Case: 19-12251    Date Filed: 01/13/2020   Page: 1 of 9


                                                            [DO NOT PUBLISH]



               IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                        FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                          ________________________

                                No. 19-12251
                            Non-Argument Calendar
                          ________________________

                      D.C. Docket No. 9:18-cv-81561-RKA

ROY J. DIXON,

                                                               Plaintiff-Appellant,


                                      versus

JUDGE PETER D. BLANC,
in his official capacity as
15th Judicial Circuit Court Judge,
STATE OF FLORIDA,
KRISTA MARX,

                                                            Defendants-Appellees.

                          ________________________

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Southern District of Florida
                         ________________________

                                (January 13, 2020)

Before JORDAN, ROSENBAUM, and NEWSOM, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
               Case: 19-12251     Date Filed: 01/13/2020     Page: 2 of 9


      Dixon filed a pro se 42 U.S.C. § 1983 civil-rights lawsuit against Peter Blanc,

then a state judge in Florida’s Fifteenth Judicial Circuit Court, after Blanc issued an

order designating Dixon a vexatious litigant. Dixon later amended his complaint to

add as defendants the State of Florida and Krista Marx, the Chief Judge for the

Fifteenth Judicial Circuit Court, “in care of” Judge Blanc, who had retired. The

district court dismissed the case as to Blanc for failure to perfect timely service, after

vacating a clerk’s default against him for the same reasons. After permitting Dixon

additional time to serve Marx and the State, the court ultimately dismissed these

defendants for insufficient service of process as well. Finally, the court denied

Dixon’s motion for leave to file a second amended complaint, finding no “good

cause” for amendment, and then denied Dixon’s Rule 60, Fed. R. Civ. P., motion to

set aside the judgment as to Blanc and reinstate the default.

      Dixon appeals, presenting two main arguments. First, he maintains that he

perfected service on Blanc in accordance with both federal and state law. So, in his

view, the district court erred in vacating the clerk’s default, dismissing the complaint

as to Blanc, and then refusing to reinstate the clerk’s default. Second, Dixon argues

that the court abused its discretion when it denied him leave to amend his complaint.

                                            I.

      Davis contends that he effected service on Blanc in two ways. First, he claims

that he effected substitute service on Blanc through the Florida Secretary of State,


                                            2
                Case: 19-12251        Date Filed: 01/13/2020       Page: 3 of 9


who accepted service of process as Blanc’s designated agent under Florida Statute

§ 48.161(1). Second, according to Dixon, he served Blanc through his attorney by

mailing service-of-process documents to the Florida Attorney General’s Office in

West Palm Beach.

       We review a sua sponte dismissal of a complaint for failure to serve under

Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(m) for an abuse of discretion.1 Richardson v. Johnson, 

, 738 (11th Cir. 2010). We likewise review a district court’s decision on an

entered default for an abuse of discretion. E.E.O.C. v. Mike Smith Pontiac GMC,

, 528 (11th Cir. 1990). We “may affirm on any ground supported by

the record.” Welding Servs., Inc. v. Forman, 

, 1356 (11th Cir. 2007).

       We liberally construe the filings of pro se litigants. Albra v. Advan, Inc., 

, 829 (11th Cir. 2007). Nevertheless, we still require them to comply with

procedural rules, like the rules of service in Rule 4, Fed. R. Civ. P. 

issues not briefed on appeal, even by pro se litigants, are deemed abandoned and

will not be considered. Timson v. Sampson, 

, 874 (11th Cir. 2008).

       “A plaintiff is responsible for serving the defendant with a summons and the

complaint within the time allowed under Rule 4(m).” Lepone-Dempsey v. Carroll



       1
         Contrary to the appellee’s argument, we have jurisdiction to review the order vacating the
default against Blanc because Dixon’s notice of appeal, liberally construed, encompassed that
ruling. See Mickles on behalf of herself v. Country Club, Inc., 

, 1278–79 (11th Cir.
2018) (“[S]ince only a final judgment or order is appealable, the appeal from a final judgment
draws in question all prior non-final orders and rulings which produced the judgment.”)
                                                3
               Case: 19-12251     Date Filed: 01/13/2020    Page: 4 of 9


Cty. Comm’rs, 

, 1280–81 (11th Cir. 2007). Rule 4(m) requires a

plaintiff to properly serve the defendant within 90 days after the complaint is filed.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(m). If the plaintiff fails to do so, the court must dismiss the action

or, in its discretion, “order that service be made within a specified time.” 

must extend the time for service if the plaintiff shows “good cause” for the

failure to effect service. 

