Supreme Court of Florida
                                  ____________

                                  No. SC18-320
                                  ____________

        AMERICAN SOUTHERN HOME INSURANCE COMPANY,
                         Petitioner,

                                         vs.

                         LOUIS PHILIP LENTINI, etc.,
                                Respondent.

                                December 19, 2019

POLSTON, J.

      American Southern Home Insurance Company seeks review of the decision

of the Fifth District Court of Appeal in Lentini v. American Southern Home

Insurance Co., 

(Fla. 5th DCA 2017), which was certified to be in

direct conflict with the decision of the Second District Court of Appeal in Martin v.

St. Paul Fire & Marine Insurance Co., 

(Fla. 2d DCA 1996).1 The

issue before this Court is whether an insurer that issues a reduced premium

collector vehicle policy may limit uninsured motorist coverage under that specialty




      1. We have jurisdiction. See art. V, § 3(b)(4), Fla. Const.
policy to accidents involving the occupancy or use of the collector vehicle. 2 As

explained below, we hold that the requirements of section 627.727, Florida

Statutes (2015), prohibit the limitations placed on uninsured motorist coverage in

the collector vehicle policy at issue. Therefore, we approve the decision of the

Fifth District in Lentini and disapprove the decision of the Second District in

Martin.

                                 BACKGROUND

      This case arises out of an automobile accident in which Michael Lentini was

operating his motorcycle when involved in a fatal accident. Lentini’s estate sought

uninsured motorist benefits under his American Southern Home Insurance

Company (“American Southern”) policy issued on a 1992 Corvette collector

vehicle. The Corvette policy contains a provision that limits uninsured motorist

coverage to accidents involving the covered collector vehicle.

      After American Southern denied coverage, the estate sued. The trial court,

relying on the conclusion of the Second District in Martin, entered summary

judgment in favor of American Southern. On appeal, the estate argued that Martin

was erroneously decided and that American Southern limited Lentini’s uninsured



      2. Interpretation of insurance policies and statutes is subject to de novo
review. See U.S. Fire Ins. Co. v. J.S.U.B., Inc., 

, 877 (Fla. 2007)
(policy interpretation); Daniels v. Fla. Dep’t of Health, 

, 64 (Fla.
2005) (statutory interpretation).


                                        -2-
motorist coverage impermissibly under section 627.727. The Fifth District

reversed the trial court’s grant of summary judgment, concluding that the collector

vehicle policy must and did not comply with the statutory mandates of section

627.727(9).

                                   ANALYSIS

      American Southern contends that section 627.727 does not apply to specialty

insurance policies such as the Corvette policy at issue. We disagree.

      Section 626.727 governs “motor vehicle insurance; uninsured and

underinsured vehicle coverage; [and] insolvent insurer protection.” It provides as

follows:

      No motor vehicle liability insurance policy which provides bodily
      injury liability coverage shall be delivered or issued for delivery in
      this state with respect to any specifically insured or identified motor
      vehicle registered or principally garaged in this state unless uninsured
      motor vehicle coverage is provided therein or supplemental thereto for
      the protection of persons insured thereunder who are legally entitled
      to recover damages from owners or operators of uninsured motor
      vehicles because of bodily injury, sickness, or disease, including
      death, resulting therefrom. However, the coverage required under this
      section is not applicable when, or to the extent that, an insured named
      in the policy makes a written rejection of the coverage on behalf of all
      insureds under the policy.

§ 627.727(1), Fla. Stat. (2015). “[S]ection 627.727(9) provides that an insurer may

offer non-stacking coverage provided that the insurer informs the insured of the

limitations of such coverage and the insured executes an approved form expressly

electing non-stacking coverage.” Travelers Commercial Ins. Co. v. Harrington,


                                       -3-


, 1113 (Fla. 2014). Specifically, subsection (9) permits insurers to

offer policies with limitations on uninsured motorist coverage as follows:

