NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                  File Name: 19a0561n.06

                             Case No. 18-4042

                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                        FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                               FILED
                                                           Nov 06, 2019
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,              )               DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk

     Plaintiff-Appellee,               )
                                       )
v.                                     )     ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                       )     UNITED STATES DISTRICT
$99,500.00 U.S. CURRENCY SEIZED        )     COURT     FOR      THE
ON MARCH 20, 2016; $107,900.00         )     NORTHERN DISTRICT OF
U.S. CURRENCY SEIZED ON JUNE           )     OHIO
17, 2016; and $57,999.00 U.S.          )
CURRENCY SEIZED ON AUGUST              )
18, 2016,                              )
                                       )
     Defendants,                       )
                                       )
SAMSON PRIMM,                          )
     Claimant-Appellant.               )


     BEFORE: BOGGS, BATCHELDER, and DONALD, Circuit Judges.

     BERNICE BOUIE DONALD, Circuit Judge. Samson Primm wants to

proceed on a claim to the defendant monies that are now the subject of this

governmental forfeiture action. But because Primm no longer has a colorable
Case No. 18-4042, United States v. $99,500 in U.S. Currency Seized, et al.


ownership, possessory, or security interest in at least a portion of the defendant

properties, the district court dismissed his claim on summary judgment for lack of

Article III standing. We affirm.

                                               I.

       This civil-forfeiture action involves three defendant properties seized by law-

enforcement officers and Primm’s asserted interests in said properties. The United

States filed this forfeiture action on October 3, 2016, pursuant to 21 U.S.C.

§881(a)(6), against the defendant properties—namely, $99,500; $107,900; and

$57,999 in U.S. currency seized by law enforcement on March 20, 2016; June 17,

2016; and August 18, 2016, respectively. The government alleged that the defendant

properties constitute proceeds from illegal drug trafficking, were furnished or

intended to be furnished in exchange for illegal drugs, and/or were used or intended

to be used to facilitate illegal drug-trafficking activities.

       In response to the action, Primm filed a verified claim “assert[ing] his

absolute[] and unqualified[] ownership interest[] and his unqualified right (and

entitlement) to, and in,” the defendant properties and stating that he was “in sole[]

and exclusive possession” of these monies when they were seized. He also filed a

separate answer that claimed sole ownership and exclusive possession of the

properties when they were seized from him but, notably, denied all of the



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Case No. 18-4042, United States v. $99,500 in U.S. Currency Seized, et al.


government’s pertinent allegations regarding the seizures thereof, including that the

monies were taken from his possession and that he won some of it while gambling.

       The United States moved to strike both claims, arguing that Primm made only

bald assertions of ownership insufficient to meet the statutory requirements of Rule

G of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure’s Supplemental Rules for Admiralty or

Maritime Claims and Civil Forfeiture Actions. United States v. $99,500.00 U.S.

Currency, 699 F. App’x 542, 542 (6th Cir. 2017). The district court granted the

motion to strike, and Primm appealed. 

our decision in United States

v. $31,000.00 in U.S. Currency, 

(6th Cir. 2017) [hereinafter $31,000.00

I], we reversed the district court’s holding, reasoning that Primm’s verified claim of

ownership was sufficient to satisfy Article III standing requirements and the

procedural requirements of Rule G at the pleading stage. United States v. $99,500.00

U.S. Currency, 699 F. App’x at 543-44. We then remanded the matter back to the

district court. 

