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                                                        [DO NOT PUBLISH]



            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                      ________________________

                            No. 19-12649
                        Non-Argument Calendar
                      ________________________

                 D.C. Docket No. 1:18-cv-22271-KMM



WILLIAM D. REDFERN,

                                                           Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                 versus

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                          Defendant-Appellee.

                      ________________________

               Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Southern District of Florida
                     ________________________

                           (December 17, 2019)

Before JORDAN, NEWSOM, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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      William Redfern appeals from the district court’s order denying his motion

to quash summons that the Internal Revenue Service issued to financial institutions

of which he was an account holder. After reviewing the parties’ briefs and the

record, we affirm.

                                          I.

      On May 18, 2018, the Internal Revenue Service issued third-party

summonses to Bank of America, Deutsche Bank, HSBC Bank USA, JP Morgan

Chase, and Wells Fargo Bank. The summonses were issued at the request of the

French government, pursuant to the United States–France Income Tax Treaty, to

aid an ongoing investigation into Redfern’s tax liability.

      As required by Internal Revenue Code § 7609(a)(1), the IRS provided

Redfern, as the holder of the accounts, with notice of the summons and an

explanation of the recipient’s right to bring a proceeding to quash the summons.

Specifically, it mailed the required notice to Redfern at (1) the address that

appeared on his most recently filed and processed federal tax return and (2) the

address identified by France as the address he reported to the government, as well

as (3) to Leslie R. Kellogg, an attorney at Hodgson Russ LLP, from whom the IRS

had received a power of attorney signed by Redfern authorizing her to receive

confidential tax information on Redfern’s behalf.


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      Redfern timely petitioned the Southern District of Florida to quash the

summons on June 7, 2018. In his initial petition, he alleged that the summons were

erroneously delivered to Hodgson Ross, which was no longer his law firm, and that

the firm was not authorized to accept service on his behalf. The crux of his

argument was that, by sending the form to Hodgson Ross, as opposed to the

address on his last tax return, the IRS had not complied with the applicable

Treasury regulations. The United States moved to dismiss the petition to quash

and counter-petitioned to enforce the summonses. It presented evidence that it had

sent the summonses to Redfern not only at Hodgson Russ, but also “at the address

that appears on his most recently filed and processed Federal tax return, in

accordance with 26 U.S.C. § 7609(a).” In response, Redfern switched gears. He

argued that § 7609(a), as enforced, violated his constitutional rights to due process

and that the IRS violated the Hague Service Convention of 1964 because the

notices sent by the IRS ultimately did not intend to actually inform him of the

summonses.

      The district court ultimately denied Redfern’s petition to quash the

summonses and granted the government’s counter-petition to enforce them.

Redfern timely appealed to us.

                                         II.




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      We begin by briefly reviewing the framework governing the enforceability

of IRS summonses. The IRS is granted “broad statutory authority to summon a

taxpayer to produce documents or give testimony relevant to determining tax

liability.” United States v. Clarke, 

, 249 (2014). Under § 7602 of the

Internal Revenue Code, the IRS is authorized “[t]o examine any books, papers,

records, or other data which may be relevant or material” to an inquiry surrounding

a taxpayer’s tax liability, and may summon “any person having possession,

custody, or care of books of account containing entries relating to the business of

the person liable for tax or required to perform the act.” 26 U.S.C. § 7602(a)(1–2).

When the IRS issues a summons to a third-party, as § 7602(a)(2) allows, it is

subject to additional procedural safeguards. Specifically, the taxpayer must be

provided with “notice of the summons,” which includes “a copy of the summons

which has been served” and “an explanation of the right . . . to bring a proceeding

to quash the summons.” 

      Though courts are granted the power to enforce summonses, our power to

review the IRS’s attempt to enforce its summonses is necessarily limited. We

“may inquire as to only whether the ‘IRS issued a summons in good faith, and

must eschew any broader role of overseeing the IRS’s determinations to

investigate.” Presley v. United States, 

, 1289 (11th Cir. 2018)

(quoting 

) (alterations omitted). In United States v. Powell,


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the Supreme Court articulated a four-part test to determine if the IRS has

established a prima facie case for enforcement and if it is acting in good faith.

