FILED
                                                                      United States Court of Appeals
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                           Tenth Circuit

                            FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                           January 29, 2020
                        _________________________________
                                                                         Christopher M. Wolpert
                                                                             Clerk of Court
 NAWEEN KISHORE TAMSANG,

       Petitioner,

 v.                                                           No. 19-9538
                                                          (Petition for Review)
 WILLIAM P. BARR, United States
 Attorney General,

       Respondent.
                        _________________________________

                            ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                        _________________________________

Before MATHESON, KELLY, and PHILLIPS, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

      Naween Kishore Tamsang, a native and citizen of Nepal appearing pro se, has

filed a petition for review of a decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA)

upholding an Immigration Judge’s (IJ) denial of asylum, withholding of removal, and

relief under the United Nations Convention Against Torture (CAT). We dismiss the

petition in part for lack of jurisdiction and deny the remainder of the petition by

virtue of our jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1).


      *
        After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent,
except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It
may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
                                   I. Background

      Tamsang entered the United States on a temporary visa but remained in the

country beyond his allotted time. He then pleaded guilty to one count of indecent

exposure, third or subsequent offense, in violation of Colorado law.1 Soon after, the

Department of Homeland Security served him with a notice to appear in removal

proceedings, charging him with removability for overstaying his temporary visa,

see 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(B), and as an alien who had been convicted of a crime

involving moral turpitude, see 

      At his initial hearing before the IJ, Tamsang requested a continuance so he

could find an attorney. The IJ granted his request. Tamsang next appeared before

the IJ with counsel, who requested a continuance to prepare. The IJ granted that

request, too. At the next hearing, Tamsang, through counsel, conceded removability

as charged and filed an application for asylum and withholding of removal based on

religion (Christian), political opinion, and membership in a particular social group.

He also sought CAT relief. In support, he submitted a written declaration and a

variety of documentary evidence. The IJ set the matter for a merits hearing.

      After Tamsang’s attorney withdrew due to a conflict of interest, Tamsang

appeared at the merits hearing and requested a continuance to obtain counsel and

additional supporting documents. The IJ granted the motion but explained there



      1
         Tamsang was originally charged with internet luring of a child, internet
sexual exploitation of a child, and criminal attempt to commit sexual assault on a
child, all in violation of Colorado law.
                                           2
would be no further delays and Tamsang should be ready for a merits hearing set for

several weeks later, with or without counsel. The IJ also told Tamsang to submit any

additional documentation before the hearing date.

         Tamsang appeared at the rescheduled merits hearing and asked for another

continuance. The government opposed the motion, and the IJ denied it, finding

Tamsang had not shown good cause because the IJ had granted several continuances,

had given Tamsang ample time to find an attorney, and had advised Tamsang this

would be his final hearing.

         The hearing proceeded, and Tamsang was the only witness who testified. The

IJ found his testimony was not credible for several reasons, including his evasive

responses and several significant inconsistencies and contradictions. The IJ also

noted the lack of corroboration for alleged incidents involving Tamsang’s wife and

daughter. The IJ found there was no credible evidence to otherwise support

Tamsang’s claims for asylum, withholding of removal, or CAT relief. The IJ also

found that a safe third-country agreement between Nepal and India, where Tamsang

lived for sixteen years, barred his claim for asylum and that India provided an

alternative place for him to live free from the harassment he allegedly experienced in

Nepal.

         In the alternative, the IJ denied asylum and withholding of removal because

Tamsang had not established a nexus between the harm he allegedly experienced and

a protected ground, or shown that the Nepal government was unable or unwilling to

protect him. The IJ also found Tamsang ineligible for CAT relief because he had not

                                            3
demonstrated he faced a likelihood of torture in Nepal or that the Nepal government

would acquiesce in any harm he might experience.

          Tamsang appealed pro se to the BIA, challenging the IJ’s denial of his final

motion for a continuance, the IJ’s nexus finding, and the IJ’s reliance on the safe

third-country agreement between India and Nepal. He also submitted additional

evidence (letters from his wife, daughter, and several friends), and explained that

because he was detained, he was unable to obtain this evidence in time to submit it to

the IJ.

          In upholding the IJ’s decision, the BIA rejected Tamsang’s argument that the

IJ’s denial of his final motion for a continuance deprived him of due process. The

BIA concluded that the IJ gave Tamsang an appropriate length of time to find an

attorney, Tamsang had not shown he would have found counsel if the motion had

been granted, and Tamsang had ample opportunity to testify. The BIA then

explained that Tamsang had “not specifically challenged [the IJ’s adverse credibility]

finding on appeal and the issue is therefore waived . . . [nor] has [he] identified

evidence to establish his claims to asylum or withholding of removal independently

of his testimony.” Admin. R. at 3. The BIA also observed that Tamsang failed to

raise any specific argument regarding CAT relief. Because these findings were

determinative of Tamsang’s eligibility for asylum, withholding, and CAT relief, the

BIA did not address the IJ’s alternative bases for denying relief. The BIA

determined that the new evidence Tamsang submitted did not warrant remand to the

IJ because it was not likely to change the outcome.