       On remand, the district court held a case-management conference, where it

set deadlines for discovery and dispositive motions. On January 25, 2018, the United

States timely served special interrogatories and requests for production of documents

to Primm’s counsel. The discovery sought information about the nature of Primm’s

interest in the defendant monies, the source of the defendant monies, and Primm’s

legitimate sources of income, if any. Primm did not respond to the discovery


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Case No. 18-4042, United States v. $99,500 in U.S. Currency Seized, et al.


requests and, instead, filed an “Opposition to Government’s First Set of

Interrogatories and Request for Production of Documents.” In his opposition,

Primm argued that he was not required to respond to the requests until the United

States survived his motion to suppress and proved that the defendant monies are

subject to forfeiture.       Primm also attached an affidavit asserting his Fifth

Amendment right in response to the requests but also implying (in conjunction with

his opposition) that he reserved the right to supplement his responses after the district

court ruled on his motion to suppress and determined forfeitability of the seized

properties.

       On March 9, 2018, the district court entered an order explaining that Primm’s

assertions were not supported by law and that discovery would proceed as scheduled.

The district court also ordered Primm to clarify whether he was making a blanket

refusal to answer to the United States’ discovery requests based upon his Fifth

Amendment privilege against self-incrimination or if he intended to respond to the

outstanding requests. In response, Primm stated that he was not making a “blanket

refusal” and that he would respond to any question that would not tend to incriminate

him. Primm ended his response, however, by once again suggesting that he did not

need to respond to any discovery requests until after the government proves that the

monies at issue were lawfully seized and forfeitable.




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Case No. 18-4042, United States v. $99,500 in U.S. Currency Seized, et al.


       With Primm still not responding to the discovery requests, the government

filed a motion to compel Primm’s responses to the outstanding discovery, which the

district court granted on April 20, 2018, and ordered Primm to respond to the

requests by April 27, 2018. Again, Primm did not respond. Accordingly, the United

States, pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(b)(2)(A), moved to strike Primm’s claim and

his answer for failing to respond to its discovery requests. At that point, Primm

responded in opposition by stating that he had all along asserted his Fifth

Amendment privilege in response “to all questions put to him, and, [that] he will

continue to do so”; he also asserted his Fifth Amendment privilege in reference to

his being compelled to produce any documents. With it then clear that Primm was

asserting his Fifth Amendment response to all discovery, the district court denied

the government’s motion to strike.

       Thereafter, the United States filed a motion for summary judgment on the

issue of standing, arguing that the district court should strike Primm’s verified claim

and answer, along with the naked assertions of ownership therein, based upon

Primm’s failure to respond to discovery requests aimed at determining the

legitimacy of his claimed ownership interests. Primm opposed the relief sought and

filed a cross-motion for summary judgment. The United States then filed, as one

document, a reply to its own motion and a response to Primm’s motion. Upon

consideration, the district court struck Primm’s conclusory assertions of ownership


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Case No. 18-4042, United States v. $99,500 in U.S. Currency Seized, et al.


in his verified claim and answer, granted the United States’ motion for summary

judgment on the issue of standing based on Primm’s failure to satisfy Article III, and

denied Primm’s motion for summary judgment.1

                                              II.

       “Generally, we review ‘a district court’s decision to strike a claim in an in rem

forfeiture action for an abuse of discretion.’” 

(quoting

United States v. One 2011 Porsche Panamera, 684 F. App’x 501, 506 (6th Cir.

2017)). We review de novo, however, “‘[a] district court’s determination of a

claimant’s standing to contest a federal forfeiture action.’” 

States v. Real Prop. Located at 4527-4535 Mich. Ave., Detroit, Mich., 489 F. App’x

855, 857 (6th Cir. 2012)). Moreover, this Court reviews a district court’s grant of

summary judgment de novo. Bormuth v. Cty. of Jackson, 

, 503 (6th

Cir. 2017) (en banc).

                                              III.

       We hold that the district court did not err in finding that Primm failed to meet

his burden of establishing Article III standing at the summary-judgment stage of the

proceeding below. In challenging the district court’s summary-judgment ruling in



1
 Although the United States filed a motion for summary judgment on June 5, 2018, the
district court, thereafter, granted it leave to file a motion for summary judgment on the
issue of standing. The latter motion is what the district court relied on in dismissing
Primm’s claims and is the subject of this appeal.
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Case No. 18-4042, United States v. $99,500 in U.S. Currency Seized, et al.


favor of the United States, Primm makes three primary arguments: (A) the lower

court’s ruling goes against the law of the case; (B) the lower court improperly drew

an adverse inference against him based on his invocation of the Fifth Amendment

right against self-incrimination; and (C) the lower court improperly sanctioned him

for his invocation of the right against self-incrimination, because Fed. R. Civ. P.