, 57–58 (1964). First, the government must demonstrate that “(1) the

investigation has a legitimate purpose, (2) the information summoned is relevant to

that purpose, (3) the IRS does not already possess the documents sought, and (4)

the IRS has followed the procedural steps required by the tax code.” 

(citing 

–58). If the government does so, the

“burden shifts to the taxpayer to disprove one of the four Powell criteria, or to

demonstrate that judicial enforcement should be denied on the ground that would

be an abuse of the court’s process.” 

quotations omitted). This is

a “heavy” burden that requires “allegation of specific facts and introduction of

evidence.” United States v. Levanthal, 

, 940 (11th Cir. 1992).

      As the Supreme Court has explained, these proceedings are meant to be

“summary in nature.” United States v. Stuart, 

, 369 (1989). “The

purpose of a summons is ‘not to accuse,’ much less to adjudicate, but only ‘to

inquire.’” 

(quoting United States v. Bisceglia, 

, 146 (1975). Accordingly, we will only reverse a district court order enforcing

an IRS summons if it is “clearly erroneous.” United States v. Medlin, 

, 466 (11th Cir. 1993).

                                         III.


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      Redfern’s argument focuses on the IRS’s alleged failure to follow the

procedural steps required by the tax code in issuing the summonses at issue. In so

doing, he concedes that the first three Powell factors are met and addresses his

arguments toward the fourth. See 

–58. We conclude that

his arguments ultimately lack merit and that the district court’s decision to enforce

the summonses was not clearly erroneous—or even wrong at all.

      We begin by turning to the Internal Revenue Code. Section 7609(a)(2),

which establishes the procedure for third-party summonses, provides that “notice

shall be sufficient” if it is “mailed by certified or registered mail to the last known

address of such person.” “If such notice is mailed, it shall be sufficient if mailed to

the last known address of the person entitled to notice.” 

Treasury

regulations provide that “a taxpayers last known address is the address that appears

on the taxpayer’s most recently filed and properly processed Federal tax return.”

Berkun v. Comm’r, 

, 1263 (11th Cir. 2018) (quoting 26 C.F.R.

§ 301.6212-2).

      It is undisputed in this case that the IRS mailed notice of the third-party

summonses to Redfern’s last known address in Nicosia, Cyprus, i.e., the address

that appeared on his most recently filed and processed federal tax return. This

seemingly forecloses our inquiry—the fourth Powell factor merely requires that the

IRS follow “the administrative steps required by the [Internal Revenue Code],”


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namely that the IRS “has notified the taxpayer in writing” of the summonses.

. The burden then shifts to Redfern to disprove the fourth

Powell factor or to “demonstrate that judicial enforcement should be denied on the

ground that it would be an abuse of the court’s process.” 

.

        Our review of the record persuades us that Redfern has failed to carry this

burden. In evaluating whether the IRS acted in “good faith,” and whether judicial

enforcement of the summons would “be an abuse of the court’s process,” we find it

significant that the IRS not only mailed a notice of the summons to Redfern’s

Cypriot address in Nicosia, which was the address that appeared on his most

recently filed and processed federal tax return, but that it also mailed notices of the

summons to the French address that Redfern had reported to the French tax

authority and to Hodgson Russ LLP, whom Redfern had previously granted power

of attorney. In so doing, the IRS clearly evinced an intent to actually reach

Redfern and apprise him of the summonses that it had issued to the banks with

which he held accounts.