4(e), individual defendants may be served by following state

service laws or by “delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to the

individual personally,” “leaving a copy of each at the individual’s dwelling or usual

place of abode with someone of suitable age and discretion who resides there,” or

“delivering a copy of each to an agent authorized by appointment or by law to receive

service of process.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(e). Any adult person who is not a party may

serve a summons and complaint. Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(c)(2).

      Unless the defendant has waived service, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(d), “proof of

service must be made to the court.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(l)(1). “Except for service by

a United States marshal or deputy marshal, proof must be by the server’s affidavit.”

to prove service does not affect the validity of service,” and

“[t]he court may permit proof of service to be amended.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(l)(3).

      Dixon’s primary claim is that he properly served Blanc under Florida Statute

§ 48.161(1). That statute permits substituted service on a defendant through the


                                           4
              Case: 19-12251     Date Filed: 01/13/2020    Page: 5 of 9


Secretary of State if the defendant is a nonresident or a resident concealing his

whereabouts. See Fla. Stat. § 48.161(1); Wiggam v. Bamford, 

, 390

(Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1990). To support substituted service under § 48.161, “the

plaintiff must allege in his complaint the ultimate facts bringing the defendant within

the purview of the statute.” 

. In other words, the plaintiff

must allege “the nonresidence or concealment of the defendant.” 

plaintiff

fails to do so or fails to seek leave to amend the complaint before attempting

substituted service, “the complaint [is] fatally defective and subject to dismissal.”

Hodges v. Noel, 

, 249 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1996).

      Moreover, perfection of substituted service under § 48.161 “requires strict

compliance with the statutory prerequisites because such service is an exception to

personal service.” Wyatt v. Haese, 

, 907 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1995).

“Under section 48.161(1), the plaintiff must (i) send notice to the defendant, via

certified or registered mail, that substitute service has been effected through the

Secretary of State, (ii) file the return receipt from the defendant, and (iii) file an

affidavit of compliance.” Green Emerald Homes LLC v. Green Tree Servicing LLC,

, 608 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2017).

      Here, Dixon’s attempt at substituted service on Blanc through § 48.161 was

legally insufficient. First, Dixon failed to allege in his complaint or amended

complaint “the nonresidence or concealment of the defendant.” Wiggam, 

              Case: 19-12251     Date Filed: 01/13/2020   Page: 6 of 9


2d at 390. As a result, Dixon did not demonstrate that he was permitted to rely on

substituted service instead of personal service. See 

did not

“strict[ly] compl[y] with the statutory prerequisites.” 

. In

particular, Dixon never filed an affidavit showing that he complied with the statute.

See Green Emerald 

. Accordingly, the district court did

not err in concluding that Dixon failed to effect proper service through § 48.161.

      Nor has Dixon shown that his attempts at personal service were legally proper.

It appears that Dixon twice attempted personal service on Blanc by certified mail,

first at the county courthouse and later with “Blanc’s attorney” at the Florida

Attorney General’s Office. But both the Federal Rules and the Florida Rules

generally permit service of process by certified mail only if the defendant agrees to

waive personal service. Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(d), (e); Fla. R. Civ. P. 1.070(i); Larsen v.

Mayo Med. Ctr., 

, 868 (8th Cir. 2000) (holding that mailing the

complaint and summons did not constitute personal service under the federal rules);

Transp. & Gen. Ins. Co. v. Receiverships of Ins. Exch., 

, 1352 (Fla.

