UNPUBLISHED

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT


                                      No. 17-4184


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                    Plaintiff – Appellee,

             v.

OLDEN MINNICK, a/k/a O, a/k/a Old Man,

                    Defendant – Appellant.


Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, at Greenbelt.
Theodore D. Chuang, District Judge. (8:14-cr-00554-TDC-1)


Argued: December 11, 2019                                         Decided: March 3, 2020


Before KING, HARRIS, and RUSHING, Circuit Judges.


Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.


ARGUED: Derek Andrew Webb, SIDLEY AUSTIN LLP, Washington, D.C., for
Appellant. Zachary Byrne Stendig, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY,
Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Carter G. Phillips, SIDLEY AUSTIN
LLP, Washington, D.C., for Appellant. Robert K. Hur, United States Attorney, OFFICE
OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellee.


Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
PER CURIAM:

      In August 2016, a jury in the District of Maryland convicted defendant Olden

Minnick of eight offenses involving his participation in a drug distribution ring conducted

in and around Baltimore. Personnel of the Drug Enforcement Administration (“DEA”) and

the Baltimore Police Department (“BPD”) uncovered and identified the culprits —

including Minnick — through the use of wiretaps and other forms of surveillance. On

appeal, Minnick challenges the admission of trial evidence derived from the wiretaps and

surveillance, the evidence sufficiency for two of the convictions, and the district court’s

calculation of his Sentencing Guidelines range. As explained below, having thoroughly

assessed Minnick’s appellate contentions, we reject each of them and affirm.



                                            I.

       The facts underlying these proceedings are a bit complicated. To provide context

for our rulings, we summarily describe the illicit drug distribution ring in which Minnick

participated and the relevant investigative efforts undertaken by the DEA and BPD.

       As revealed at trial, Minnick worked with coconspirators and others in a scheme to

distribute heroin and marijuana in and around Baltimore. 1 More specifically, Fred Brooks

— who oversaw a multi-state drug distribution operation centered in Houston, Texas —



       1
        Although most of Minnick’s illicit activities involved heroin, the indictment also
alleged that the conspiracy involved the possession and distribution of marijuana.
Minnick’s marijuana activities did not play a major role in the proceedings, and we do not
elaborate on them herein.

                                            2
obtained large quantities of heroin from suppliers in Mexico. Every ten days or so, Brooks

would send about thirty kilograms of heroin to Sean Wilson, a Baltimore-based heroin

dealer. After Wilson received his heroin shipments from Brooks, Wilson supplied two to

three kilograms thereof to Minnick — Wilson’s primary distributor. To market the illicit

drugs, Minnick enlisted coconspirators including Terrance Stanback, Christian Byrd,

Kittrell Parks, and Irvin Kenny.

       A significant amount of evidence proved at trial that Minnick directed — and

supplied illicit drugs for — numerous heroin transactions in Maryland and elsewhere. In

conducting those heroin transactions, Minnick and his coconspirators utilized the following

procedures: (1) Minnick’s coconspirators arranged heroin sales with buyers; (2) informed

Minnick of the sales; (3) travelled to Minnick’s residence and retrieved heroin to be sold;

and (4) met the heroin buyers and consummated the illicit heroin sales. 2

       During their investigation of the drug ring, the DEA agents and BPD officers

obtained court authorizations to conduct wiretaps and various forms of electronic

surveillance. The surveillance activities began in about April 2014, when the officers

secured authorization from a state circuit court in Maryland to track Wilson’s cellphone.

Shortly thereafter, in May 2014, the state prosecutor sought authorization from that same

court to conduct a wiretap of Wilson’s phone (the “Wilson Wiretap”). The state court

approved the Wilson Wiretap after concluding that probable cause existed to believe that


       2
         On at least one occasion, police officers interrupted one of the illicit drug
transactions, stopping Minnick’s coconspirator Stanback after he had left Minnick’s home.
The officers seized more than 100 grams of heroin from Stanback.

                                             3
Wilson was using his cellphone to commit violations of Maryland drug laws. The same

month that officers obtained authorization to conduct the Wilson Wiretap, a state court in

Baltimore entered an order authorizing GPS tracking of Minnick’s cellphone and the

collection of cell-site location information. In June 2014, a state circuit court in Maryland

authorized a wiretap of Brooks’s phone (the “Brooks Wiretap”). In so doing, the state court

determined that there was probable cause to believe that Brooks was using his cellphone

to commit criminal violations of Maryland drug laws.

