RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                       File Name: 19a0287p.06

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                    FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT



 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                 ┐
                                     Plaintiff-Appellee,   │
                                                           │
                                                           >       No. 19-3162
        v.                                                 │
                                                           │
                                                           │
 JOHN CHARLES FORTNER,                                     │
                                  Defendant-Appellant.     │
                                                           ┘

                           Appeal from the United States District Court
                          for the Southern District of Ohio at Columbus.
                    No. 2:17-cr-00243-1—Michael H. Watson, District Judge.

                             Decided and Filed: November 25, 2019

              Before: SUTTON, NALBANDIAN, and READLER, Circuit Judges.
                                 _________________

                                            COUNSEL

ON BRIEF: Kevin M. Schad, FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER, Cincinnati, Ohio, for
Appellant. Kimberly Robinson, UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, Columbus, Ohio,
for Appellee.
                                       _________________

                                            OPINION
                                       _________________

       SUTTON, Circuit Judge.           The government charged John Charles Fortner with
(1) attempting to coerce a minor into illegal sexual activity and (2) violating a provision that adds
ten years to a defendant’s sentence if he is required to register as a sex offender and commits
certain federal offenses involving a minor. Fortner pleaded guilty to the first count. He moved
to dismiss the other charge on the ground that his underlying offense did not “involve a minor”
 No. 19-3162                         United States v. Fortner                              Page 2


because it concerned an attempt crime that did not involve real children. The district court
disagreed. Because the court correctly interpreted the statute, we affirm.

       On August 5, 2017, an undercover FBI agent working with the Bureau’s Cyber Crimes
Task Force posted an ad on Craigslist.        Posing as a mother of three children, the officer
advertised that she wanted to talk about “taboo” subjects with an “open-minded” counterpart.
ROA 15 at 5. John Charles Fortner sent the agent an e-mail asking if he could have sex with her
children. Fortner assured the officer that he was the “furthest from being a cop.” 

asked the agent if she could put him in touch with others who would be open to similar conduct.
The agent gave Fortner the contact details for another undercover officer. He contacted the other
officer that day and asked whether he could engage in sexual activity with the officer’s daughter.

       Fortner and the two officers communicated regularly for the next few weeks. He sent
them links to child pornography and asked graphic questions about what he could do with their
children. Fortner also requested photographs of one officer’s child. The officer sent a photo of
her undercover persona instead. Fortner, appreciative and confident, replied “[c]ool, you don’t
look too much like a cop, lol.” 

       As his bond with the “parents” grew, Fortner asked to meet in person and to meet the
children.   After working out some logistics, Fortner and one officer agreed to meet at a
restaurant. If the introductions went well, the officer promised, Fortner could take things further.
On August 21, the officer picked Fortner up from a gas station. At the restaurant, the officer and
Fortner discussed his criminal past (two prior convictions related to child sex abuse) and what he
could do with the officer’s child. After Fortner confirmed that he wanted to engage in sexual
conduct with the child, the officer arrested him.

       The government charged Fortner with two counts: attempting to coerce a minor and
committing a felony offense involving a minor while required to register as a sex offender.
18 U.S.C. §§ 2422(b), 2260A. Fortner moved to dismiss the second count, arguing that he did
not commit an offense involving a minor because the children he sought to coerce were not real
children. The district court denied the motion.
 No. 19-3162                          United States v. Fortner                               Page 3


       This appeal presents a straightforward question: Does a sex offender commit an “offense
involving a minor” if, in the course of a sting operation, he attempts to commit a sex crime with
a pretend child? We think he does.

       Start with the text. “Whoever,” it says, “being required by Federal or other law to
register as a sex offender, commits a felony offense involving a minor under [a specified federal
offense], shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of 10 years.”               

  The
enhancement has two threshold requirements, and Fortner meets both of them. He committed
one of the enumerated offenses, here attempted solicitation of a minor. 

And he
committed the offense while required to register as a sex offender.

       The statute, it is true, also has a limiting qualification—that the underlying crime must
“involv[e] a minor.” But the import of that phrase is to ensure that the enhancement covers
convictions involving minors, sifting convictions that always involve minors, see, e.g., 18 U.S.C.
§ 2251 (sexual exploitation of children), from convictions that may or may not involve minors,
see, e.g., 18 U.S.C. § 2421 (sex trafficking); 18 U.S.C. § 1201 (kidnapping). The phrase did not
purport to eliminate all attempt crimes, as the reach-extending term “involve” suggests.
A conviction arising from an attempt to have sex with a minor “involves” a minor no matter
whether it arose from a sting operation (as here) or it related to a real child.