             (9) Insurers may offer policies of uninsured motorist coverage
      containing policy provisions, in language approved by the office,
      establishing that if the insured accepts this offer:
             (a) The coverage provided as to two or more motor vehicles
      shall not be added together to determine the limit of insurance
      coverage available to an injured person for any one accident, except as
      provided in paragraph (c).
             (b) If at the time of the accident the injured person is
      occupying a motor vehicle, the uninsured motorist coverage available
      to her or him is the coverage available as to that motor vehicle.
             (c) If the injured person is occupying a motor vehicle which is
      not owned by her or him or by a family member residing with her or
      him, the injured person is entitled to the highest limits of uninsured
      motorist coverage afforded for any one vehicle as to which she or he
      is a named insured or insured family member. Such coverage shall be
      excess over the coverage on the vehicle the injured person is
      occupying.
             (d) The uninsured motorist coverage provided by the policy
      does not apply to the named insured or family members residing in
      her or his household who are injured while occupying any vehicle
      owned by such insureds for which uninsured motorist coverage was
      not purchased.
             (e) If, at the time of the accident the injured person is not
      occupying a motor vehicle, she or he is entitled to select any one limit
      of uninsured motorist coverage for any one vehicle afforded by a
      policy under which she or he is insured as a named insured or as an
      insured resident of the named insured’s household.

§ 627.727, Fla. Stat. (2015).

      As identified by the Fifth District in Lentini, “[n]othing in section 627.727

excludes collector or antique vehicle insurance policies from its application. To

the contrary, section 627.727 explicitly states that ‘[n]o motor vehicle liability



                                         -4-
insurance policy . . . shall be delivered or issued for delivery in this state . . . unless

uninsured motor vehicle coverage is provided therein.’ 

(quoting § 627.727(1), Fla. Stat. (2015)). The Second District’s conclusion in

Martin that “[s]ection 627.727(1) does not specifically mandate coverage for

claims unconnected with the insured vehicle” is 

-

01. Even though the restrictive language of the collector policy and the reduced

premium offered in exchange for those limitations distinguish it from a standard

automobile insurance policy, the statutory language in section 627.727(1) does not

make such a distinction between different types of “motor vehicles.” Accordingly,

the limiting policy language in the collector vehicle policy at issue violates the

statute.

       Further, section 627.727(9)(d) allows for uninsured motorist coverage to be

limited to exclude injuries suffered in vehicles “for which uninsured motorist

coverage was not purchased.” However, “Lentini did not reject uninsured motorist

coverage; instead, he selected stacked uninsured motorist coverage under the

collector vehicle policy,” and American Southern did not obtain Lentini’s consent

for such a limitation. 

.

                                    CONCLUSION

       Because the limitations to uninsured motorist coverage in the collector

vehicle policy do not comply with the statutory mandates under section 627.727,


                                           -5-
we approve the Fifth District’s decision in Lentini and disapprove the Second

District’s decision in Martin. We remand this case to the Fifth District for

proceedings consistent with this opinion.

      It is so ordered.

CANADY, C.J., and LABARGA, J., concur.
MUÑIZ, J., concurs in part and concurs in the judgment with an opinion, in which
LAWSON, J., concurs.

NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION AND,
IF FILED, DETERMINED.

MUÑIZ, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment.

      Section 627.727(1), Florida Statutes (2015), provides that no motor vehicle

insurance policy shall be delivered or issued in this state “unless uninsured motor

vehicle coverage is provided therein or supplemental thereto.” The first issue

presented here is whether the motor vehicle insurance policy for Michael Lentini’s

collector 1992 Chevrolet Corvette was subject to the requirements of section

627.727(1). I agree with the plurality opinion that “the statutory language in

section 627.727(1) does not make a distinction between different types of ‘motor

vehicles.’ ” Lentini’s collector Corvette was a motor vehicle, and the collector

vehicle insurance policy he took out on the car was a motor vehicle insurance

policy subject to the requirements of section 627.727(1).

      The second issue we must address is whether the collector vehicle policy—

which covered injuries sustained by Lentini resulting from the negligence of an

                                        -6-
uninsured motorist while driving the Corvette, but did not cover him while he was

driving any of his other vehicles—provided “uninsured motor vehicle coverage” as

required by section 627.727(1). That question turns on the meaning of “uninsured

motor vehicle coverage.” In other words, what are the minimum provisions an

insurance company must include in a policy to meet the statutory requirement of

“uninsured motor vehicle coverage”?

