19-1331-cr
United States v. Williams


                            UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                         SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN
CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE
EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION
“SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON
ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

       At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at
the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York,
on the 4th day of March, two thousand twenty.

Present:
                   ROBERT A. KATZMANN,
                        Chief Judge,
                   MICHAEL H. PARK,
                        Circuit Judge,
                   GEOFFREY W. CRAWFORD,
                        District Judge.1


United States of America,

                            Appellant,

                   v.                                                 No. 19-1331-cr

Andrew Dontae Williams,

                            Defendant-Appellee.


    For Appellant:                                MATTHEW J. LASHER, Assistant United States
                                                  Attorney (Gregory L. Waples, Assistant
                                                  United States Attorney, on the brief), for
                                                  Christina E. Nolan, United States Attorney for
                                                  the District of Vermont, Burlington, VT.

    For Defendant-Appellee:                       ROBERT KATIMS,         Hoff    Curtis,   P.C.,
                                                  Burlington, VT.

1
     Judge Geoffrey W. Crawford, Chief United States District Judge for the District of
Vermont, sitting by designation.
        Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the District of Vermont

(Reiss, J.).


        UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

DECREED that the order of the district court is REVERSED in part and VACATED in part, and

the case is REMANDED for further proceedings.

        The government appeals from an order of the United States District Court for the District

of Vermont (Reiss, J.) granting Defendant-Appellee Andrew Williams’s motion to suppress

certain evidence and statements obtained following Williams’s arrest on suspicion of unlawfully

possessing and distributing crack cocaine. See United States v. Williams, 

(D.

Vt. 2019). We assume familiarity with the factual and procedural background of this case, and the

issues raised on appeal.

        On appeal from a suppression order, we review the district court’s factual findings for clear

error and its legal determinations — including the determination of whether probable cause existed

— de novo. See United States v. Pabon, 

, 173 (2d Cir. 2017).

        The relevant facts, found by the district court by a preponderance of the evidence and

unchallenged on appeal, are these: On May 17, 2018, Drug Enforcement Administration (“DEA”)

Special Agent Timothy Hoffmann received a tip from an informant, with whom he had worked

previously, that a woman named Danielle Guerin would be traveling to Winooski, Vermont to buy

$500 worth of crack cocaine from a person described as “a black male from Pennsylvania who

wore glasses and was well-dressed.” 

.2 That same day, Special

Agent Hoffmann and his colleagues surveilled the informant at a meeting with Guerin in

Burlington, Vermont. Guerin and the informant left in a car, which the federal agents followed to



2
        Unless otherwise indicated, in quoting cases all citations, alterations, emphases, footnotes,
and internal quotation marks are omitted.
                                                 2
a gas station in Winooski, Vermont. Guerin left the gas station alone, and the agents surveilled her

as she walked in the direction of 111 Weaver Street, a multi-unit building. Although nobody saw

Guerin enter the building (and she may not have entered beyond its porch), Special Agent

Hoffmann saw her leaving that address and approached her on foot. Special Agent Hoffmann

demanded that Guerin “hand over the crack,” at which point Guerin produced “a plastic bag

containing a white chunky substance . . . .” 

Special Agent Hoffmann and Guerin moved

to a nearby cemetery to speak further; there, Guerin told Special Agent Hoffmann and one of his

colleagues that she had purchased $500 worth of crack cocaine on the porch of 111 Weaver Street

from a black male named Sam. Guerin also stated that she had purchased crack cocaine from Sam

on at least two occasions earlier that week. Guerin described Sam as a “young, black male from

Philadelphia who wore glasses and was well-dressed.” 

Special Agent Hoffmann’s

colleague, who had also been present for this interview, relayed the description to Special Agent

Kristian Pinkham, who had stayed behind to monitor activity at 111 Weaver Street.

       Special Agent Pinkham was told that the suspected seller of crack cocaine was “an African-

American male from Pennsylvania who wore glasses, a button-up shirt, and a baggy overshirt or

sweater.” 

Pinkham then saw a black male wearing glasses and a button-up shirt

leave 111 Weaver Street and enter a parked car with Pennsylvania license plates. Special Agent

Pinkham followed the car in an unmarked law-enforcement vehicle as it drove through Winooski

and watched as it made a three-point turn at the end of one street, which he believed to be a

surveillance-detection technique. Special Agent Pinkham motioned for the car to stop. At some

point, Special Agent Pinkham also activated the emergency white flashing lights that were hidden

in the front grill of his vehicle. At first, the driver of the car attempted to maneuver around the

federal agents’ cars, but when that attempt failed, the driver left his vehicle and attempted to flee

on foot. The federal agents chased after Williams, and one of the agents shouted “stop, police”


                                                 3
when he was approximately fifty yards away from Williams. Although the law enforcement agents

pursuing Williams were dressed in plain clothes, Special Agent Pinkham was wearing his badge

around his neck. The federal agents eventually apprehended the suspect and placed him under

arrest.