       A closer look at § 2422(b), the provision Fortner violated, points in the same direction.
To commit the offense, a defendant must knowingly (the mental state), persuade, induce, entice,
or coerce (the action), any individual who has not attained the age of 18 years (the intended
victim), to engage in prostitution or other criminalized sexual activity (another action).
A defendant also violates this provision if he “attempts” to engage in this behavior, 

extends to attempts that involve purported but non-existent children. See United States v.
Roman, 

, 516 (6th Cir. 2015). To attempt this conduct, a defendant must have the
requisite mental state and take a “substantial step” towards completing the offense, whether the
targeted child is real or not. See United States v. Wesley, 

, 618 (6th Cir. 2005).
Attempt convictions under the statute thus often extend to individuals who try to persuade
undercover agents posing as children (or posing as having access to children) to engage in sexual
conduct. 

. Even though the perpetrator fails to engage in all of the
 No. 19-3162                         United States v. Fortner                              Page 4


conduct needed to complete the offense, he still violates the attempt prohibition. Id.; see, e.g.,
United States v. Hughes, 

, 958 (6th Cir. 2011). Because this crime always involves
a minor, convictions under it always lead to the enhancement if the defendant commits the
offense while under a reporting requirement.

          Cementing this conclusion, a neighboring statute distinguishes crimes that involve
“actual minors” from those that do not. See 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(3)(B)(ii), (c)(2), (e). Section
2252A prohibits a person from knowingly advertising material that contains visual depictions of
“an actual minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct.” 

The same
provision also allows defendants charged under certain subsections to raise the affirmative
defense that “the alleged child pornography was not produced using an actual minor or minors.”

Because Congress enacted these provisions before it enacted § 2260A, Pub.
L. No. 108-21 §§ 502, 503, 120 Stat. 625 (2003); Pub. L. No. 109-248, § 702, 120 Stat. 648
(2006), it had the option to, but chose not to, distinguish offenses that involved “actual minors.”
Section 2256(8) points in the same direction. It defines an “identifiable minor” separately from
“a minor,” showing once again that Congress understood the difference between crimes that
involve real children and those that do not and understood the difference between attempt crimes
and completed crimes. 18 U.S.C. § 2256(8); cf. BFP v. Resolution Tr. Corp., 

, 537
(1994).

          The only other circuit court to address the question reached a similar conclusion. The
Eleventh Circuit held that a defendant committed a federal offense involving a minor when he
attempted to coerce a fictitious child to engage in sexual activity. United States v. Slaughter,

, 1214–16 (11th Cir. 2013).        The court reasoned that § 2422(b) permits the
government to convict a defendant who attempts to coerce a minor on the “mere belief that a
minor was involved.” 

And it saw nothing in “the plain language of § 2260A that
negates the plain language of § 2422(b).” 

one possible conclusion: “[A] violation
of § 2260A [does not] require the involvement of an actual minor.” 

                       United States v. Fortner                               Page 5


       Gauged by this interpretation of § 2260A, Fortner loses. The statute incorporates attempt
offenses involving minors. Fortner’s attempt involved a minor because the intended victim of
the offense was a child. Absent Fortner’s decision to target minors, the government could not
convict him under § 2422(b). Fortner knowingly tried to coerce minors into illegal sexual
activity and took “substantial steps” toward completing the crime. That’s a federal offense and
an offense “involving a minor.”

       Fortner questions how a conviction can involve a non-existent child and still be a crime
“involving a minor.” But context is everything in interpretation. As a matter of general statutory
context, the statute incorporates many “attempt” crimes in the sixteen enumerated offenses,
which means real victims of any sort frequently are not needed. See, e.g., 18 U.S.C. §§ 2251(e),
2423(e). As a matter of specific statutory context, laws designed to root out child predation
frequently cover attempt crimes against non-existing children precisely to avoid completed
crimes against existing children.    See, e.g., 

; United States v.
Cunningham, 191 F. App’x 670, 671–72 (10th Cir. 2006); United States v. Rhodes, 

, 802–03 (5th Cir. 2001). Once one comes to grips with the possibility for—the need for—
attempt crimes in this area, there is nothing linguistically unusual about calling an unsuccessful
attempt to abuse a minor a crime that involves a minor.

       Nor does this interpretation render “involving a minor” superfluous. The phrase still has
plenty of work to do. It limits § 2260A’s ten-year sentencing increase to those registered sex
offenders who target minors. Offenders who target adults, like some kidnappers and like some
sex traffickers, do not suffer the same consequence. Congress understandably singled out sex
offenders who prey on children for additional punishment.

       What we have said already explains why § 2260A is not unconstitutionally vague and
why the rule of lenity has no role to play. It’s hard to take seriously the idea that Fortner, or
someone in his situation, would not appreciate the risks that came with this conduct given this
statutory landscape. He acknowledges that the attempt statute plainly barred his conduct. And
§ 2260A incorporates that statute, including its attempt prohibitions. Fortner, it is true, may not
have known that his conduct would violate this provision. But “ignorance of the law is no
defense.” United States v. Int’l Minerals & Chem. Corp., 

, 563 (1971). The rule of
 No. 19-3162                         United States v. Fortner                               Page 6


lenity comes into view when, after considering all available sources, the court is left in equipoise.
Barber v. Thomas, 

, 488 (2010). That is not this case.

       We affirm.