      The statutory text does not provide a clear answer. The legislature has never

defined “uninsured motor vehicle coverage,” and our attempts to explain what it

means have been based on a fifty-year-old case that analyzed an older version of

section 627.727 and relied on a questionable reading of the statutory text. See

Mullis v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 

, 238 (Fla. 1971) (Boyd,

J., dissenting) (“We should not impose liability upon an insurance company which

is not stated in the policies nor required by statute.”); 

. St. Paul Fire &


       3. Mullis, for example, relied on the uncodified “public policy of the
uninsured motorist statute”; borrowed a two-tiered classification system from other
states that appears nowhere in the text of the Florida motor vehicle insurance
statute; and interpreted a 1967 version of the statute that has changed in critical
ways in the last fifty years. 

; compare § 627.0851(1), Fla.
Stat. (1967) (“No automobile liability insurance . . . shall be delivered or issued . . .
unless coverage is provided therein or supplemental thereto, in not less than limits
described in § 324.021(7) . . . .”), with § 627.727(1), Fla. Stat. (2015) (“No motor
vehicle liability insurance policy . . . shall be delivered or issued . . . unless
uninsured motor vehicle coverage is provided therein or supplemental thereto for
the protection of persons insured thereunder who are legally entitled to recover
damages from owners or operators of uninsured motor vehicles because of bodily
injury, sickness, or disease, including death, resulting therefrom.”).

                                          -7-
Marine Ins. Co., 

, 1001 (Fla. 2d DCA 1996) (“In Mullis, the

supreme court analyzed a standard family automobile policy before the advent of

no-fault insurance and during the period in which uninsured motorist coverage was

expressly tied to the financial responsibility statute. In that context, the court

concluded that a policy issued to the tortfeasor to comply with financial

responsibility would have provided liability insurance benefiting the injured

motorcyclist as a claimant. . . . In contrast to the era of Mullis, an automobile now

insured under a Florida no-fault policy is generally not a ‘motor vehicle’ for

purposes of financial responsibility. . . . Section 627.727 no longer mandates that

the uninsured motorist coverage provide a level of protection equivalent to the

protection that would exist if the tortfeasor had a policy complying with financial

responsibility. Thus, tying uninsured motorist coverage to financial responsibility

coverage is no longer a compelling analysis.”). It would be helpful to have an

answer from the legislative branch.4

      While we don’t have a statutory definition of what “uninsured motor vehicle

coverage” means, we do have a list of policy provisions that an insurance company




       4. The legislature could choose to define minimum requirements for
“uninsured motor vehicle coverage” in any number of ways, including providing
different treatment for specialty policies like the one at issue here. The point is
that such policy-laden line drawing should be a legislative, not a judicial,
enterprise.

                                          -8-
may exclude with the insured’s informed consent. Section 627.727(9) explains

that

       [i]nsurers may offer policies of uninsured motorist coverage
       containing policy provisions . . . establishing that if the insured
       accepts this offer:

              (a) The coverage provided as to two or more motor vehicles
       shall not be added together to determine the limit of insurance
       coverage available to an injured person for any one accident . . . .

             (b) If at the time of the accident the injured person is occupying
       a motor vehicle, the uninsured motorist coverage available to her or
       him is the coverage available as to that motor vehicle.

              (c) If the injured person is occupying a motor vehicle which is
       not owned by her or him or by a family member residing with her or
       him, the injured person is entitled to the highest limits of uninsured
       motorist coverage afforded for any one vehicle as to which she or he
       is a named insured or insured family member. Such coverage shall be
       excess over the coverage on the vehicle the injured person is
       occupying.

             (d) The uninsured motorist coverage provided by the policy
       does not apply to the named insured or family members residing in
       her or his household who are injured while occupying any vehicle
       owned by such insureds for which uninsured motorist coverage was
       not purchased.

             (e) If, at the time of the accident the injured person is not
       occupying a motor vehicle, she or he is entitled to select any one limit
       of uninsured motorist coverage for any one vehicle afforded by a
       policy under which she or he is insured as a named insured or as an
       insured resident of the named insured’s household.

