FILED
                                                                    United States Court of Appeals
                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                     Tenth Circuit

                               FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                     February 14, 2020
                           _________________________________
                                                                       Christopher M. Wolpert
                                                                           Clerk of Court
    WILLIAM S. FLETCHER, individually
    and on behalf of all others similarly
    situated; TARA DAMRON, individually
    and on behalf of all others similarly
    situated,

          Plaintiffs - Appellants,
                                                             No. 19-5023
    v.                                           (D.C. No. 4:02-CV-00427-GKF-JFJ)
                                                             (N.D. Okla.)
    THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA;
    DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR; DAVID
    BERNHARDT, in his official capacity as
    Acting Secretary of the U.S. Department of
    the Interior; BUREAU OF INDIAN
    AFFAIRS; TARA KATUK MACLEAN
    SWEENEY, in her official capacity as
    Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs,

          Defendants - Appellees.
                         _________________________________

                               ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                           _________________________________

Before HARTZ, BALDOCK, and EID, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

         After fifteen years of litigation and three appeals to this Court, Plaintiffs

obtained an order in the district court requiring the Government to provide an

accounting of distributions from the Osage Mineral Estate. Although the district court


*
 This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law
of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its
persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
determined Plaintiffs were the prevailing parties, the court denied Plaintiffs’ motion

for attorney fees under the Equal Access to Justice Act (“EAJA”) because (1) Plaintiffs

had not “incurred” attorney fees, and (2) the Government’s position was substantially

justified. This appeal follows. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we

affirm.

                                          ***

       In 1872, Congress established a reservation for the Osage Tribe in what is now

Osage County, Oklahoma. In the early 1900s, deposits of oil, gas, coal, and other

minerals were found on the reservation. In light of this discovery, Congress enacted

the Osage Allotment Act of 1906, which placed the reservation’s mineral estate in a

trust for the Osage Tribe with the Government as the trustee. The Act charged the

Secretary of the Interior with distributing royalties to Osage tribal members whose

names were recorded on an official roll.         These royalty interests are known as

headrights. Initially, Osage tribal members transferred their headrights to people

outside the Osage Tribe, but Congress later amended the Act to prohibit that practice.

The Act also requires the Secretary of the Interior to provide an accounting for the

daily and annual balance of all funds held in the trust. 25 U.S.C. § 4011(a).

       Plaintiffs are a certified class of Osage tribal members who own headrights.

Plaintiffs initiated this suit in 2002 and alleged: (1) the Government violated Plaintiffs’

right to political association and participation in the Osage government; (2) the

Government breached its trust responsibilities under the Osage Allotment Act by (a)

eliminating Plaintiffs’ right to participate or vote in Osage tribal elections and (b)

                                            2
allowing headrights to be alienated to persons who are not members of the Osage Tribe;

(3) the Government’s failure to manage the tribe’s assets, coupled with the alienation

of headrights to persons who are not Osage Indians, constituted a Fifth Amendment

taking; and (4) the Government’s actions with respect to Osage Tribal elections

constituted illegal agency action. Notably, Plaintiffs did not seek an accounting at that

time. The Government moved to dismiss the complaint for failure to join the Osage

Tribal Council, an indispensable party. The district court granted the motion and

dismissed the case.

          Plaintiffs abandoned their voting rights claims on appeal and pursued only the

breach of trust and takings claims. Because the district court did not address whether

the Osage Tribal Council was an indispensable party as to those claims, we remanded

for further proceedings. In April 2006, on remand from this Court, Plaintiffs filed their

first amended complaint. Therein, Plaintiffs alleged: (1) the Government breached its

statutory trust responsibilities by (a) wrongfully distributing royalty payments to

persons who are not Osage Indians and (b) failing to account for trust funds; (2) the

Government’s failure to properly manage the tribe’s trust account and funds, coupled

with the distribution of royalties to persons who are not Osage Indians, constituted a

Fifth Amendment taking; and (3) the Government’s administrative actions, or failures

to act, were not in accordance with the law and were contrary to Plaintiffs’ property

rights.

          Thereafter, the Government moved to dismiss Plaintiffs’ first amended

complaint for (1) failure to join other necessary and indispensable parties, including

                                             3
the Osage Nation and non-Osage headright owners, and (2) failure to challenge a

specific agency action within the applicable statute of limitations. The district court

granted the motion in part and ordered Plaintiffs to file a second amended complaint

adding all non-Osage headright owners and identifying the challenged agency actions

or inactions. Following the court’s order, Plaintiffs filed a second amended complaint

joining approximately 1,700 non-Osage headright owners. Plaintiffs failed, however,

to identify the challenged agency action or inaction. As a result, the court directed

Plaintiffs to file a third amended complaint.

