Case: 18-13794     Date Filed: 11/20/2019   Page: 1 of 15


                                                             [DO NOT PUBLISH]


               IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                        FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                          ________________________

                                 No. 18-13794
                             Non-Argument Calendar
                           ________________________

                   D.C. Docket No. 6:18-cr-00012-RBD-KRS-1



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                                  Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                      versus

MICHAEL PAIGE PALMER,
                                                              Defendant-Appellant.

                         __________________________

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Middle District of Florida
                        _________________________

                               (November 20, 2019)

Before WILSON, JILL PRYOR, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

      Michael Paige Palmer appeals his sentence of 97 months’ imprisonment,

imposed after he pled guilty to one count of transportation of child pornography, in
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violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(1) and (b)(1), and one count of possession of

child pornography, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(5)(B) and (b)(2). Palmer

advances three claims. First, he maintains that the district court erred when, for the

purposes of calculating his guideline range, it grouped his offenses before

separately calculating the adjusted offense level for each offense, rather than after.

Second, Palmer argues that the district erred when it applied a distribution

enhancement because the record lacked any evidence that he distributed child

pornography, or alternatively, that his acts of distribution should not qualify as

relevant conduct. And third, Palmer urges us to remand his case so that the district

court may correct a scrivener’s error, as the judgment incorrectly identifies the

statute that codifies his possession conviction.

      Because we conclude that the district court did not commit any reversible

error in calculating Palmer’s guideline range, we affirm Palmer’s total sentence.

We reverse and remand, however, for the limited purpose of correcting the clerical

error in the judgment.

                                  BACKGROUND

      On January 17, 2018, a grand jury indicted Palmer for transporting and

possessing child pornography. Officials found 254 videos and 84 images of child

pornography on Palmer’s several digital-media devices. Their examination further

revealed that, on December 10, 2017, Palmer used an application to distribute at


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least four child-pornography files to another user. Palmer pled guilty to both

offenses.

      The Probation Office prepared a presentence report (PSR) and calculated

Palmer’s guideline range. Probation grouped Palmer’s possession and

transportation offenses into a single-count group pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3D1.2(d).

It then applied the higher base offense level of the two crimes—a level of 22 for

the transportation charge—as Palmer’s base offense level. After adding several

enhancements for specific offense characteristics and a reduction for acceptance of

responsibility, Probation calculated a total offense level of 34, and a guideline

range of 151 to 188 months.

      Prior to sentencing, Palmer claimed that Probation erred because it grouped

his offenses before applying specific offense enhancements rather than after, in

supposed contravention of U.S.S.G. § 1B1.1(a). He argued that this method

improperly increased his total offense level and guideline range because the

distribution and use-of-computer enhancements applied only to his possession

offense, not his transportation offense. He also claimed that if Probation had

properly applied the enhancements to each count prior to grouping them, he would

have received an adjusted offense level of 33 for both counts, reduced to 30 after




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applying a three-level decrease for acceptance of responsibility.1 Palmer’s

guideline range would be 97 to 121 months under this method.

       Palmer also objected to a two-level enhancement for knowingly distributing

child pornography under U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2(b)(3)(F). He claimed that his then-

alleged act of distributing child pornography was not relevant conduct because it

did not occur during his offenses, in preparation for his offenses, or in the course of

attempting to avoid detection or responsibility for his offenses, as required by

U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(1)(B).

       The district court overruled both objections and sentenced Palmer to 97

months’ imprisonment. However, the district court’s resulting judgment

incorrectly states that both the transportation conviction (Count One) and

possession conviction (Count Two) are codified at § 2252A(a)(1) and (b)(1). In

fact, Count Two is codified at § 2252A(a)(5)(B) and (b)(2).

                                        DISCUSSION

       Palmer claims that the district court erred when it grouped his counts before

separately calculating the adjusted offense level for each offense; that it further

erred when it applied the enhancement for distribution without adequate basis in




1
 Palmer’s initial brief provides helpful visuals to demonstrate the differences between the two
methods of calculation. See Appellant’s Initial Br. at 6–7 (district court’s calculation), 8
(Palmer’s preferred method).

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the record; and that it made a clerical error when it identified the wrong statute of

conviction for Count Two in its judgment. We consider each argument in turn.

                                           I.

