NOT FOR PUBLICATION                         FILED
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                      JAN 14 2020
                                                                     MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

LILIANA ACOSTA CERVANTES; JOSE                   No. 16-71376
ISAAC DE LA CRUZ ACOSTA; and
DARIANA DE LA CRUZ ACOSTA,                       Agency Nos. A202-097-671
                                                             A202-097-672
                  Petitioners,                               A202-097-673

    v.                                           MEMORANDUM*

WILLIAM P. BARR, Attorney General,

                  Respondent.

                       On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                           Board of Immigration Appeals

                      Argued and Submitted November 15, 2019
                                Pasadena, California

Before: M. SMITH, MILLER, and COLLINS, Circuit Judges.

         Liliana Acosta Cervantes (“Acosta”) and her son Jose Isaac De La Cruz

Acosta (“De La Cruz”), who are natives and citizens of Mexico, petition for review

of an order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) dismissing their appeal

of the denial of their claims for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under




*
 This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as
provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
the Convention Against Torture.1 We have jurisdiction under section 242(a)(1) of

the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”), 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1). We review

the agency’s legal conclusions de novo and its factual findings for substantial

evidence. Bringas-Rodriguez v. Sessions, 

, 1059 (9th Cir. 2017) (en

banc). Under the substantial evidence standard, the “administrative findings of fact

are conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude

to the contrary.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B); see also 

. We deny Acosta’s petition for review but grant in part De La Cruz’s

petition for review.

      1.     To establish her eligibility for either asylum or withholding of

removal in the context of this case, Acosta had to show, inter alia, (1) that she was

a member of the “particular social group” that is the basis of her claim of

persecution, see Delgado-Ortiz v. Holder, 

, 1151–52 (9th Cir. 2010),

and (2) that “‘the persecution was committed by the government, or by forces that

the government was unable or unwilling to control,’” 

(quoting Baghdasaryan v. Holder, 

, 1023 (9th Cir. 2010)).

Substantial evidence supports the agency’s conclusions that Acosta failed to

establish either element.


1
 Acosta’s other child, Dariana De La Cruz Acosta, is (like her brother) a derivative
beneficiary of Acosta’s application, but (unlike her brother) she has not also filed
an independent application for relief.

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      a.     Assuming without deciding that Acosta’s proposed social group of

“married women in Mexico who are unable to leave their relationship” is

cognizable under the INA,2 we conclude that substantial evidence supports the

agency’s determination that Acosta failed to establish that she is a member of that

social group. As the BIA noted, the factual record confirmed that Acosta had not

shown an inability to leave her relationship. Acosta was able to live apart from her

husband, José De La Cruz Martínez (“José Sr.”), for more than a year when she

moved from Michoacán to Tijuana in July 2013. Although José Sr. verbally

threatened her while she was in Tijuana, he took no affirmative steps to stop her

from moving there, and he never went to Tijuana while she was living there. On

this record, we cannot say that any reasonable factfinder would be compelled to


2
  In assuming in the alternative that Acosta’s proposed particular social group was
cognizable, the BIA applied the framework established in its precedential decision
in Matter of A-R-C-G-, 26 I&N Dec. 388 (BIA 2014), which addressed a
comparably defined proposed group. Under that decision, whether a woman is
able to leave her domestic relationship turns on, among other things, any
“religious, cultural, or legal constraints” that may preclude leaving, including
“societal expectations about gender and subordination” or lack of police
protection. 

For purposes of deciding this petition for review, we
likewise apply Matter of A-R-C-G-’s framework, and on the administrative record
before us we have no occasion to address or decide whether Matter of A-R-C-G-
erred in finding cognizable the sorts of proposed particular social groups covered
by that decision. Cf. Matter of A-B-, 27 I&N Dec. 316 (A.G. 2018) (overruling
Matter of A-R-C-G-); Grace v. Whitaker, 344 F. Supp 3d 96 (D.D.C. 2018)
(partially enjoining enforcement of Matter of A-B-), appeal docketed sub. nom
Grace v. Barr, No. 19-5013 (D.C. Cir.); cf. also Gonzales-Veliz v. Barr, 

(5th Cir. 2019) (upholding Matter of A-B-, notwithstanding the Grace
injunction).

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conclude that Acosta was “unable to leave” her relationship with her husband

within the meaning of Matter of A-R-C-G-, 26 I&N Dec. at 393.

      b.     Substantial evidence also supports the agency’s conclusion that

Acosta failed to establish that the Mexican government was unable or unwilling to

protect her from her husband. Acosta’s in-laws contacted the police on two

occasions, and on both occasions the police responded and looked for José Sr.,

albeit unsuccessfully. That the Mexican police did not follow up with additional

efforts to arrest José Sr. does not compel a conclusion contrary to the agency’s.