§ 627.727(9)(a)-(e), Fla. Stat. (2015) (emphasis added). There’s a special form

approved by the Office of Insurance Regulation that the insured must sign



                                          -9-
disclosing what he or she is giving up. § 627.727(9); see also Travelers

Commercial Ins. Co. v. Harrington, 

, 1113 (Fla. 2014) (holding

that the limitations in section 627.727(9) cannot take effect unless “the insurer

informs the insured of the limitations of such coverage and the insured executes an

approved form expressly electing non-stacking coverage”). After obtaining

informed consent from the insured, the insurer must file revised premium rates

with the Office of Insurance Regulation before these limitations on the policy can

take effect. The insured is then entitled to a minimum twenty-percent reduction in

the uninsured motor vehicle premium. 

the insured’s consent to exclude these provisions from the policy,

the uninsured motor vehicle coverage must include these provisions. See Lentini v.

Am. S. Home Ins. Co., 

, 1259-60 (Fla. 5th DCA 2017) (“The

statute delineates specific limitations that insurers may place on uninsured motorist

coverage . . . . In order to limit coverage, however, the insurer must obtain the

insured’s written consent on an approved form selecting the limitations on

uninsured motorist coverage.”). In fact, section 627.727(9) specifically requires

that before obtaining an insured’s consent to the policy limitations authorized

under that subsection, an insurer must inform the insured “that such coverage is an

alternative to coverage without such limitations.” We may not know the universe

of what “uninsured motor vehicle coverage” has to include, but we know it at least


                                        - 10 -
has to include those provisions that can be excluded under section 627.727(9).

Otherwise, there would be no need for the legislature to provide the detailed

process for limiting coverage and discounts for excluding these provisions if the

run-of-the-mill uninsured motor vehicle coverage did not include the list of

provisions in section 627.727(9).

      This is important here because Lentini did not use the section 627.727(9)

procedure to exclude provisions from his uninsured motor vehicle coverage, and

American Southern did not file revised premium rates with the Office of Insurance

Regulation. “[A]lthough American Southern could have obtained Lentini’s

informed consent to limit uninsured motorist coverage while occupying a vehicle

for which uninsured motorist coverage was not purchased, see 

it is undisputed that it made no attempt to do so in this case.” 

. As the plurality opinion explains, “ ‘[Lentini] selected stacked uninsured

motorist coverage under the collector vehicle policy,’ and American Southern did

not obtain Lentini’s consent for such a limitation.” Plurality op. at 5 (quoting

).

      I concur in the plurality opinion 5 to the extent it approves the Fifth District’s

decision because (1) “uninsured motor vehicle coverage” must include those policy



        5. The plurality opinion (at 5) suggests that the text of section 627.727(1)
itself “specifically” requires coverage “for claims unconnected with the insured

                                        - 11 -
provisions that the insured is authorized to exclude under section 627.727(9); (2)

Lentini’s policy excluded uninsured motor vehicle coverage for injuries he

suffered as a result of the negligence of an uninsured motorist while occupying

another vehicle he owned; and (3) Lentini did not follow the section 627.727(9)

informed consent procedure to limit his policy. Because the section 627.727(9)

procedure was not followed, Lentini’s policy was required to cover him for injuries

that resulted from the negligence of an uninsured motorist while Lentini was

driving one of his other vehicles. Thus, the portion of Lentini’s motor vehicle

insurance policy limiting uninsured motorist coverage to injuries he sustained

while driving his collector Corvette was void because American Southern never

obtained Lentini’s informed consent to these policy limitations. See Young v.

Progressive Se. Ins. Co., 

, 83 (Fla. 2000) (“[P]rovisions in uninsured

motorist policies that provide less coverage than required by the statute are void as

contrary to public policy.”).

LAWSON, J., concurs.

Application for Review of the Decision of the District Court of Appeal – Certified
Direct Conflict of Decisions

      Fifth District - Case No. 5D17-326

      (Hernando County)


vehicle.” The resolution of this case does not depend on that conclusion, and I
would not reach that issue.

                                        - 12 -
Raoul G. Cantero, David P. Draigh, and Zachary B. Dickens of White & Case
LLP, Miami, Florida; and Andrew E. Grigsby of Hinshaw & Culbertson LLP,
Coral Gables, Florida,

      for Petitioner

John N. Bogdanoff and Christopher V. Carlyle of The Carlyle Appellate Law Firm,
Orlando, Florida; and Anthony T. Martino of Clark & Martino, P.A., Tampa,
Florida,

      for Respondent




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