      When determining whether a defendant’s sentencing guideline range was

calculated correctly, we review legal conclusions de novo, factual findings for

clear error, and the district court’s application of the Sentencing Guidelines to the

facts with “due deference.” 18 U.S.C. § 3742(e); United States v. Rothenberg, 

, 624 (11th Cir. 2010). The deference due to the district court’s

application of the Guidelines to the facts depends on the nature of the question

presented. United States v. Baptiste, 

, 1061 (11th Cir. 2017).

Generally, the district court’s application of a particular enhancement, adjustment,

or guideline is treated as a factual finding for purposes of appellate review and

reviewed for clear error. United States v. Williams, 

, 1238–39 (11th

Cir. 2003). A relevant-conduct determination under U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3 is treated as

a factual finding and reviewed for clear error. See United States v. Siegelman, 

, 1332 (11th Cir. 2015). The Sentencing Guidelines must be interpreted

in light of their commentary and application notes, “which are binding unless they

contradict the Guidelines’ plain meaning.” United States v. Dimitrovski, 

, 628 (11th Cir. 2015).




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      Palmer claims the district court erred when, for the purposes of calculating

his guideline range, it grouped his offenses before separately calculating the

adjusted offense level for each offense, rather than after. We disagree. Explaining

why requires us to zigzag through relevant portions of the Sentencing Guidelines

Manual.

      Section 1B1.1(a) requires the sentencing court to determine the appropriate

sentencing range by applying the Guidelines’ provisions in a particular order,

“except as specifically directed.” See U.S.S.G. § 1B1.1(a). Though there are eight

steps in § 1B1.1(a), only the first four steps are at issue here:

             (1) Determine, pursuant to § 1B1.2 (Applicable
                 Guidelines), the offense guideline section from
                 Chapter Two (Offense Conduct) applicable to the
                 offense of conviction. See §1B1.2.
             (2) Determine the base offense level and apply any specific
                 offense characteristics, cross references, and special
                 instructions contained in the particular guideline in
                 Chapter Two in the order listed.
             (3) Apply the adjustments as appropriate related to victim,
                 role, and obstruction of justice from Parts A, B, and C
                 of Chapter Three.
             (4) If there are multiple counts of conviction, repeat steps
                 (1) through (3) for each count. Apply Part D of Chapter
                 Three to group the various counts and adjust the
                 offense level accordingly.

      As part of the first step, the district court properly identified the appropriate

offense guideline provision for both of Palmer’s offenses as § 2G2.2. But § 1B1.2


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continues and also requires the sentencing court to review § 1B1.2(b). Section

1B1.2(b) mandates that after the sentencing court determines the appropriate

guideline section for the offense, it should then determine the applicable guideline

range in accordance with “[r]elevant [c]onduct” under § 1B1.3. 

And section 1B1.3(2) provides that, for offenses of a character for which

§ 3D1.2(d) would require grouping of multiple counts, the sentencing court must

apply the specific offense characteristics by considering all acts and omissions that

were part of the “same course of conduct or common scheme or plan as the offense

of conviction.” 

        Section 3D1.2 requires that the sentencing court group together all counts

involving “substantially the same harm.” 2 

Grouping is required under

this provision:

              (a) When counts involve the same victim and the same act
                  or transaction.
              (b) When counts involve the same victim and two or more
                  acts or transactions connected by a common criminal
                  objective or constituting part of a common scheme or
                  plan.
              (c) When one of the counts embodies conduct that is
                  treated as a specific offense characteristic in, or other
                  adjustment to, the guideline applicable to another of the
                  counts.
              (d) When the offense level is determined largely on the
                  basis of the total amount of harm or loss, the quantity

2
 The Sentencing Guidelines mandate grouping so as to “limit the significance of the formal
charging decision and to prevent multiple punishment for substantially identical offense
conduct.” U.S.S.G. Ch.3, Pt.D, intro. comment.

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                  of a substance involved, or some other measure of
                  aggregate harm, or if the offense behavior is ongoing
                  or continuous in nature and the offense guideline is
                  written to cover such behavior.

Subsection (d) also lists specific offenses to be grouped under

it, offenses to be excluded from this kind of grouping, and instructions for offenses

that fit neither category. 

Offenses covered by § 2G2.2—the

guideline that covers both of Palmer’s offenses—must be grouped under §

3D1.2(d). 

       But that is not all. Section 3D1.3 provides that, in the case of counts

grouped together under § 3D1.2(a)–(c), the offense level applicable to a group is

the offense level for the most serious of the counts comprising the group. 3 

But, in the case of counts grouped together under § 3D1.2(d), the

offense level applicable to a group is the offense level corresponding to the

“aggregated quantity.” 

