United States Court of Appeals
                      For the First Circuit


No. 18-1907

                     UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                             Appellee,

                                v.

                    FREDDIE A. FUENTES-MORENO,
                     a/k/a Tinta, a/k/a Marca,

                       Defendant, Appellant.


          APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                 FOR THE DISTRICT OF PUERTO RICO

         [Hon. Francisco A. Besosa, U.S. District Judge]


                              Before

                        Howard, Chief Judge,
              Torruella and Thompson, Circuit Judges.



     Rafael F. Castro Lang for appellant.
     John Alex Romano, Criminal Division, United States Department
of Justice, with whom Rosa Emilia Rodríguez-Vélez, United States
Attorney, Mariana E. Bauzá-Almonte, Assistant United States
Attorney, Chief, Appellate Division, and Thomas F. Klumper,
Assistant United States Attorney, Senior Appellate Counsel, were
on brief, for appellee.


                           April 1, 2020
             THOMPSON, Circuit Judge. Defendant-Appellant Freddie A.

Fuentes-Moreno says the district court abused its discretion in

giving    him   a    consecutive     144-month      sentence   for    two   robbery

convictions,        rather    than   making    it    concurrent      with   another

sentence he was already serving at the time he was sentenced for

the robberies.       We disagree and so we affirm.

BACKGROUND

             Fuentes's appeal pertains to an offense that occurred in

February 2017 but didn't get charged until February 2018.                   Because

Fuentes   contests      the    sentence's     consecutive      application    to   a

different sentence that he was already set to serve at the time he

was charged in 2018, we start by quickly summarizing Fuentes's

criminal history.1

             In 2012, Fuentes was indicted for possession of a firearm

in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime.              See Complaint, United

States v. Freddie A. Fuentes-Moreno, No. 12-CR-093 (CCC) (D. P.R.

Feb. 3, 2012), ECF No. 1 ("Case No. 12-093").                  He entered into a

plea agreement and on December 3, 2012, was sentenced to 60 months

incarceration and 5 years supervised release.                     His supervised

release began August 19, 2016.



1 Because this appeal follows a guilty plea, "we glean the relevant
facts from the plea agreement, the undisputed sections of the
presentence investigation report (PSR), and the transcripts of his
change-of-plea and sentencing hearings." United States v. Ubiles-
Rosario, 

, 280 n.2 (1st Cir. 2017) (citing United
States v. Lasalle González, 

, 52 (1st Cir. 2017)).


                                       - 2 -
             Less than one year into its term, Fuentes violated his

release provisions when on March 1, 2017, he was arrested and

indicted for being a prohibited person in possession of a firearm.

See Complaint, United States v. Freddie A. Fuentes-Moreno, No. 17-

CR-148 (GAG) (D. P.R. Mar. 1, 2017), ECF No. 1 ("Case No. 17-148"

or the "March 1 firearm offense").            As a result of the new charge,

the court revoked Fuentes's supervised release term from Case No.

12-093 on July 12, 2017 and imposed a 10-month revocation sentence

(the "Revocation Sentence"). On the new firearm possession charge,

Fuentes   entered      a   straight   guilty     plea   (i.e.,    sans    a   plea

agreement), and on September 12, 2017, he received a 40 months

sentence consecutive to the 10-month revocation imposition.

             While serving the 10, Fuentes and three co-defendants

were indicted for a couple of earlier criminal romps that had

occurred before Fuentes was reincarcerated, namely two robberies

that   had     taken   place    on    February     4,   2017     (the    "Humacao

Robberies").2     The first robbery happened in the morning at a gas

station   in    Humacao,    Puerto    Rico.      Alongside     his    companions,

Fuentes, armed with a gun, entered the gas station and demanded

money from the gas station attendant.            But the employee, protected

by a glass enclosure, refused to cooperate and hid.                  As a result,




2 Approximately one month before the March 1 firearm offense and
therefore during the term of supervised release from his 2012
offense.


                                      - 3 -
Fuentes and crew fled with two cellphone chargers and two candy

bars.        Dissatisfied with their morning spoils, the four co-

defendants tried their luck again later in the day at a Humacao

supermarket.        While one co-defendant remained in the getaway car,

Fuentes (still armed) and the others walked into the store and

took at gunpoint $1,400 in cash and $800 in merchandise.