       Shortly after approval of the Brooks Wiretap, the investigation of the drug

distribution ring migrated to the Maryland federal court. In July 2014, that court authorized

a wiretap on a cellphone used by Minnick’s coconspirator Christian Byrd (the “Byrd

Wiretap”). The affidavit supporting the Byrd Wiretap identified several federal drug laws

that Byrd, Minnick, and others were violating. In August 2014, a federal judge in Maryland

renewed the order authorizing the Byrd Wiretap and entered an additional order authorizing

a wiretap on Minnick’s cellphone (the “Minnick Wiretap”). As with the other wiretaps,

the Minnick Wiretap was supported by an affidavit that described his drug-related

activities. The federal judge renewed the Minnick Wiretap again in September 2014.

Together, these wiretaps and the electronic surveillance procedures allowed the federal

authorities to identify and prove Minnick’s role in the illicit drug distribution conspiracy.

       As part of the federal investigation, a grand jury in the District of Maryland returned

a ten-count indictment in December 2014 against Minnick and Stanback. The indictment

charged Minnick with offenses that included the following: (1) conspiracy to distribute

and possess with intent to distribute marijuana and heroin, in contravention of 21 U.S.C.

                                              4
§ 846; (2) four counts of using a communication facility during the commission a drug

felony, in contravention of 21 U.S.C. § 843(b); (3) two counts of possessing with intent to

distribute heroin, in contravention of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1); and (4) two counts of

maintaining drug-involved premises, in contravention of 21 U.S.C. § 856(a)(1).

       Prior to trial, Minnick sought to suppress evidence derived from the Wilson

Wiretap, the Byrd Wiretap, and the Minnick Wiretap. Minnick also contended that the

affidavit supporting the Byrd Wiretap materially misrepresented statements made by a

confidential informant. Minnick requested that the federal court conduct a pre-trial hearing

— pursuant to the Supreme Court’s decision in Franks v. Delaware — regarding the Byrd

Wiretap. See 

(1978). 3 After conducting a suppression hearing, the court

denied Minnick’s motions and his request for a pre-trial Franks hearing.

       Following a four-week trial, the jury convicted Minnick in August 2016 of eight of

the offenses charged in the indictment. 4 The verdict found that a kilogram or more of

heroin was attributable to Minnick. Minnick moved for judgments of acquittal and a new

trial, contending, inter alia, that there was insufficient evidence to support his convictions

on Count Three (using a communication facility in furtherance of a drug felony) and Count




       3
         Under the Franks decision, a defendant is entitled to an evidentiary hearing at
which he may attack the veracity of an affidavit supporting a search warrant — provided
there are substantiated “allegations of deliberate falsehood or of reckless disregard for the
truth.” 

.
       4
         Before the jury returned its verdict, the trial court granted Minnick a judgment of
acquittal on a single charge of using a communication facility during the commission of a
drug felony.

                                              5
Four (possessing heroin with intent to distribute). Additionally, Minnick sought a post-

trial Franks hearing based on purported misrepresentations in the affidavits supporting the

Byrd Wiretap and the Minnick Wiretap. Although the court conducted a post-trial Franks

hearing concerning those two wiretaps, it denied the relief requested.

       Having resolved the post-trial motions against Minnick, the district court conducted

its sentencing proceedings.     In calculating Minnick’s base offense level under the

Sentencing Guidelines, the court found that 9.22 kilograms of heroin were attributable to

Minnick. That determination, combined with other relevant factors, resulted in a base

offense level of 32. The court then applied a two-level enhancement for maintaining a drug

premises. Minnick’s total offense level was thereafter fixed at 34, which — combined with

his criminal history category of III — yielded an advisory Guidelines range of 188 to 235

months of imprisonment. The court sentenced Minnick to 168 months in prison. Minnick

noted this appeal, and we possess jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C.

§ 3742.



                                             II.

       On appeal, Minnick challenges multiple aspects of the district court proceedings.

More specifically, Minnick asserts that (1) the court erred in the admission of trial evidence

derived from the wiretaps and other forms of electronic surveillance, (2) the court erred in

ruling on the sufficiency of the trial evidence supporting his convictions on Counts Three

and Four, and (3) the court and the jury erred in their drug-weight findings. As explained

below, we reject Minnick’s appellate contentions.

                                              6
                                               A.

       Minnick contends that the various wiretaps and electronic surveillance procedures

were constitutionally and statutorily flawed and that the evidence derived therefrom should

have been suppressed. 5 First, Minnick argues that the Wilson Wiretap and the Brooks

Wiretap are infirm because the orders authorizing those wiretaps did not comply with the

Maryland Wiretap Act. See Md. Code, Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 10-402. We readily dispose of

Minnick’s challenges to the Brooks Wiretap, however, as Minnick did not contest that

wiretap in the district court proceedings. Accordingly, our review is for plain error only.

