question 1 of the Statement of Questions. A telephone

conference has been scheduled (see enclosed notice) to discuss setting the merits of the

remainder of the appeal5 for trial.




       Done at Berlin, Vermont, this 16th day of March, 2007.




                            _________________________________________________
                                  Merideth Wright
                                  Environmental Judge




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          The City also argued that the property also should have been considered for
conditional use review as a change from the former non-conforming office use to a medical
office use. Such an application was not made by Appellant-Applicant and is not before the
Court in this appeal, nor is any notice of violation or enforcement action involved in this
appeal. Please be prepared to discuss this issue at the conference. V.R.E.C.P. 2(b).

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