      On May 6, 2010, Plaintiffs filed their third amended complaint.         Therein,

Plaintiffs alleged substantially the same claims presented in the first amended

complaint. As the district court summarized, each of the three claims for relief

contained two central elements: (1) that the Government had “improperly paid royalties

to non-Osage persons and entities”; and (2) that the Government had “failed to provide

a required accounting and audits.” Fletcher v. United States, No. 02-CV-427-GKF-

FHM, 

, at *4 (N.D. Okla. Mar. 31, 2012). Thus, the claims centered

around the Government’s misdistribution of royalties (the “misdistribution claims”)

and failure to account (the “accounting claims”).

      Once joined in the third amended complaint, many of the non-Osage headright

owners filed motions to dismiss. The district court granted one of these motions filed

by non-Osage headright owner Ben T. Benedum. In doing so, the court rejected

Plaintiffs’ overarching legal argument that the Osage Allotment Act, in and of itself,

precludes non-Osage persons from receiving royalties from the Osage Mineral Estate.

                                           4
The court recognized that “perhaps, after an accounting has been completed, plaintiffs

will be able to show that [Mr.] Benedum is not entitled to a headright interest.” But as

it stood, Plaintiffs were unable to allege Mr. Benedum’s headright interest was

obtained unlawfully. On that basis, the district court dismissed Mr. Benedum and the

remaining non-Osage headright owners from the litigation.

       Thereafter, the Government filed its motion to dismiss. The Government argued

Plaintiffs’ misdistribution claims must be dismissed for: (1) failure to state a claim; (2)

lack of subject matter jurisdiction; and (3) failure to identify a specific final agency

action for judicial review. The district court agreed and dismissed the misdistribution

claims for the same reasons that it dismissed the non-Osage headright owners. That

is, the district court held Plaintiffs did not plead any specific facts supporting their

allegation that any headright was transferred illegally. Having already disclaimed the

general legal proposition that the Osage Allotment Act precludes non-Osage persons

from receiving royalties, the court held Plaintiffs’ misdistribution claims were purely

speculative and dismissed them without prejudice.

       The Government further argued the accounting claims must be dismissed

because (1) there is no trust relationship between the Government and headright

owners and (2) the statutes upon which Plaintiffs premised their relief did not afford

them a right to an accounting. The district court rejected the argument that the

Government did not have a trust relationship with headright owners but held Plaintiffs

did not identify a statutory right to an accounting. Accordingly, the district court also

dismissed the accounting claims.

                                            5
        Plaintiffs appealed the dismissal of the accounting claims only—apparently

realizing they could not prevail on their misdistribution claims until after they received

an accounting. See Aplt. Opening Br. at 31–32. We reversed the district court’s order

and held Plaintiffs are entitled to an accounting under 25 U.S.C. §.4011(a). Fletcher

v. United States, 

, 1209 (10th Cir. 2013). On remand, the district court

ordered the Government to provide an accounting running from the first quarter of

2002.    Plaintiffs then filed a Rule 59(e) motion to alter or amend the judgment

requesting (1) a more detailed accounting and (2) to expand the time frame of the

accounting back to 1906. The district court denied Plaintiffs’ request, and again,

Plaintiffs appealed. We affirmed the district court and acknowledged that “even if a

more detailed accounting might uncover additional evidence of misdistribution, the

increased expense to do so is not justified.” Fletcher v. United States, 

,

1207 (10th Cir. 2017).

        Having reached the end of this fifteen-year litigation, Plaintiffs filed a motion

for attorney fees and costs under the EAJA. The district court awarded Plaintiffs costs

in the amount of $34,839.61. The district court declined to award fees, however,

because Plaintiffs did not incur any attorney fees, and even if they did, the

Government’s position was substantially justified. This appeal followed. Because we

agree that the Government’s position was substantially justified, we do not reach the

other issues presented on appeal.

                                          ***



                                            6
       Under the EAJA, “a court shall award to a prevailing party other than the United

States fees and expenses . . . incurred by that party . . . unless the court finds that the

position of the United States was substantially justified or that special circumstances

make an award unjust.” 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1)(A). Relevant to our analysis is

whether the Government’s position was substantially justified.

