Case: 19-11403    Date Filed: 12/26/2019   Page: 1 of 5


                                                         [DO NOT PUBLISH]



            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                      ________________________

                            No. 19-11403
                        Non-Argument Calendar
                      ________________________

               D.C. Docket No. 4:18-cr-00040-MW-CAS-1



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                              Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                   versus

NICHOLAS HUGHES,

                                                          Defendant-Appellant.

                      ________________________

               Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Northern District of Florida
                     ________________________

                            (December 26, 2019)

Before WILSON, TJOFLAT, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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       Section 2251(a) of Title 18 to the U.S. Code makes it a crime for any person

to employ, use, persuade, induce, entice, or coerce any minor to engage in any

sexually explicit conduct “for the purpose of producing any visual depiction of

such conduct.” Nicolas Hughes, formerly a music teacher and soccer coach at a

charter school, was convicted of violating § 2251(a) based on sexual contact he

had with a 14-year-old student at the school. 1 Hughes argues that the District

Court erred in giving the following instruction: “While the Government must prove

that a purpose of the sexually explicit conduct was to produce a visual depiction, it

need not be the Defendant’s only dominant purpose.” He also argues that the

District Court erred by rejecting his proposed jury instruction. He proposed that

the Government must prove that “one of the dominant motives” of the sexual

activity was to produce a visual depiction. Because we conclude that this case is

governed by Lebowitz 2 and Miller, 3 we dismiss Hughes’s appeal.

       We review the legal correctness of a district court’s jury instructions de novo

and the court’s phrasing for abuse of discretion. United States v. Seabrooks, 

, 1332 (11th Cir. 2016). A district court has broad discretion to


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         Hughes and the student exchanged nude images and pornographic videos and Hughes
filmed and took pictures of himself and the student engaged in sexual acts at the school.
       Hughes was also convicted of enticement of a minor to engage in sexual activity for
which a person can be charged with a criminal offense, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2422(b) and
possession of child pornography, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(5)(B), (b)(2). He does
not appeal those convictions.
       2
         United States v. Lebowitz, 

(11th Cir. 2012).
       3
         United States v. Miller, 

(11th Cir. 2016).
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formulate jury instructions provided the instructions are correct statements of the

law. 

. The district court reversibly errs when its

instructions give rise to a substantial and eradicable doubt as to whether the jury

was properly guided in its deliberations. 

that tracks the text of

the relevant statute “will almost always convey the statute’s requirements.” 

court’s rejection of a proposed jury instruction is reviewed for

abuse of discretion. 

reverse a district court’s decision to refuse a

requested jury instruction only when three requirements are met: “(1) the requested

instruction was substantively correct, (2) the court’s charge to the jury did not

cover the gist of the instruction, and (3) the failure to give the instruction

substantially impaired the defendant’s ability to present an effective defense.” 

States v. Culver, 

, 751 (11th Cir. 2010)).

      The District Court did not abuse its discretion in giving the Government’s

proposed instruction. The instruction was a correct statement of the law. The use

of the indefinite article “the” in § 2251(a) does not require that the “single-minded”

purpose of the sexual activity be the production of a visual depiction. Id.; 

. In Miller, for example, we upheld the trial court’s instruction,

which said that the Government had to prove that making the photographs was “a

purpose” of enticing the 

. The Government is “not

required to prove that making explicit photographs was [the defendant’s] sole or


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primary purpose for enticing the minor to engage in sexually explicit conduct.” 

sufficient to show that it is “a purpose.” 

no doubt that the jury

was properly guided in its deliberations of Hughes’s charge.

       The District Court also did not err by denying Hughes’s requested

instruction. As explained above, there is no dominant-motive requirement in

§ 2251(a). Hughes argues that, under Mann Act 4 precedent, the Government must

show that the production of the visual depiction was the “efficient and compelling

purpose” of the sexual activity. We considered—and rejected—the same argument

in Lebowitz, finding that such a requested instruction is a “substantively incorrect”

statement of the 

–15. As we explained, the Mann Act deals

with crimes that are unrelated to the production of child pornography. 

And, even if Mann Act precedent applies to § 2251(a) cases, refusal to give a

dominant-motive instruction would not be an error because our precedent

recognizes that “dual purposes are sufficient for a conviction, and [courts] ‘need

not concern [them]selves’ with whether the illegal purpose was dominant over

other purposes.” 

363 F.3d at 352).




       4
          The Mann Act prohibits the transportation of women in interstate commerce for the
purpose of prostitution or other immoral purposes. 18 U.S.C. §§ 2421–2424. We have held that
although immoral practices need not be the “sole and single purpose” of the transportation, it
must be “an efficient and compelling purpose.” Forrest v. United States, 

, 349–50
(5th Cir. 1966); see also Bonner v. City of Prichard, 

, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981) (en
banc) (adopting as binding precedent all Fifth Circuit decisions issued before October 1, 1981).
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      Furthermore, Hughes was not impaired in his ability to present an effective

defense. Arguing that the visual depictions were incidental to a consensual

romantic relationship with a minor is not a viable defense to a charge under §

2251(a). 

. The Government did not need to prove that

Hughes enticed the sexual activity for the “sole or primary purpose” of producing a

visual depiction. 

no less a child pornographer simply because he is

also a pedophile.” United States v. Sirois, 

, 39 (2d Cir. 1996).

       The District Court did not abuse its discretion by rejecting Hughes’s

proposed jury instruction nor by giving the special instruction. According to

Lebowitz and Miller, the instruction requested by Hughes was not substantively

correct and the instruction that the court gave conveyed the accurate legal standard.

Hughes was still able to present evidence that the production of the visual

depictions was not “a purpose” of the sexual activity. Moreover, according to

Miller, the defense Hughes claims that he was inhibited from using was not a

viable defense.

      AFFIRMED.




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