See United States v. Rooks, 

, 210 (4th Cir. 2010) (“Unpreserved claims . . .

are reviewed for plain error only.”); see also United States v. Lockhart, 

, 191

(4th Cir. 2020) (“To succeed under plain error review, a defendant must show that: (1) an

error occurred; (2) the error was plain; and (3) the error affected his substantial rights. We

retain the discretion to correct such an error but will do so only if the error seriously affects

the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” (internal quotation

marks and citation omitted)). Discerning a lack of plain error, Minnick’s challenges to the

Brooks Wiretap are rejected.

       Turning to the Wilson Wiretap, Minnick presents a host of appellate challenges

thereto. In the district court proceedings, however, he contested that wiretap on only two

grounds:    (1) lack of probable cause and (2) overbreadth.           Accordingly, those two


       5
        Several standards of review apply to Minnick’s various challenges to the wiretaps
and electronic surveillance. We identify the applicable standards of review during our
discussions of those challenges.

                                               7
challenges are the only asserted errors preserved for appeal. See In re Under Seal, 

, 287 (4th Cir. 2014) (“Arguments raised in a trial court must be specific and in

line with those raised on appeal. . . . It follows then that an objection on one ground does

not preserve objections based on different grounds.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

For such preserved challenges, we review a district court’s factual findings for clear error

and its legal conclusions de novo. See United States v. Wilson, 

, 280 (4th Cir.

2007). Applying those standards here, we are satisfied that the district court did not commit

reversible error in rejecting Minnick’s probable-cause and overbreadth objections to the

Wilson Wiretap. As for Minnick’s unpreserved challenges to the Wilson Wiretap, we

discern no plain error. We thus readily reject Minnick’s attacks on the Wilson Wiretap.

       Second, Minnick asserts that the district court erred in failing to grant his request

for a pre-trial hearing under Franks v. Delaware and in failing to sua sponte uncover

additional Franks issues. See 

(1978). To that end, Minnick contends that he

is entitled to relief under Franks because the affidavits supporting the Wilson Wiretap, the

Brooks Wiretap, the Byrd Wiretap, and the Minnick Wiretap contained omissions and

affirmative misrepresentations. Having carefully considered the affidavits underlying the

various wiretap authorizations, we are satisfied that an additional Franks hearing was not

warranted. After all, a defendant seeking a Franks hearing — that is, a defendant alleging

that an affidavit for a search warrant contains a demonstrably false statement or an

omission that renders the affidavit misleading — bears a heavy burden. See United States

v. Tate, 

, 454 (4th Cir. 2008) (emphasizing that there is “a ‘presumption of

validity’ with respect to warrant affidavits,” and that to “overcome that presumption, a

                                             8
defendant must allege ‘deliberate falsehood’ or ‘reckless disregard for the truth’ and

include with the allegations ‘an offer of proof’” (quoting 

)). And

Minnick has failed to satisfy that burden. 6

       Finally, Minnick challenges on particularity grounds the warrant issued by the

Maryland state court that authorized the GPS monitoring of his cellphone and the collection

of cell-site location information from that phone. As Minnick did not raise this contention

in the district court, our review is for plain error only. Because we have not identified any

such error, we reject Minnick’s challenge to the Maryland state court’s order. 7

                                               B.

       Minnick next contends that the district court erred in denying his post-trial motion

for judgments of acquittal on Counts Three and Four. According to Minnick, there was

insufficient evidence to sustain his Count Three conviction for using a communication

facility in furtherance of a drug felony and his Count Four conviction for possessing heroin

with intent to distribute.

       We review de novo the denial of a judgment of acquittal that is predicated on

insufficient evidence. See United States v. Young, 

, 384 (4th Cir. 2019). In


       6
          To the extent that Minnick contends that the district court erred in failing to
suppress evidence obtained from the Byrd Wiretap and the Minnick Wiretap, we likewise
reject those assertions.
       7
         We recognize that Minnick’s presentation of his issues on appeal lacked clarity.
Consequently, we have scoured the record to review the wiretaps and other forms of
electronic surveillance employed by the authorities. After that review — and as explained
above — we are satisfied that Minnick’s challenges to the various wiretaps and electronic
surveillance efforts must fail.

                                               9
conducting such a review, we view “the evidence in the light most favorable to the

prosecution and decide whether substantial evidence supports the verdict.” See United

States v. Howard, 

, 525 (4th Cir. 2014) (internal quotation marks and

alteration omitted). If substantial evidence — that is, “evidence that a reasonable finder of

fact could accept as adequate and sufficient to support a conclusion of a defendant’s guilt

beyond a reasonable doubt” — supports the guilty verdict, we are obliged to affirm the

court’s denials of the judgments of acquittal. 

marks omitted).