        Redfern was mailed notice of the third-party summonses in compliance with

§ 7609(a)(2). The Internal Revenue Code’s procedure “expressly provides that

notice is sufficient if mailed by certified or regular mail to the last known address

of the person entitled to notice. This language negates any inferences that the


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requisite notice is not ‘given’ until its receipt by the addressee. . . . [T]he notice

contemplated in section 7609 is ‘given’ on the day it is mailed.” Stringer v. United

States, 

, 275–76 (11th Cir. 1985) (emphasis in original) (citation

omitted). As a practical matter, that ends the Powell inquiry. Redfern has

conceded statutory compliance, even as he argues its constitutional defectiveness,

and has therefore failed to overcome his “heavy burden” to disprove the fourth

Powell factor. Moreover, we do not believe that the IRS’s diligent compliance

with the Internal Revenue Code’s procedures constitutes “abuse of the court’s

process.” 

.

       However, Redfern argues that the IRS failed to comport with the procedural

due process requirements established by the Supreme Court in Mullane v. Cent.

Hanover Bank & Tr. Co., where it required that service of process be “reasonably

calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the

pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to present their objections.”

, 314 (1950). Even if we applied Mullane’s requirements to the

context presented to us by this case—that is, notice of an IRS summons 1—we are


       1
          Although we need not in this case decide the issue, and we expressly do not do so, we
are doubtful that Mullane’s requirements apply in this context. We find our past opinion in
United States v. Bichara instructive, in which we held that imposing Fifth Amendment due
process requirements on the service of IRS summons reflected a “misunderstanding of the nature
of a tax summons.” 

, 1039 (11th Cir. 1987). Though Bichara presented a
somewhat different context, our understanding the principles it established gives us skepticism
that Mullane applies in the context of this case.


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confident that the notice provided by the IRS fully complied with the requirements

of procedural due process. As stated previously, the IRS mailed notices of the

summons to the address Redfern had provided on his last tax return, to the address

that he had provided to the French tax authority, and to the law firm to which he

had granted power of attorney.

       We think that this array of notices of the pending summonses amply satisfies

the requirements of Mullane, even if it were deemed to apply. Redfern’s argument

that the IRS failed to reasonably calculate how best to apprise him of the summons

is undermined by the fact that the IRS’s reasonable calculation in this case was

correct. One of the addresses to which notice of the summons was sent was the

law firm that Redfern had granted power of attorney. The law firm received the

notice. Leslie Kellogg, an attorney with the firm, informed Redfern of the

summonses. Redfern timely objected. In short, the process worked. More

significantly, three notices were sent, each to an apparently reliable address


        The Internal Revenue Code protects an unserved taxpayer from fallout from an
undelivered summons. See 

If the IRS mails a summons to a taxpayer, but he fails to
actually receive it, the likelihood that this will adversely affect his rights is far from clear. Under
the procedural steps imposed by the Code, and under the judicial enforcement of those
proceedings as provided by Powell, the government must “make a preliminary showing that the
summons was issued for a legitimate purpose, that the information sought is relevant to that
purpose, that the information sought is not already within the Commissioner’s possession, and
that the appropriate administrative steps have been followed” before it “may enforce the
summons.” 

words, “prior to any formal enforcement of the summons and contempt
proceedings against [him], [a taxpayer] is entitled to an adversary proceeding affording a judicial
determination of the challenges to the summons and giving complete protection to the taxpayer.”

citation omitted). The rights of taxpayers are protected by the Internal
Revenue Code and by the judicial supervision of IRS summonses.
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provided by Redfern himself. We cannot conclude otherwise than that the notices,

as a whole, were “reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise”

Redfern of the pending summonses.

      We also think that this case is vastly dissimilar from Jones v. Flowers, in

which the Supreme Court held that, where “the government becomes aware prior

to the taking that its attempt at notice has failed,” because the notice was returned

to the government undelivered, its effort “was insufficient to satisfy due process.”

, 226–27, 239 (2006). Here, the IRS did not become aware that “its

attempt at notice ha[d] failed”—nothing was returned to the IRS undelivered.

      We reject Redfern’s arguments to the contrary and determine that the district

court did not clearly err in denying his motion to quash the summonses and

granting the government’s motion to enforce them.

      AFFIRMED.




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