26(b)(1) and (b)(5) limit the scope of discovery to matters “not privileged.”

                                              A.

       Addressing Primm’s first argument, we hold that the district court, in finding

that Primm lacked standing at summary judgment, did not go against the law of the

case. The law-of-the-case doctrine “provides that courts’ earlier decisions ‘should

continue to govern the same issues in subsequent stages in the same case.’” In re

Blasingame, 

, 392 (6th Cir. 2019) (quoting Musacchio v. United States,

, 716 (2016)). The rule applies after a case is remanded to a trial court

by an appellate court. United States v. Twp. of Brighton, 

, 919 (6th Cir.

2002).

       In regard to Primm’s standing in this matter, this court previously ruled that

Primm’s verified claim of ownership was sufficient to satisfy Article III standing

requirements and the procedural requirements of Rule G at the pleading stage.

$99,500.00 U.S. Currency, 699 F. App’x at 544. The district court’s most recent

Article III determination, however, was not made at the pleading stage. On remand,


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Case No. 18-4042, United States v. $99,500 in U.S. Currency Seized, et al.


the district court held a case-management conference and set deadlines for discovery

and dispositive motions before ruling at the summary-judgment stage of the

proceedings that Primm did not have Article III standing. United States v. $99,500

in U.S. Currency, 

, 693, 700 (N.D. Ohio 2018).

       This Court’s determination of whether Primm met his burden of establishing

Article III standing and the requirements of Rule G at the pleading stage, did not

preclude the United States from arguing, or the district court from ruling, that he

failed to show Article III standing on summary judgment.                     United States v.

$31,000.00 in U.S. Currency, 774 F. App’x 288, 292-93 (6th Cir. 2019) [hereinafter

$31,000.00 III]. Indeed, at no point has this court held that Primm has standing for

summary-judgment purposes. Thus, Primm’s first argument is without merit.

                                              B.

       Primm’s argument that the lower court improperly drew an adverse inference

against him because of his invocation of his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-

incrimination also lacks merit. In ruling on the United States’ summary-judgment

motion below, the district court stated as follows:

       Claimant does not address the government’s argument that the Court
       should strike his naked assertion of ownership because he failed to
       answer any discovery directed at determining the legitimacy of that
       assertion. Instead, he argues that the Court cannot draw an adverse
       inference from the assertion of the privilege. Because the government
       has not asked for an adverse inference, the Court need not address this
       argument.


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Case No. 18-4042, United States v. $99,500 in U.S. Currency Seized, et al.


$99,500 in U.S. 

n.4. As evidenced by the above

excerpt, and through the remainder of the district court’s opinion, the court below

did not consider, let alone make, any adverse inferences as a result of Primm

invoking his right against self-incrimination.

       To be certain, the district court struck Primm’s conclusory assertions of

ownership in his verified claim and answer, leaving him with an unexplained claim

of possession. 

As found by the district court, such an unexplained

claim of possession is insufficient to meet the burden of establishing Article III

standing at the summary-judgment stage.2 See United States v. $677,660.00 in U.S.

Currency, 513 F. App’x 531, 532 (6th Cir. 2013) (per curiam); see also United States

v. $ 515,060.42 in U.S. Currency, 

, 498 (6th Cir. 1998). Thus, although

the district court struck Primm’s conclusory assertions of ownership, the district

court did not draw any adverse inferences as a result of Primm’s invocation of his

right against self-incrimination.

                                              C.