                                             4
                                    II. Discussion

      In reviewing a BIA decision, “we decide purely legal questions de novo.”

Ritonga v. Holder, 

, 974 (10th Cir. 2011). But “[a]gency findings of

fact are conclusive unless the record demonstrates that any reasonable adjudicator

would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” Sarr v. Gonzales, 

,

788-89 (10th Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks omitted).

      We begin by noting Tamsang has not challenged the IJ’s denial of his final

motion for a continuance or the BIA’s refusal to remand the case for consideration of

the new evidence he submitted. He has therefore waived review of those issues. See

Becker v. Kroll, 

, 913 n.6 (10th Cir. 2007) (“An issue or argument

insufficiently raised in the opening brief is deemed waived.”).

      In his petition, Tamsang raises a cursory challenge to the IJ’s credibility

finding. But he did not appeal that finding to the BIA, and we lack jurisdiction to

consider the issue in the first instance. See Sidabutar v. Gonzales, 

,

1118-19 (10th Cir. 2007) (explaining that failure to present an issue to the BIA

constitutes a failure to exhaust administrative remedies, which deprives this court of

jurisdiction to review it). Tamsang also did not appeal the IJ’s determination that

there was no credible evidence independent of his testimony to support his claims for

asylum, withholding of removal, or CAT relief. We therefore lack jurisdiction to

consider the arguments Tamsang raises in his petition regarding the documentary




                                           5
evidence that was before the IJ. See id.2 Because these failures are dispositive of the

IJ’s primary ground for denying his requests for relief, we need not consider

Tamsang’s arguments regarding the IJ’s alternative grounds (lack of nexus to a

protected ground and Tamsang’s ability to live in India).

      Tamsang claims the BIA violated “fundamental fairness” by not taking

“administrative notice of additional official documents that supported [his] asylum

claim.” Pet’r Br. at 4. The BIA, however, “does not create its own record but relies

on testimony and evidence presented to the IJ.” Perales-Cumpean v. Gonzales,

, 985 (10th Cir. 2005). And Tamsang fails to identify any extra-record




      2
         Even if we did not lack jurisdiction to consider this issue, Tamsang’s
arguments on it are meager. He makes conclusory statements about general
conditions in Nepal with no citations to the record or any explanation of how he can
meet his burden to establish his eligibility for any of the relief he requested
independent of his testimony. And the only “document” he cites is the internet
address for where the U.S. Department of State’s reports on international religious
freedom for 2017 reside. See Pet’r Br. at 4. Presumably, Tamsang would have us
locate the report for Nepal (which, incidentally, is already part of the administrative
record in this case, see Admin. R. at 300-11), and examine it for evidence to support
his requests for relief. This we may not do. See Garrett v. Selby Connor Maddux &
Janer, 

, 840 (10th Cir. 2005) (“[T]he court cannot take on the
responsibility of serving as the [pro se] litigant’s attorney in constructing arguments
and searching the record.”). Accordingly, Tamsang’s failure to develop a cogent
argument supported by record citations waives our review. See 

n.6; see also 

(noting that even pro se litigants
must “follow the same rules of procedure that govern other litigants,” including the
requirement that an argument contain a litigant’s “‘contentions and the reasons for
them, with citations to the authorities and parts of the record on which the [litigant]
relies’” (quoting Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(8)(A)).

                                           6
documentation3 let alone explain how any such documentation would have made a

difference in the outcome of his removal proceeding. See Alzainati v. Holder,

, 851 (10th Cir. 2009) (“To prevail on a due process claim, an alien

must establish not only error, but prejudice.”).

      Finally, Tamsang contends his attorney in his Colorado criminal proceeding

failed to warn him of the immigration consequences of his guilty plea. But he must

raise any complaint about that attorney’s constitutional ineffectiveness in state court,

not in removal proceedings. See Waugh v. Holder, 

, 1283 (10th Cir.

2011) (“[N]either the IJ nor the BIA has authority to adjudicate the constitutionality

of an underlying criminal conviction.”).

                                    III. Conclusion

      We dismiss the petition for review in part for lack of jurisdiction and

otherwise deny the petition. We grant Tamsang’s motion to proceed on appeal

without prepayment of fees or costs, but remind him of his obligation to pay the full

amount of the filing fee, see 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a) (excusing only prepayment of

appellate fees).


                                            Entered for the Court


                                            Gregory A. Phillips
                                            Circuit Judge


      3
        In support of this argument, Tamsang refers only to the internet address
discussed in footnote 

, where we explained that the 2017 State Department
report on religious freedom in Nepal is already part of the administrative record.
                                           7