Application Note 3 further explains that

“[w]hen counts are grouped pursuant to § 3D1.2(d), the offense guideline

applicable to the aggregated behavior is used.” 

comment. (n.3). And,

under this provision, the sentencing court is to determine whether the specific

offense characteristics apply based upon the “combined offense behavior taken as a

whole.” 

comment. (n.3).


3
 The offense level is the sum calculated after all adjustments from Chapter Three have been
added to the base offense level from Chapter Two. U.S.S.G. § 3D1.3, comment. (n.1).

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      Palmer argues § 1B1.1(a) mandated the district court to determine his

guideline range for each count separately before grouping them. But his argument

ignores that § 3D1.3(b) directs a different sequence: group the counts and then

apply any applicable enhancements under Chapters Two and Three to the

aggregate conduct of both counts. See 

The district court correctly

determined that Palmer’s offenses involved substantially the same harm, that his

conduct was ongoing in nature, and that the offense levels for both his offenses

were covered by § 2G2.2. It therefore grouped the offenses under § 3D1.2(d).

Since the counts were grouped together under § 3D1.2(d), the offense level

applicable to the group was the offense level “corresponding to the aggregated

quantity.” 

And the sentencing court was to determine which

specific offense characteristics applied based upon the “combined offense taken as

a whole.” 

comment. (n.3). This instruction is necessary to create “a

single offense for purposes of the guidelines.” 

intro. comment. To

do otherwise would not only ignore the language of § 3D1.3(b) but would also

ignore its—along with § 3D1.2(d)’s—repeated focus on the defendant’s aggregate

conduct. See 

(“[T]he offense level applicable is the offense level

corresponding to the aggregate quantity.”) (emphasis added); § 3D1.3, comment.

(n.3) (“[T]he offense guideline applicable to the aggregate behavior is used.”)




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(emphasis added); § 3D1.2(d) (“When the offense level is determined largely on

the basis of … some other measure of aggregate harm.”) (emphasis added).

      Although Palmer argues that the phrase “aggregated quantity” in § 3D1.3(b)

refers only to aggregate loss amounts or drug quantities, that is not a viable reading

of that provision. Section 3D1.3(b) describes how to determine the offense level

applicable to counts grouped under § 3D1.2(d), and § 3D1.2(d) specifically

includes § 2G2.2 as one the many provisions to be grouped under that subsection.

Offenses under § 2G2.2 do not involve aggregate loss amounts or drug quantities,

nor do many of the other offenses listed under § 3D1.2(d). See, e.g., 

(listing non-drug and non-loss offenses to be grouped including U.S.S.G. § 2A3.5

(Failure to Register as a Sex Offender), U.S.S.G. § 2G3.1 (Importing, Mailing, Or

Transporting Obscene Matter; Transferring Obscene Matter to a Minor; Misleading

Domain Names), U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1 (Unlawful Receipt, Possession, or

Transportation of Firearms or Ammunition; Prohibited Transactions Involving

Firearms or Ammunition), U.S.S.G. § 2L1.1 (Smuggling, Transporting, or

Harboring an Unlawful Alien), U.S.S.G. § 2L2.1 (Trafficking in a Document

Relating to Naturalization, Citizenship or Legal Resident Status, or a U.S. Passport

[among other things]), and U.S.S.G. § 2N3.1 (Odometer Laws and Regulations)).

Limiting § 3D1.3(b) to only those scenarios involving drugs or loss amounts would

mean ignoring part of the list provided by the Guidelines’ drafters.


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      Moreover, as noted above, Application Note 3 to § 3D1.3 clarifies that, for

counts under § 3D1.2(d), the specific offense characteristics should be applied to

the “combined offense behavior taken as a whole.” See 

comment.

(n.3). Section § 3D1.3(b)’s direction to calculate the offense level “corresponding

to the aggregated quantity” is best read then as an instruction for the sentencing

court to group the counts and then apply any applicable enhancements under

Chapters Two and Three to the aggregate conduct of both counts.

      Accordingly, the district court did not err in grouping Palmer’s offenses and

applying all enhancements applicable to both offenses in calculating his adjusted

offense level. Indeed, Palmer’s offenses were grouped under § 3D1.2(d) and, thus,

§ 3D1.3 specifically directed the sentencing court to group the counts and apply

specific offense characteristics to the “combined offense behavior taken as a

whole.” See 

; 

comment. (n.3).

                                            II.