              In connection with the Humacao Robberies, a grand jury

returned      a    five-count     Second    Superseding        Indictment    charging

Fuentes and his three co-defendants on February 7, 2018.                      Fuentes

was charged with:            1) two counts of aiding and abetting in

interfering         with    commerce       by      robbery,     in   violation     of

18 U.S.C. §§ 1951 and 2, (Counts One and Three); 2) two counts of

aiding and abetting in carrying, using and brandishing a firearm

during and in relation to a crime of violence, in violation of

18 U.S.C. §§ 924(c)(1)(A)(ii) and 2 (Counts Two and Four); and 3)

being a felon in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C.

§§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2) (Count Five).

              Fuentes initially pleaded not guilty, but on June 11,

2018, at a Rule 11 change of plea hearing, he entered into a guilty

plea    as    to   Counts   One    and     Three    of   the    Second   Superseding

Indictment (details found in "the Plea Agreement").3                        As to the


3 In the Plea Agreement, the parties stipulated to a Base Offense
Level of 20 for both offenses under U.S Sentencing Guideline
(U.S.S.G.) § 2B3.1(a) and a 5-level enhancement for brandishing a



                                         - 4 -
Plea     Agreement's      sentencing      recommendation,       Fuentes     and   the

government were in accord:                "[t]aking into consideration that

Counts     Two,    Four    and   Five       [would]    be     dismissed."         They

"recommend[ed] as to each count of conviction [Counts One and

Three] imprisonment sentences of 12 years [144 months], to be

served     concurrently      with     each      other."       Both   parties      also

"reserve[d]       the   right    to      recommend    at    sentencing    that    the

imprisonment sentences imposed in this case be served concurrently

to any imprisonment sentence previously imposed on defendant,"

specifically, the parties reserved the right to request a sentence

to run concurrent with the 40 month sentence for the March 1

firearm offense (which to refresh, ran consecutive to the 10 month

Revocation     Sentence).4          In    the     agreement    Fuentes    expressly

acknowledged certain provisions relevant to the present appeal:

1) the sentence was within the sound discretion of the court and

the advisory Sentencing Guidelines, and 2) the court was not bound

by the parties' Plea Agreement, sentencing calculations and/or




firearm under U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1(b)(2)(C).        With a two-level
enhancement for the grouping of the offenses (U.S.S.G. § 3D1.4(a))
and a 3-level downward adjustment for acceptance of responsibility
(U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1), the parties agreed to a Total Offense Level
(TOL) of 24. The parties did not stipulate to a Criminal History
Category (CHC) in the Plea Agreement.
4 Fuentes specifically notes in his brief that he is requesting
concurrency only with the sentence for the March 1 firearm offense,
not his 10-month Revocation Sentence.


                                          - 5 -
recommendations.        Finally,      it    contained    a     waiver    of   appeal

provision (the "Waiver Provision" that we'll get to in a minute).

            Before accepting Fuentes's guilty plea, the district

court assured itself of Fuentes's competency and explained to him

all the ramifications of pleading guilty, such as waiving his right

to a trial.    The judge next recounted the factual events leading

to Counts One and Three, and he reconfirmed with Fuentes his

decision to plead guilty to those Counts.                He then inquired into

Fuentes's understanding of both the Sentencing Guidelines and of

the judge's absolute discretion to depart from those Guidelines in

sentencing Fuentes.         After directing the government to spell out

the factual events leading to the Counts One and Three charges,

and after again confirming Fuentes's decision to plead guilty, the

judge accepted the plea and adjudged Fuentes guilty.                    Lastly, the

district    judge    ordered   probation       to    prepare    a   Pre-Sentencing

Report ("PSR") "to assist in" sentencing which, weeks later, it

did.

            Here's    how    the   PSR     determined    Fuentes's       sentencing

calculus.     It laid out the details of Fuentes's background and

offenses and assessed a TOL of 24, just as in the Plea Agreement,

and a CHC of IV based on eight criminal history points:                   three for

each prior conviction (Case Nos. 12-093 and 17-148; U.S.S.G.

