NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                               File Name: 20a0070n.06

                                     Case Nos. 18-2011/2121

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                 FILED
                                                                           Jan 31, 2020
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                           )
                                                    )                  DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
       Plaintiff-Appellee,                          )
                                                    )       ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
v.                                                  )       STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
                                                    )       THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF
THOMAS LEWILLAN COWLEY, JR.;                        )       MICHIGAN
MICHAEL DONNELL NEELEY,                             )
                                                    )
       Defendants-Appellants.                       )


       BEFORE: SILER, GIBBONS, and THAPAR, Circuit Judges.

       THAPAR, Circuit Judge. Drug-trafficking cases are a bit like math tests: the district court

must properly calculate the drug quantity for which each defendant is responsible. In doing so,

the court must (1) make sure the numbers add up and (2) show enough of its work for the appellate

court to review the result. Here, the district court passed the test on both counts. We affirm.

       Thomas Lewillan Cowley kept the stash house for a drug-trafficking conspiracy in

southwestern Michigan.       Michael Neeley was a distributor for the conspiracy. Both were

convicted of conspiring to distribute fifty or more grams of methamphetamine. See 21 U.S.C.

§§ 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(A)(viii), 846. Cowley pled guilty but now argues that the facts underlying

his plea failed to prove he was responsible for fifty grams. Neeley went to trial and was convicted.

On appeal, he argues that the district court erred at sentencing when it held him responsible for

other distributors’ drug deals as well as his own. Both arguments fail.
Case Nos. 18-2011/2121, United States v. Cowley, et al.


       Cowley’s plea. Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11(b)(3) provides that, “[b]efore

entering judgment on a guilty plea, the [district] court must determine that there is a factual basis

for the plea.” We review such determinations for abuse of discretion. United States v. Bennett,

, 894 (6th Cir. 2002). But where (as here) the defendant didn’t raise his argument in

the district court, we review for plain error. United States v. Vonn, 

, 58–59 (2002).

       Cowley argues that the facts recited in his plea agreement and at his change-of-plea hearing

showed that he conspired to distribute meth, but not that he conspired to distribute at least fifty

grams of meth. Thus, he says, the district court violated Rule 11(b)(3) and we should vacate his

conviction. But Cowley’s argument falters for three separate reasons.

       First, while the specific facts recited in a plea agreement may provide the factual basis

required by Rule 11, nothing limits a court to relying on such recitations alone. The court can also

rely on (among other things) an admission of guilt by a defendant who understands what he is

being charged with. Thus, “where the crime is easily understood, . . . a reading of the indictment,

or even a summary of the charges in the indictment and an admission by the defendant, is sufficient

to establish a factual basis under Rule 11.” United States v. Williams, 

, 313 (6th Cir.

1999) (alteration adopted) (quoting United States v. Edgecomb, 

, 1313 (6th Cir.

1990)). And drug-quantity elements are “easily understood” for purposes of this rule. United

States v. Valdez, 

, 910 (6th Cir. 2004).

       Here, the magistrate judge who handled the change-of-plea hearing specifically explained

to Cowley that he was charged with conspiring “to distribute more than 50 grams of meth,” then

confirmed that Cowley understood what he was being charged with. R. 387, Pg. ID 2749. Cowley

then admitted not only that the government’s evidence would be sufficient to convict him but also




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that he was in fact guilty. Under Williams and Valdez, that intelligent admission alone was a

sufficient factual basis.

        Second, even if we disregard Cowley’s admission of guilt, the specific facts adduced at the

plea hearing were enough to satisfy Rule 11. The government pointed out (and Cowley agreed

that the government could prove) that about forty-eight grams of meth was found at Cowley’s

apartment on the day it was searched.        And by Cowley’s own admission, the conspiracy

“consistently stored crystal methamphetamine at his apartment” for a full year before that search.

During that year, distributors for the conspiracy would visit Cowley’s apartment to

pick up meth and he would dispense it to them. With these facts, a court could easily infer that the

total amount of meth Cowley conspired to distribute was well over fifty grams.

        And third, even if the facts discussed at the plea hearing weren’t sufficient, it wouldn’t

matter. Why not? Because under Rule 11(b)(3), the question isn’t whether the district court had

an adequate factual basis when it accepted the plea—it’s whether it had an adequate factual basis

when it entered judgment. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(b)(3); United States v. Mobley, 

,

545 (6th Cir. 2010); see also Fed. R. Crim. P. 32(k)(1) (describing the entry of judgment, which

occurs after sentencing). Thus, in reviewing the factual basis for a plea, “we may examine the

entire record, including proceedings that occurred after the plea colloquy.” 

(cleaned up).