       A position is substantially justified if it has “a reasonable basis in both law and

fact.” Pierce v. Underwood, 

, 565 (1988); see also Hackett v. Barnhart,

, 1172 (10th Cir. 2007). Because substantial justification is a question

of reasonableness, the Government’s position can be justified even if it is not correct.

Madron v. Astrue, 

, 1257 (10th Cir. 2011). To determine whether the

government’s position was substantially justified, courts must look at the “totality of

the circumstances, as reflected in the record before the court.” United States v. Charles

Gyurman Land & Cattle Co., 

, 485 (10th Cir. 1987). “While the parties’

postures on individual matters may be more or less justified,” courts are to treat the

case “as an inclusive whole, rather than atomized line-items.” Commissioner, I.N.S. v.

Jean, 

, 161–62 (1990).

       The government bears the burden of proof to show its position was substantially

justified. 

. We review the district court’s decision on

substantial justification for an abuse of discretion. 

of discretion occurs

when the district court bases its ruling on an erroneous conclusion of law or relies on

clearly erroneous fact findings.” 

Indian Tribe of Okla. v. Hoover,

, 1165 (10th Cir. 1998)).

                                            7
                                          ***

       In this case, the district court conducted a thorough analysis of this fifteen-year

litigation and applied the above-mentioned law before concluding the Government’s

position, as a whole, was substantially justified. Finding no error of law or clearly

erroneous factual findings, we conclude the district court did not abuse its discretion

in so holding.

       As the district court noted in its order, Plaintiffs’ claims can reasonably be

grouped into three distinct categories—(1) voting rights claims; (2) misdistribution

claims; and (3) accounting claims.1 Turning first to the voting rights claims, the district

found the Government’s position was substantially justified.            We agree.     The

Government moved to dismiss the voting rights claims for failure to join the Osage

Tribal Council, and the district court granted the motion. Plaintiffs did not appeal the

decision because, in the interim, Congress passed the Reaffirmation of Certain Rights

of the Osage Tribe, which afforded Plaintiffs the relief they were seeking. While

Plaintiffs ultimately obtained the relief they sought with respect to the voting rights



1
  Plaintiffs suggest the district court inappropriately “atomized” the claims by
separating them into these three categories and then evaluating the Government’s
position on each. We are not persuaded. The district court analyzed the Government’s
position on each individual claim as a means of evaluating whether the Government’s
position was substantially justified overall, looking at the progression of the litigation
as well as the relative importance of the claims. This does not constitute a
misapplication of the law. Also, in so far as Plaintiffs are suggesting they could obtain
EAJA relief by treating the accounting claims as an action separate from the others,
this argument is undercut by the fact that Plaintiffs failed to comply with the district
court’s order “requiring the identification, attribution, and separation of attorneys’ fees
and costs in relation to the claim on which plaintiffs prevailed.”
                                            8
claims, it was not through this litigation. In fact, Plaintiffs’ voting rights claims had

been unsuccessfully litigated in two prior cases. See Fletcher v. United States, 160 F.

App’x 792, 793 n.1 (10th Cir. 2005) (unpublished) (citing Fletcher v. United States,

(10th Cir. 1997) and Logan v. Andrus, 

(10th Cir. 1981)).

Thus, it seems reasonable the Government would continue to contest these claims. In

any event, the Government was substantially justified in moving to dismiss the claims

for failure to join an indispensable party.

       With respect to the misdistribution claims, the district court found the

Government’s position was again substantially justified.          And again, we agree.

Initially, the Government moved to dismiss the misdistribution claims for (1) failure

to join the Osage Nation and non-Osage headright owners and (2) failure to challenge

a specific agency action within the applicable statute of limitations. The Government

prevailed on its motion in part, and the district court ordered Plaintiffs to join all non-

Osage headright owners. The district court further ordered Plaintiffs to file an amended

complaint challenging a specific agency action. Plaintiffs’ second amended complaint

joined the non-Osage headright owners but again failed to identify the challenged

agency action. As a result, the district court ordered Plaintiffs to file a third amended

complaint.

       Ultimately, the Government moved to dismiss the misdistribution claims in the

third amended complaint because Plaintiffs’ “overarching legal argument” that non-

Osage persons cannot receive royalties from the Osage Mineral Estate is incorrect as a

matter of law. The district court agreed and dismissed the misdistribution claims

                                              9
without prejudice. Plaintiffs argue they did not appeal this claim because they need an

accounting to successfully challenge any misdistribution. While Plaintiffs may well

re-litigate the misdistribution claims if the accounting shows the Government illegally

distributed royalties to non-Osage persons, what may come of this hypothetical

litigation is yet to be seen. In this action, however, the Government took a substantially

justified position and successfully challenged the legal basis for Plaintiffs’

misdistribution claims.