§ 4A1.1(a)) and two for committing the robberies while serving his

term   of   supervised      release      for   his    2012     offense    (U.S.S.G.


                                      - 6 -
§ 4A1.1(d)).      The PSR also noted that in an interview on June 10,

2018, when Fuentes accepted responsibility for the robberies, he

also made a statement that "the firearm he possessed [during the

Humacao Robberies was] the same that he was charged with in [Case

No.] 17-148,"5 the March 1 firearm offense.

            The        PSR   further     set    forth      the    maximum    term     of

imprisonment -- 20 years -- for Counts One and Three, and based

upon   a   TOL    of    24   and   CHC   of    IV,    determined      the   Guidelines

imprisonment range was 77-96 months.                  The PSR then accounted for

how the Plea Agreement benefitted Fuentes, as he received:                            a

three-level reduction in his offense level by pleading guilty; a

dismissal of the remaining counts; and a joint recommendation of

imprisonment sentences of 12 years on each of the pled-to counts,

to be served concurrently with each other.                     The report also noted

that had Fuentes been convicted for Counts Two and Four, he would

have been subject to a minimum imprisonment of 25 years on each on

those counts, to be served consecutive to each other, for a total

minimum    imprisonment       of   50    years,      to   be   then   followed   by   a

consecutive term of imprisonment for Counts One and Three.




5 The criminal complaint for Case No. 17-148, the March 1 firearm
offense, includes a statement from Fuentes that he had purchased
the gun of which he was in possession "after he got out of jail
months   ago,"   presumably  after   completing   the  60   months
incarceration for Case No. 12-093 and before the Humacao Robberies
and the March 1 firearm offense. This complaint was not presented
to the district court.


                                         - 7 -
            A few weeks before sentencing, Fuentes notified the

government by email of his objections to the PSR, including as

relevant here, "Objection 1:        Conviction in Criminal Number 17-

148 [the March 1 firearm offense] should be considered relevant

conduct because the firearm for which he was charged in the

aforementioned case is the same used to commit the [Humacao

Robberies]."       In response Probation filed an Addendum to the PSR

the week before the sentencing hearing, stating "[a]t this time,

there is no evidence to support that both cases involve the same

weapon.     As such, cannot be considered relevant conduct in the

case."    Why Fuentes wanted his March 1 firearm offense to be

considered "relevant conduct" to the Humacao Robberies will soon

become clear.

            At the very beginning of the sentencing hearing held on

September    11,    2018,   Fuentes's   counsel   raised   this   "relevant

conduct" issue:

            THE COURT: Ms. Carrillo, is there anything you
            would like to say on behalf of Mr. Fuentes
            before I pronounce sentence?
            FUENTES'S COUNSEL: Your Honor, we just ask the
            Court -- there is a PSR, which I believe that
            encompasses all the information this Court
            needs at the time of imposing sentence. There
            is only an issue that is pending as to the
            relevant conduct, to see if it's possible this
            Court can sentence this Defendant concurrent
            to the [40 months] sentence that he is right
            now serving, possession of a firearm, which
            was a sentence that was imposed on September
            2017. At that point in time, this Defendant



                                   - 8 -
was arrested with a Glock 26, which was the
same firearm that was used in --
THE COURT: We really don't know that.
FUENTES'S COUNSEL: Well, Your Honor, we have
a statement of the Defendant that he has
informed the Court and myself that it was his
firearm. So we do have --
THE COURT: The probation officer wasn't able
to corroborate that.
FUENTES'S COUNSEL: But the Government has
information that at least the weapon that he
used on the commission of this offense was a
Glock 26. We do not, obviously --
THE COURT: Why should it be relevant conduct
if just using the same firearm?
FUENTES'S COUNSEL: Well, Your Honor, it was a
possession at that time. What we are asking at
this point -- we are have an agreement --
THE COURT: The 924(c) counts [Counts 2 and 4]
in this case are being dismissed.
FUENTES'S COUNSEL: Yes, Your Honor. We do
understand, but there is two point enhancement
for the possession of -- the use of a firearm
in this case.
THE COURT: Exactly. He used it.
FUENTES'S COUNSEL: That is correct, Your
Honor. And --
THE COURT: It doesn't really matter if it was
the same firearm that he used before.
FUENTES'S COUNSEL: Your Honor, what we are
asking is that, since this is a case in which
there is a plea agreement of 12 years, which
is lengthy sentence, and he is already serving
an extra time, we just ask the Court to
sentence this concurrent --
THE COURT: Well, that's different. You are
requesting concurrence.
FUENTES'S COUNSEL: Yes, that is what we are
requesting, Your Honor.
THE COURT: Not necessarily because it was the
same firearm or because it was relevant
conduct. You are just requesting concurrence.
FUENTES'S COUNSEL: Yes. We are requesting
concurrence because of the kind of firearm
that was used. It was the same. But, Your
Honor, I really don't care if it's as to the
criminal history, the points of relevancy. I