Dist. Ct. App. 1991) (“There is no statutory authority, or authority under Rule 1.070,

Florida Rules of Civil Procedure, for serving appellant only by certified mail, as was

done here.”). Dixon has presented no evidence or information showing that Blanc

waived personal service. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(d); Fla. R. Civ. P. 1.070(i). And his

mailing of the complaint and summons does not constitute “delivering” the


                                          6
              Case: 19-12251     Date Filed: 01/13/2020    Page: 7 of 9


complaint to Blanc or his agent within the meaning of Rule 4(e)(2)(A) or (C). See

Prisco v. Frank, 

, 604 (11th Cir. 1991) (distinguishing between

“mailing” and “delivering” and holding that mailing did not constitute personal

service).

      Accordingly, the record supports the district court’s determination that Dixon

failed to properly serve Blanc within 90 days after the initial complaint was filed.

And since Dixon does not argue that the court should have granted an additional

extension of time to effect service, we must conclude he has abandoned that issue.

See 

(issues not briefed on appeal, even by pro se parties,

are deemed abandoned). The district court therefore acted within its discretion when

it vacated the clerk’s default against Blanc, dismissed Dixon’s complaint as to Blanc,

and then denied Dixon’s motion to reinstate the default.

      As to defendants Marx and the State of Florida, Dixon does not directly

address the district court’s determination that his attempts at service were legally

insufficient because he failed to have the clerk issue a summons for each defendant.

See Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(b) (“A summons—or a copy of a summons that is addressed to

multiple defendants—must be issued for each defendant to be served.”). We

acknowledge that Dixon appears to have paid for a U.S. Marshal to serve these

defendants, but we see no error in the court’s conclusion that this service was

nonetheless improper. And “[a] defendant's actual notice is not sufficient to cure


                                          7
              Case: 19-12251     Date Filed: 01/13/2020   Page: 8 of 9


defectively executed service.” 

. Because Dixon failed to

timely and properly serve these defendants, the court was authorized to dismiss the

action without prejudice under Rule 4(m).

                                         II.

      Davis next argues that the district court abused its discretion by refusing to

grant leave to file a second amended complaint. We review for an abuse of

discretion the denial of leave to amend, McKinley v. Kaplan, 

, 1255

(11th Cir. 1999), as well as a decision to enforce a deadline to amend pleadings,

Santiago v. Lykes Bros. Steamship, 

, 427 (11th Cir. 1993).

      Rule 15, Fed. R. Civ. P., governs amendment of the pleadings. Rule 15(a)

embodies a policy of liberally permitting amendment and directs courts to “freely

give leave [to amend] when justice so requires.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2); Shipner

v. E. Air Lines, Inc., 

, 407 (11th Cir. 1989). However, where, as here,

the district court has entered a scheduling order that sets a deadline to amend the

pleadings, the plaintiff must demonstrate “good cause” for amending the complaint

after the deadline for amendment. See S. Grouts & Mortars, Inc. v. 3M Co., 

, 1241 (11th Cir. 2009); Sosa v. Airprint Systems, 

, 1418

(11th Cir. 1998). In Sosa, we held that there is no good cause when the failure to

comply with the district court’s schedule results from a lack of diligence in pursuing

the claim. See 

.


                                          8
               Case: 19-12251     Date Filed: 01/13/2020    Page: 9 of 9


      Here, the district court did not abuse its discretion when it denied Dixon leave

to file a second amended verified complaint. Dixon moved for leave to file a second

amended complaint on April 10, 2019, more than two months after the January 29,

2019, deadline for amendment set by the court at the outset of the case. As a result,

Dixon was required to establish good cause for amendment. S. Grouts & 

. He did not do so. It appears that the proposed second amended

complaint added new allegations and defendants related to events in early 2018,

several months before he initiated this lawsuit. Dixon has offered no reason why he

was unable to comply with the court’s deadline and raise these allegations at an

earlier time. Because Dixon has not established good cause to amend his complaint

after the court’s deadline, we affirm the district court’s denial of his motion for leave

to amend.

      For these reasons, we affirm the dismissal without prejudice of Dixon’s

lawsuit. We note that nothing we have said here prevents Dixon from filing a new

lawsuit and properly serving the defendants.

      AFFIRMED.




                                           9