          A search incident to that arrest revealed that the suspect — Defendant Williams — was

carrying $3,636.49 in cash and a cell phone. 

The agents brought Williams’s car to the

local police station, where a warrantless search revealed about seventeen grams of “suspected

cocaine base” and about $4,904 in additional cash. 

questioned Williams both before

and after administering Miranda warnings. The district court suppressed all of the evidence

obtained from the search of Williams’s car and person — as well as all of Williams’s pre- and

post-Miranda statements other than those made in response to simple booking questions — on the

ground that this evidence was all fruit of an unconstitutional arrest. 

According to the

district court, Special Agent Pinkham lacked probable cause to arrest Williams based on the

description he received and his observations prior to the arrest.

          Reviewing that determination de novo, we reverse. “Probable cause exists if a law

enforcement official, on the basis of the totality of the circumstances, has sufficient knowledge or

reasonably trustworthy information to justify a person of reasonable caution in believing that an

offense has been or is being committed by the person to be arrested.” United States v. Steppello,

, 363-64 (2d Cir. 2011). We take no issue with the district court’s conclusion that a

simple description of a well-dressed black male is insufficient, without more, to create probable

cause to arrest any well-dressed black male seen in the area. But Guerin’s description contained

additional points of identification: her source of supply was operating from 111 Weaver Street; he

was a young man from Pennsylvania. Agent Pinkham received the additional information that the




                                                  4
supplier was wearing a loose-fitting overcoat or similar garment and a button-shirt.3 When Special

Agent Pinkham observed Williams — who otherwise matched Guerin’s description, vague though

that description may have been on its own — leave the northern Vermont building where Guerin

had said she bought the drugs and, most tellingly, enter a car bearing Pennsylvania license plates,

he had “sufficient knowledge or reasonably trustworthy information to justify a person of

reasonable caution in believing” that Williams was Guerin’s supplier. 

-

64. Williams’s subsequent flight, viewed from the perspective of the pursuing agents, further

contributed to the circumstances supporting a determination of probable cause.4 In the totality of

the circumstances, we conclude that a person of reasonable caution would have been justified in

believing that Williams was the person who had sold Guerin the crack cocaine.

       We therefore hold that Williams’s arrest was supported by probable cause. The district

court’s contrary conclusion led it to suppress the evidence obtained from a search made incident

to that arrest. We reverse the district court’s order suppressing that evidence because, pursuant to

the search-incident-to-arrest doctrine, it was obtained consistent with the Fourth Amendment. See

United States v. Diaz, 

, 205 (2d Cir. 2017). We also reverse the district court’s order




3
       Furthermore, the information provided by the original informant matched the information
provided by Guerin. Specifically, the informant told Special Agent Hoffmann that Guerin was
going to purchase $500 worth of crack cocaine from a well-dressed black man from Pennsylvania
who wore glasses, and Guerin later told Special Agent Hoffmann that she had purchased $500 of
crack cocaine from a well-dressed black man from Philadelphia who wore glasses.
4
        The district court also erred in analyzing the probative value of Williams’s flight from
Williams’s own perspective, rather than the perspective of an “objectively reasonable police
officer.” Ornelas v. United States, 

, 696 (1996); see 

(finding that “when [Williams] ran from his vehicle, there is no evidence that he knew he was
fleeing from the police”) (emphasis added).
                                                 5
to the extent that it suppressed Williams’s statements on the sole ground that they were traceable

to his arrest, which the district court had held to be unconstitutional.5

       The district court also suppressed the evidence discovered when agents searched Mr.

Williams’s vehicle. On appeal, the government contends that because the initial arrest of Mr.

Williams was supported by probable cause, the evidence seized when Mr. Williams was searched

incident to that arrest should inform the analysis of whether the agents also had probable cause to

search the vehicle. Mr. Williams defends the district court’s holding and analyzes the search of his

vehicle independently of his initial arrest and the search of his person. Because the district court

assumed, for purposes of its analysis of this question, that the agents lacked probable cause to

arrest Mr. Williams and search his person incident to that arrest, it did not consider what effect a

contrary conclusion would have on the question whether probable cause existed to search Mr.

Williams’s car. We therefore vacate so much of the district court’s order as suppressed the

evidence obtained from Mr. Williams’s car without opining further, and remand so that the district

court may revisit the search of Mr. Williams’s car in the first instance in light of the conclusions

set forth above.

       For the reasons stated and to the extent set forth herein, the order of the district court is

REVERSED in part and VACATED in part, and the case is REMANDED for further proceedings.

                                               FOR THE COURT:
                                               Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk




5
       The government does not challenge, and we do not disturb, the district court’s order
suppressing Williams’s pre-Miranda statements other than those made in response to booking
questions.
                                            6