                    - 9 -
          am just asking that this be sentenced
          concurrent. And based on the plea agreement,
          we, the Government and I, agree that I could
          request such sentence.

The government then engaged:

          GOVERNMENT: Your Honor, with respect to the
          relevant conduct issue and to sister counsel's
          argument, the information that the Government
          has is that the gun that the Defendant used to
          commit the robberies was a Glock, Model 26,
          which was provided to him by someone in order
          to commit the robbery, and that it was a gun
          from a criminal organization, what's often
          called a gun from el caserio, which is handed
          around in order to commit crimes.
          THE COURT: Probably rented.
          GOVERNMENT: We do not know whether it was the
          same gun because it was not seized. The
          robbery was committed early February, and he
          was arrested in March. So we do not know
          whether the gun that he had on him when he was
          arrested in March was the same gun.

After this, and at the court's invitation, Fuentes made his

allocution (i.e., made his formal statement to the court conveying

any information that could assist in sentencing), expressing his

remorse   and    regret,   after   which    the   court   proceeded   with

sentencing.     The judge accepted the PSR's and Plea Agreement's TOL

of 24 and CHC of IV, explained why he did so and found the

Guidelines imprisonment range to be 77-96 months.          He then turned

to the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) considerations, accounting for Fuentes's

personal and medical history, and clarified why he was accepting

the parties' recommendation for an above-Guidelines sentence:

          The Court will vary from the advisory
          guidelines in order to reflect the seriousness


                                   - 10 -
           of the offenses, based on conduct dismissed as
           part of the plea agreement, conduct that did
           not enter into the determination of the
           applicable guideline range, pursuant to the
           provisions of sentencing guideline section
           5K2.21.     In addition to the counts of
           conviction, Mr. Fuentes was also charged with
           two counts of violation of being in possession
           of a firearm in furtherance of a drug
           trafficking crime, and one count of being a
           felon in possession of a firearm. These counts
           will be dismissed pursuant to the plea
           agreement. The Court finds that the sentence
           to which the parties agreed reflects the
           seriousness of the offense, promotes respect
           for the law, protects the public from further
           crimes by Mr. Fuentes, and addresses the
           issues of deterrence and punishment.

           The district court meted out 144 months each on Counts

One and Three, "to be served concurrently with each other, but

consecutively to the sentence imposed by Judge Gelpi in Criminal

Case No. 17-148 and the revocation sentence imposed by Judge Cerezo

in Case No. 12-093."

           Unhappy with the application of a consecutive sentence,

Fuentes timely appeals here and requests a remand for resentencing

before a different judge.6

ANALYSIS

                          What and How to Review

           On   appeal,    Fuentes   argues   that   his   sentence   was

procedurally and substantively unreasonable.         The two purported




6 Given our affirmation of Fuentes's sentence his remand request
is moot.


                                  - 11 -
procedural errors are: 1) his sentence's consecutive, rather than

concurrent, application to his sentence for the March 1, 2017

firearm offense, and 2) that his CHC was calculated to be IV,

rather than III, leading to "an incorrect guideline imprisonment

range which should have been 63-78 months instead of 77-96 months."

And   Fuentes   argues   that   his      sentence   was   substantively

unreasonable because of the "magnitude" of the district court's

purported procedural sentencing error.