      Typically, a district court’s decision to enhance a defendant’s sentence for

distributing child pornography is a factual finding reviewed for clear error. See

United States v. Little, 

, 1290–91 (11th Cir. 2017). But when a party

did not raise a sentencing issue before the district court, we review for plain error.

United States v. Lange, 

, 1293 (11th Cir. 2017). “We may not

correct an error that the defendant failed to raise in the district court unless the


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error is plain, affects substantial rights, and seriously affects the fairness, integrity,

or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” 

invoke plain-error review or reverse when a party has invited or

induced the district court into making an error. United States v. Silvestri, 

, 1327 (11th Cir. 2005); see, e.g., United States v. Jernigan, 

,

1289–90 (11th Cir. 2003) (concluding that a defendant whose counsel had

affirmatively stipulated to the playing of a tape-recorded statement had invited any

error resulting from the jury hearing the tape). When a party “waives a procedural

right or agrees to the admissibility of certain evidence, he cannot later complain

that any resulting error is reversible.” United States v. Brannan, 

,

1306 (11th Cir. 2009); see, e.g., United States v. Harris, 

, 824 (11th

Cir. 2006) (finding no reversible error because defense counsel invited error by

waiving client’s right to a presentence report); United States v. Love, 

, 1157 (11th Cir. 2006) (holding that defendant invited error because he—in

his plea agreement and at the plea colloquy—“expressly acknowledged” that the

court could impose a term of supervised release and did not object to supervised

release at sentencing).

       Palmer argues that the district court erred by applying an enhancement for

knowingly distributing child pornography because the government failed to

provide evidence to support the PSR’s assertion that he sent child pornography


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files. Yet in the proceedings below, Palmer never claimed that the government

failed to prove that he sent child pornography. Instead, he claimed that his then-

alleged act of distributing child pornography was not relevant conduct because it

did not occur during his offenses, in preparation for his offenses, or in the course of

attempting to avoid detection or responsibility for his offenses, as required by

U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(1)(B). Because Palmer did not object to evidence of the

distribution enhancement at any point during the proceedings below, we review for

plain error. See Lange, 862 at 1293.

      But even under plain error review, Palmer cannot succeed as he invited the

error by conceding that the distribution enhancement applied to his possession

offense. See 

. At sentencing, the district court

questioned whether Palmer would concede that the enhancement applied to his

possession offense and explained why it believed the enhancement applied.

Palmer responded by stating “Yes, Your Honor.” Palmer then explained that,

although the distribution enhancement applied to his possession offense, it did not

apply to his transportation offense. He argued that the enhancements applicable

only to his possession offense were improperly applied because the district court

should have applied the enhancements prior to grouping the counts. After the

district court determined that the counts should be grouped prior to applying the

enhancement, the government stated that it was prepared to present evidence to


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support the enhancements, but it did not believe it would be necessary because

Palmer had conceded that the enhancement applied. Palmer only responded by

stating the he believed he had “noted [his] objection in [his] previous argument.”

But Palmer’s previous argument was only that the offenses were improperly

grouped and that the admitted distribution of child pornography was not relevant

conduct. Nowhere in the record below does Palmer object to the facts in the

amended PSR or specifically dispute that he had distributed child pornography.

      In summary, we find that Palmer conceded that the distribution enhancement

applied to his possession offense, and only argued that the enhancement was

inapplicable to the transportation offense. Therefore, Palmer invited any error

regarding the application of the distribution enhancement to his possession offense.

And since the district court properly grouped the possession and transportation

offenses and then applied all enhancements applicable to the aggregated conduct,

the district court did not commit any reversible error in calculating Palmer’s

guideline range.

                                         III.

      It is a fundamental error for a district court to enter a judgment of conviction

against a defendant who has not been charged, tried, or found guilty of the crime

recited in the judgment. United States v. Massey, 

, 822 (11th Cir.




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2006). Therefore, we may remand to the district court for the limited purpose of

correcting clerical errors in the judgment. 

charged, in Count Two, with possession of child pornography,

in violation of § 2252A(a)(5)(B) and (b)(2). But the district court’s judgment lists

the statute of conviction for Count Two as § 2252A(a)(1) and (b)(1). Though we

affirm Palmer’s total sentence, we remand to the district court for the limited

purpose of correcting this scrivener’s error. See 

.

                                  CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Palmer’s total sentence. We reverse

and remand, however, for the limited purpose of correcting the clerical error in the

judgement.

      AFFIRMED in part; VACATED AND REMANDED in part.




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