       Moreover, we find no merit in Primm’s argument that the district court abused

its discretion by striking his assertions of ownership from his verified claim and



2
  Although Primm makes a cursory argument that the facts relied upon by the United States
in support of its motion for summary judgment on the issue of standing were insufficient
to carry its burden of proof, we do not reach this issue, as Primm never met his threshold
burden of establishing Article III standing.
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Case No. 18-4042, United States v. $99,500 in U.S. Currency Seized, et al.


answer, which he frames as an improper imposition of a sanction based on a rightful

assertion of a privilege, in violation of Fed. R. Civ. P. 26. “As in any federal suit, a

claimant must have Article III standing” in an in rem civil forfeiture proceeding.

$31,000.00 

. The burden to show standing in such matters is on

the claimant. 

“Article III standing in civil forfeiture cases by

requiring that ‘a claimant must have a colorable ownership, possessory[,] or security

interest in at least a portion of the defendant property.’” 

in

U.S. 

). At the summary-judgment stage, a claimant must

“present ‘some evidence of ownership’ beyond the mere assertion of an ownership

interest in the property.” United States v. $31,000 in U.S. Currency, No. 1:16 CV

1581, 

, at *11–12 (N.D. Ohio May 23, 2018)

[hereinafter $31, 000.00 II] (citing United States v. Phillips, 

, 403 (4th

Cir. 2018)).

       Below, the United States filed a motion for summary judgment on the issue

of standing, requesting that the district court strike Primm’s verified claim and

answer, along with the naked assertions of ownership therein, based upon Primm’s

failure to respond to discovery requests aimed at determining the legitimacy of his

claimed ownership interests. In other words, the United States argued that the

district court should strike Primm’s conclusory assertions of ownership that came as

a result of Primm freely responding to questions that were advantageous to his cause,


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Case No. 18-4042, United States v. $99,500 in U.S. Currency Seized, et al.


given that he, thereafter, made a blanket invocation of his Fifth Amendment right to

avoid answering questions relevant to his ownership assertions.

       The district court, finding merit in the argument, struck Primm’s assertions of

ownership. As held by the district court below, as well as this court and our sister

circuits, where a claimant seeks to use the Fifth Amendment to abuse or obstruct the

discovery process, trial courts may, to prevent prejudice to opposing parties, adopt

remedial procedures or impose sanctions, which includes striking claims of

ownership in a verified claim or answer. $31,000.00 III, 774 F. App’x 288, 291-92;

see $99,500 in U.S. 

-99 (discussing cases). The

reason why courts do so, in such circumstances, is that the claimants’ claim of

privilege “raises the core concern” that their testimony could furnish them with what

may be false evidence and prejudice the government by depriving it of any means

of detecting the falsity. $99,500 in U.S. 

(quotation omitted) (quoting $31,000.00 II, 

, at *19);

see also United States v. $133,420.00 in U.S. Currency, 

, 642 (9th Cir.

Feb. 21, 2012).

       As seen here, striking Primm’s assertions of ownership left the record devoid

of any claim of ownership to the seized currency. With only an unexplained claim

of possession, Primm could not meet his burden of establishing standing at the

summary judgment stage. See $677,660.00 in U.S. Currency, 513 F. App’x at 532


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Case No. 18-4042, United States v. $99,500 in U.S. Currency Seized, et al.


(per curiam); see also $ 515,060.42 in U.S. 

. Thus, the

district court did not abuse its discretion in striking Primm’s claim of ownership in

the defendant properties.

       Regarding the remainder of Primm’s assertions challenging the validity of the

underlying seizures and forfeiture, the court finds no error in the district court not

considering the arguments, as Primm did not meet his threshold burden of showing

Article III standing.

                                              IV.

       Because Primm no longer has a colorable ownership, possessory, or security

interest in at least a portion of the defendant properties, he has not met his burden of

establishing standing under Article III, precluding him from proceeding on a claim

to the defendant monies.

       We affirm.




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