           Before we jump into the merits of Fuentes's arguments,

we must first address the metaphorical elephant in the Plea

Agreement -- at least when it comes to an appeal of a sentence

subject to such an agreement:     the Waiver Provision.      Generally,

"[s]uch a provision forecloses appellate review of many claims of

error." United States v. Chambers, 

, 27 (1st Cir. 2013)

(citing United States v. Nguyen, 

, 74–76 (1st Cir.

2010); United States v. Gil–Quezada, 

, 36–39 (1st Cir.

2006)).   But the government agrees with Fuentes and concedes, for

reason unimportant to this appeal, that the Waiver Provision in

Fuentes's Plea Agreement does not foreclose his ability to appeal

the consecutive nature of his sentence.

           The parties disagree, however, as to whether the Waiver

Provision forecloses Fuentes's ability to now raise his secondary

argument that his sentence was procedurally unreasonable because

the district court "improperly increased Fuentes's[] criminal


                                - 12 -
history category from III to IV which also created an incorrect

guideline imprisonment range which should have been 63-78 months

instead of 77-96 months." Fuentes argues that the Waiver Provision

does not foreclose appeal of this argument either, because the

same cause that gave rise to the first purported error (that the

sentence was applied consecutively) begot the secondary one --

that is, the court's failure to find the March 1 firearm offense

to be "relevant conduct" to the Humacao Robberies led to the

consecutive       sentence     and    the    improper    CHC.    The   government

disagrees that Fuentes can now appeal the district court's CHC

determination for three reasons:               1) the Plea Agreement's Waiver

Provision wholesale forecloses Fuentes's CHC argument; 2) Fuentes

explicitly relinquished his CHC claim in front of the district

court at sentencing; and 3) Fuentes fails to present on appeal any

cognizable        analysis    that    the     court     improperly   applied    the

Guidelines.

             We    agree     with    the    government's    first    argument   and

therefore need not opine on the last two.                  We elaborate some on

the first:    Fuentes forsook his responsibility to demonstrate that

the Waiver Provision does not apply to his CHC argument when he

provided neither case law nor factual support for this contention

in his opening brief.           And so "[w]here, as here, the defendant

simply ignores the waiver and seeks to argue the appeal as if no

waiver ever had been executed [as to the CHC contention], he


                                       - 13 -
forfeits any right to contend either that the waiver should not be

enforced or that it does not apply."    United States v. Miliano,

, 608 (1st Cir. 2007); see United States v. Colón-

Rosario, 

, 310 (1st Cir. 2019).7    We need say no more

and move onto our assessment of Fuentes's only reviewable argument.

                    Procedural Reasonableness

          Fuentes says his sentence is procedurally unreasonable

because it runs consecutive to, rather than concurrent with, his

sentence for the March 1, 2017 firearm offense.     Before getting

into the nitty gritty of the argument, we elucidate the lens




7 The court can, in its discretion, "forgive a defendant's failure
to brief the reasons why a waiver should not be construed to bar
an appeal -- but that discretion should be exercised only when
doing so is necessary in order to avoid a clear and gross
injustice." 

. Such cases are rare,

is clearly not such a case: (1) the Plea Agreement signed
by Fuentes contains a "clear statement elucidating the waiver and
delineating its scope," United States v. Villodas-Rosario, 

, 15 (1st Cir. 2018) (quoting United States v. Teeter, 

, 24 (1st Cir. 2001)); (2) "the district court ensure[d]
that '[Fuentes] freely and intelligently agreed to waive h[is]
right to appeal h[is] forthcoming sentence' by inquiring
'specifically at the change-of-the-plea hearing into any waiver of
appellate rights,'" id.; see also Transcript of Change of Plea
Hearing at 12, United States v. Freddie A. Fuentes-Moreno, No. 17-
CR-167 (FAB) (D. P.R. June 11, 2018), ECF No. 178 ("THE COURT: Do
you understand that if I do sentence you according to the terms,
conditions, and recommendations contained in the plea agreement,
you waive and give up your right to appeal your sentence and the
judgment in the case? DEFENDANT FUENTES[]: Yes."); and (3) "the
denial of the right to appeal would not 'work a miscarriage of
justice,'" id.; see also United States v. Calderón-Pacheco, 

, 59 (1st Cir. 2009).