See Nahrvani v. Gonzales, 

, 1154 (9th Cir. 2005). Moreover, as the

BIA noted, protective orders are available in Mexico, but Acosta never sought one.

Acosta points to evidence that authorities in some parts of Mexico have refused to

issue protective orders to women who have suffered domestic violence, but the

cited evidence does not establish that Michoacán is such an area.

      2.     Substantial evidence also supports the BIA’s conclusion that both

Acosta and De La Cruz failed to establish a nexus between José Sr.’s abuse and

any of their proffered social groups, thereby defeating their claims for asylum and

humanitarian asylum. The record evidence supports the agency’s view that José

Sr., who habitually abused drugs and alcohol, was a generally violent person

towards the community at large, and not just Acosta and De La Cruz: José Sr. had

killed a man in prison, engaged in public fights, threatened his parents, assaulted


                                          4
Acosta’s stepfather, and was involved with drug cartels. On this record, substantial

evidence supports the agency’s conclusion that Acosta and De La Cruz were

ineligible for asylum because they both had failed to show that their respective

membership in any of their proposed social groups was “one central reason” for

José Sr.’s abuse. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i) (to be a “refugee” eligible for

asylum, applicant must show that a protected ground, such as “membership in a

particular social group, . . . was or will be at least one central reason for

persecuting the applicant”); see Parussimova v. Mukasey, 

, 741 (9th

Cir. 2009) (“A ‘central’ reason is a reason of primary importance to the

persecutors, one that is essential to their decision to act.”). As a result, the agency

also properly rejected Acosta’s and De La Cruz’s claims for humanitarian asylum.

See Belishta v. Ashcroft, 

, 1080 (9th Cir. 2004) (in order to be

eligible for humanitarian asylum, “an applicant must still establish past persecution

on account of a protected ground”); 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(1)(i)–(iii) (humanitarian

asylum is only available to “an alien found to be a refugee on the basis of past

persecution”).

      3.     In rejecting De La Cruz’s application for withholding of removal, the

BIA relied on the conclusion that “[h]aving not met the lower burden of proof for

asylum, it follows that [De La Cruz] has not met the more stringent requirements

for withholding of removal.” In turn, the BIA relied upon only two grounds in


                                            5
rejecting De La Cruz’s claim for asylum: (1) his failure to establish a nexus

between José Sr.’s abuse and a protected ground; and (2) his failure to show that

Mexican authorities were unwilling or unable to protect him from José Sr. The

Government expressly (and properly) declines to defend the latter holding, leaving

the first ground as the sole basis for the BIA’s denial of De La Cruz’s asylum

claim. Although we find that first ground sufficient to uphold the BIA’s denial of

asylum to De La Cruz, we conclude that the resulting piggy-backed denial of

withholding of removal rests on legal error. Although the requirements for

withholding of removal are indeed generally more stringent than for asylum, the

one exception is with respect to the nexus requirement that is now the sole basis for

denying relief to De La Cruz. See 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(C); 8 C.F.R.

§ 1208.16(b). As we explained in Barajas-Romero v. Lynch, 

(9th

Cir. 2017), the “one central reason” standard that applies to the asylum statute does

not apply to the withholding statute. 

Rather, “a less demanding

standard” applies to the issue of nexus with respect to claims for withholding of

removal. 

Because the agency applied the wrong legal

standard to De La Cruz’s withholding claim, we grant his petition with respect to

this claim and remand the matter to the BIA.3


3
 Although the BIA committed the same error in addressing Acosta’s claim for
withholding of removal, its denial of that claim is adequately supported on the
alternative grounds discussed above in section 1.

                                          6
      4.     Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s conclusion that Acosta and

De La Cruz failed to establish that any Mexican government official would

acquiesce in “torture” of them by José Sr. See Garcia-Milian v. Holder, 

, 1034–35 (9th Cir. 2014) (absent evidence of corruption or similar factors,

the fact “that a government has been generally ineffective in preventing or

investigating criminal activities” does not “raise an inference that public officials

are likely to acquiesce in torture”).

      The petitions for review of Liliana Acosta Cervantes and Dariana De La

Cruz Acosta are DENIED. The petition for review of Jose Isaac De La Cruz

Acosta is GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART, and his application

for withholding of removal is REMANDED to the BIA.




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