        That includes a defendant’s sentencing hearing and the facts in the presentence report. See,

e.g., 

. Here, summarizing the presentence report at sentencing,

the government explained that Cowley’s brother “would receive four ounces to one pound [of

methamphetamine] every couple of weeks, and that he stored this methamphetamine [on] all but

one occasion at [Cowley’s] apartment.” R. 436, Pg. ID 3299. An ounce is 28.3495 grams. See



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United States v. Hunter, 

, 505 (6th Cir. 2009). Multiply that by four (to represent just

one four-ounce shipment) and you’ve more than doubled the fifty-gram threshold. In short, ample

facts supported Cowley’s guilty plea by the time the district court entered judgment. And under

Rule 11(b)(3), no other time matters.

       Neeley’s sentence. Neeley says that the district court shouldn’t have held him responsible

for other distributors’ drug deals. For guideline purposes, co-conspirators’ actions are attributed

to a defendant only if (among other things) those actions were (1) within the scope of the

defendant’s criminal agreement and (2) reasonably foreseeable to the defendant. United States

Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 1B1.3(a)(1)(B)(i), (iii) (U.S. Sentencing Comm’n 2018). To

enforce these preconditions, district courts must make “particularized findings” about scope and

foreseeability. United States v. Campbell, 

, 400 (6th Cir. 2002). That doesn’t mean

that district courts must use “magic words.” See United States v. Donadeo, 

, 899–

900 (6th Cir. 2018) (collecting cases); see also United States v. Elias, 107 F. App’x 634, 638 (6th

Cir. 2004). What matters is that district courts make the requisite findings in substance—not that

they use any special language in doing so.

       Measured by that standard, the district court’s findings here were sufficient. The court

found that Neeley “was really embedded in this conspiracy,” so it was “reasonable” to hold him

responsible for the full extent of the conspiracy’s drug dealings. R. 454, Pg. ID 4018. The court’s

point was that Neeley knew the scale and extent of the conspiracy (so other distributors’ sales were

foreseeable) and voluntarily associated himself with its full range of activities (so it was within the

scope of his agreement). That covered the necessary ground.

       To see this, consider the context of the parties’ discussion at sentencing. There, Neeley

denied that he could foresee the drug deals of other distributors. (He did not specifically object



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that they were outside the scope of his agreement.) In response, the government pointed to

evidence showing that not only was Neeley a consistent distributor for the conspiracy, he was also

kept informed about the conspiracy’s interstate supply chain. The government summed up the

evidence by saying that Neeley was “fairly well involved in this entire thing.” 

       The record bore that statement out. The evidence showed that higher-ups in the conspiracy

would ask Neeley’s help with critical tasks, such as picking up packages, alerting other co-

conspirators when packages had arrived, and “breaking down” shipments of crystal meth into

saleable portions.

       Based on all this, it’s clear Neeley was no bit player in the drug-trafficking scheme. True,

he was no ringleader either, but he knew the scale of the conspiracy and willingly went along with

it. The district court’s judgment that Neeley “was really embedded in the conspiracy” was

supported by the record. While the district court could have done more to spell out its conclusions

(this court always appreciates a detailed sentencing record), it didn’t need to. Cf. 

.

       We affirm.




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Case Nos. 18-2011/2121, United States v. Cowley, et al.


       GIBBONS, Circuit Judge, concurring. I agree with Judge Thapar’s opinion entirely as to

Cowley’s appeal.

       As to Neeley’s sentence, I quibble a bit with Judge Thapar’s apparent conclusion that the

district court’s comments here amounted to the “particularized findings” about scope and

foreseeability required by Campbell. The district court’s comments on the subject were limited to

its comment that Neeley “was really embedded in this conspiracy” and that it was “reasonable” to

hold him responsible for the full extent of the conspiracy’s drug dealings.

       Any difference in our views is a nuanced one, however. Judge Thapar correctly observes

that the context of the parties’ discussion at sentencing gives meaning to what the court did say.

From the transcript we can ascertain that the court fully agreed with the government’s

characterization and detailed description of Neeley’s involvement, which justified finding Neeley

responsible for the entire amount of drugs.

       Given what the district court actually said, I am hesitant to characterize the court’s

comments as “particularized findings.” But the entire record of the sentencing hearing establishes

that remand is unnecessary here. The record supports the result and includes the basis for it. That

is sufficient here for meaningful appellate review. Remand would require the district court to

engage in a ritualistic process without a difference in result and without providing additional

process or consideration to Neeley. Of course district courts should be mindful of their obligations

under Campbell, and the district court should have made the required findings. Noting that it did

not in this case is sufficient appellate direction, and remand is not required. See United States v.

Moody, 787 F. App’x 857, 868–69 (6th Cir. 2019).




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