      Finally, with respect to the accounting claims, the district court found that the

Government’s position on Plaintiffs’ right to an accounting was not substantially

justified. The Government’s position with respect to the scope of the accounting,

however, was substantially justified. We conclude the district court did not abuse its

discretion in so holding.

      Even though Plaintiffs prevailed on the merits of their accounting claims,

Plaintiffs did not prevail on the scope of the accounting awarded. After we remanded

Plaintiffs’ accounting claims, the district court ordered the Government to provide an

accounting running from the first quarter of 2002. Plaintiffs filed a motion to alter or

amend the judgment and requested an accounting dating back to 1906. The district

court denied the motion, and Plaintiffs appealed. We affirmed and held “Plaintiffs are

not entitled to information that is unlikely to have a meaningful effect on their

beneficial interests.” 

. As the district court concluded, the

Government’s position in this last portion of litigation was substantially justified.



                                           10
      In sum, the Government’s position was substantially justified with respect to the

voting rights claims, the misdistribution claims, and the scope of the accounting claims.

The Government’s position was not substantially justified with respect to the merits of

the accounting claims. As the district court acknowledged, however, we must put this

claim-by-claim analysis together to determine whether the Government’s position was

substantially justified under the totality of the circumstances. The district court found

that it was, and we agree.2

      Under the abuse of discretion standard, Plaintiffs bear the burden of showing

the district court’s decision fell beyond “the bounds of the rationally available choices

. . . given the facts and applicable law in the case at hand.” 

(quoting Valley Forge Ins. Co. v. Health Care Mgmt., 

, 1096 (10th Cir.

2010)). While Plaintiffs raise several alleged errors, none persuade us that the district

court abused its discretion in finding the Government’s position was substantially



2
  In so holding, the district court found the accounting claims were “subordinate to and
in furtherance of the claim that the government had wrongfully distributed royalty
payments to persons who were not Osage Indians.” Fletcher v. United States, Case
No. 02-CV-427-GKF-JFJ, 

, at *12 (N.D. Okla. Feb. 21, 2019). While
Plaintiffs contest this finding, it is not clearly erroneous. Both the second and third
amended complaints request an accounting to determine whether royalties have “been
distributed only to Osage Indians (and their heirs)” as required by the Osage Allotment
Act. Moreover, Plaintiffs maintained in multiple proceedings that the accounting
claims were merely a means to later sue for misdistribution. 

(noting that Plaintiffs “ultimately hope” to use the accounting “to prove that the
government has sent money to persons ineligible to receive headright shares”) (quoting

). Given the considerable discretion we afford the district
court’s factual findings, the determination that the accounting claims were subordinate
to the misdistribution claims does not constitute reversible error.

                                           11
justified.3 Accordingly, the district court must be affirmed. Because the Government’s

position was substantially justified, we do not reach the other issues presented on

appeal.

                                         ***

      For the reasons provided herein, the district court is AFFIRMED.


                                            Entered for the Court


                                            Bobby R. Baldock
                                            Circuit Judge




3
  In addition to Plaintiffs’ other arguments addressed herein, Plaintiffs make the
following claims of errors. First, Plaintiffs suggest the district court erred by failing
to consider the Government’s “underlying conduct.” In support, Plaintiffs argue the
Government had a clear duty to account prior to and throughout this litigation. Thus,
Plaintiffs suggest that the Government’s underlying conduct—its failure to account—
was not substantially justified. The Government’s position, however, can be
substantially justified even if it is ultimately wrong. 

.
Accordingly, this argument is without merit. Next, Plaintiffs contend the district court
erred in concluding the Government’s position was substantially justified “based on
the more prominent claims,” i.e., the misdistribution claims. Plaintiffs’ argument
misses the mark. The district court first concluded the Government’s position was
substantially justified based on the totality of the circumstances. The district court
then used its “predominant claims” analysis as an alternative holding. Finally,
Plaintiffs argue the Government misrepresented facts to this Court and engaged in
duplicitous behavior with respect to the accounting claims. Thus, Plaintiffs argue the
Government’s position cannot be substantially justified. Upon an independent review,
we do not believe the Government misrepresented the facts or engaged in duplicitous
behavior, and therefore, this argument is without merit.
                                           12