       As thoroughly related by the district court, Counts Three and Four were predicated

on the following facts drawn from the trial evidence:

       There is no dispute that Byrd and the [confidential informant] spoke about a
       heroin transaction on June 9, 2014, that Byrd and Minnick spoke by
       telephone on June 10, 2014 and then again on June 11, 2014 at 11:58 a.m.,
       that Byrd drove to Minnick’s residence on Hillantrae Drive in Clinton,
       Maryland on June 11 and arrived at approximately 2:30 p.m., and that Byrd
       sold 100 grams of heroin to the [confidential informant] at approximately
       5:00 p.m. that day. The Government conducted surveillance that tracked
       Byrd to Minnick’s residence and also saw him meet with the [confidential
       informant] to complete the sale. Under the Government's theory, the June 11
       telephone call was for the purpose of arranging for Byrd to pick up heroin
       from Minnick’s home, and Byrd’s trip to Minnick’s residence was for the
       purpose of picking up the heroin that was sold to the [confidential informant]
       later that day. If true, these facts would establish the elements of Count Three
       in that Minnick would have intentionally used a telephone to facilitate a
       narcotics transaction, as well as the elements of Count Four in that he would
       have knowingly possessed heroin with intent to distribute immediately
       before supplying the drugs to Byrd.

See J.A. 1086-87. 8



       8
         Citations herein to “J.A.__” refer to the contents of the Joint Appendix filed by the
parties in this appeal.

                                             10
       Accepting the foregoing facts in the light “most favorable to the government,”

sufficient evidence supports Minnick’s convictions on Counts Three and Four. See United

States v. Van Fossen, 

, 40 (4th Cir. 1972). Although Minnick complains that

there is no direct evidence proving the offenses alleged in those counts, that is of no

moment — indeed, “circumstantial evidence may support a verdict of guilty even though

it does not exclude every reasonable hypothesis consistent with innocence.” 

evidence is more than sufficient to sustain Minnick’s convictions on Counts Three and

Four, we affirm the district court’s denial of his motion for judgments of acquittal insofar

as it relates to those offenses.

                                             C.

       Finally, Minnick contends that the district court miscalculated his Sentencing

Guidelines range. In particular, Minnick argues that the court erroneously attributed 9.22

kilograms of heroin to him during the sentencing proceedings, which improperly increased

his base offense level.

       Our review of a district court’s “calculation of the quantity of drugs attributable to

a defendant for sentencing purposes [is] for clear error.” See United States v. Randall, 

, 210 (4th Cir. 1999). Clear error occurs when “the reviewing court on the entire

evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.”

See United States v. Harvey, 

, 336-37 (4th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks

omitted).

       In establishing drug weight for sentencing purposes, the prosecution is only required

to “prove the drug quantity attributable to a particular defendant by a preponderance of the

                                             11
evidence.” See United States v. Bell, 

, 441 (4th Cir. 2011). And in assessing

whether the prosecution has met its burden concerning drug weight, a district court may

consider all “relevant information without regard to its admissibility under the rules of

evidence applicable at trial, provided that the information has sufficient indicia of

reliability to support its probable accuracy.” See United States v. Crawford, 

,

342 (4th Cir. 2013) (quoting USSG § 6A1.3(a)). Here, the trial court attributed to Minnick

9.22 kilograms of heroin, relying, inter alia, on evidence gleaned from Brooks’s trial

testimony and the wiretaps. In arriving at that drug weight, the court knew that 9.22

kilograms “may well underestimate the volume and value of heroin sold by Mr. Minnick.”

See J.A. 1286.

       On appeal, Minnick complains that the district court’s drug-weight determination is

undercut by the lack of direct evidence tying him to any specific amount of heroin and the

court’s reliance on uncorroborated hearsay statements. Our precedents and the Guidelines,

however, make clear that a trial court need not predicate its drug-weight finding on direct

evidence. In fact, the Guidelines state that if “there is no drug seizure or the amount seized

does not reflect the scale of the offense, the court shall approximate the quantity of the

controlled substance.” See 

(quoting USSG § 2D1.1 cmt. n.5).

And in approximating drug quantity for sentencing purposes, we have explained that

“hearsay alone can provide sufficiently reliable evidence of drug quantity.” 

marks and alterations omitted). Put simply, the record reveals that the court

thoroughly considered the voluminous evidence bearing on the amount of heroin



                                             12
attributable to Minnick, ultimately arriving at 9.22 kilograms. In these circumstances, we

are satisfied that the court did not clearly err. 9



                                                III.

       Pursuant to the foregoing, we reject Minnick’s various challenges to his convictions

and sentence and affirm the criminal judgment.

                                                                              AFFIRMED




       9
          Finally, Minnick summarily asserts that the jury erred in finding a kilogram or
more of heroin was attributable to him. He does not, however, elaborate on that assertion.
Nevertheless, reviewing the verdict’s drug-weight determination under the substantial-
evidence standard, we discern no error. See United States v. Denton, 

, 179
(4th Cir. 2019) (setting forth applicable standard employed in reviewing jury’s drug-weight
determination).

                                                13