                              - 14 -
through which we will review this argument -- that is, what

standard of review this court will apply.

          Generally, courts of appeals review "[p]reserved claims

of sentencing error" for an abuse of discretion.       United States v.

Soto-Soto, 

, 448 (1st Cir. 2017).        But the government

contends Fuentes did not preserve his arguments below and therefore

that they should be reviewed only for plain error. See

loses even under the more defendant-friendly standard, we

opt to bypass the issue of preservation and review for abuse of

discretion.   See United States v. Nieves-Mercado, 

, 41

(1st Cir. 2017) ("The government contends that the plain error

standard applies to certain of Nieves's arguments on appeal, but

we sidestep that question because Nieves's arguments fail under

even the more favorable abuse of discretion standard."); United

States v. Figueroa-Figueroa, 

, 190–91 (1st Cir. 2015).

          Reviewing a sentencing determination "under [the abuse

of discretion] standard generally involves a two-step process:

First,   we   determine   whether   the   district    court   committed

procedural error.    Second, if there was no procedural error, we

determine whether the sentence was substantively reasonable."

United States v. Maldonado-Escarfullery, 

, 97 (1st Cir.

2012) (citing Gall v. United States, 

, 51 (2007));

United States v. Ruiz-Huertas, 

, 226 (1st Cir. 2015).

That said, "our abuse of discretion standard in this context [i]s


                               - 15 -
'multifaceted,' as we apply clear error review to factual findings,

de   novo   review   to   interpretations   and    applications   of   the

guidelines, and abuse of discretion review to judgment calls."

(citing United States v. Serunjogi,

, 142 (1st Cir. 2014)).

            What underlies Fuentes's assertion that his sentence is

procedurally unreasonable because it should have been a concurrent

rather than a consecutive sentence is one singular decision by the

district court:      that it did not find Fuentes had used the same

gun in his March 1 firearm offense as in the Humacao Robberies.

Fuentes argues that this misstep had a ripple effect which led the

court to not have deemed the March 1 firearm offense "relevant

conduct" to the Humacao Robberies, and, in turn, this "denial of

relatedness" caused the district court to abuse its discretion

when it imposed the consecutive sentence.         We review that alleged

failure -- the district court's factual finding -- for clear error,

a "significant procedural error" arises when

a district court "select[s] a sentence based on clearly erroneous

facts" or "[improperly calculates] the Guidelines range."         United

States v. Sayer, 

, 37 (1st Cir. 2019) (quoting 

).     As we'll see, neither arises here.

            Before we delve deeply into Fuentes's argument, we take

a quick detour to explain how Fuentes connects the U.S. Sentencing

Guidelines dots to get from the alleged use of the same gun in two


                                 - 16 -
different offenses to the supposed compelled imposition of a

concurrent sentence.   From there we will turn to an analysis of

the district court's factual determination and then close out our

discussion with an analysis of the substantive reasonableness of

the sentence.

                   The Sentencing Guidelines8

          Fuentes first points to U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(1) for its

definition of "relevant conduct."     United States v. Santiago-

Burgos, 

, 24 (1st Cir. 2014).   U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(1)-

(3) establishes "relevant conduct" as:

          (1) (A) all acts and omissions committed,
          aided,    abetted,    counseled,    commanded,
          induced, procured, or willfully caused by the
          defendant; and
               (B) in the case of a jointly undertaken
               criminal activity (a criminal plan,
               scheme,    endeavor,     or    enterprise
               undertaken by the defendant in concert
               with others, whether or not charged as a
               conspiracy), all acts and omissions of
               others that were—
                    (i) within the scope of the jointly
                    undertaken criminal activity,
                    (ii) in furtherance of that criminal
                    activity, and
                    (iii) reasonably foreseeable in
                    connection    with   that   criminal
                    activity; that occurred during the
                    commission   of    the  offense   of
                    conviction, in preparation for that
                    offense, or in the course of


8 The district court applied the November 1st, 2016 Edition of the
Sentencing Guidelines "because the Sentencing Commission did not
promulgate any new amendments to become effective on November 1,
2017."


                             - 17 -
                    attempting to avoid detection or
                    responsibility for that offense;
          (2) solely with respect to offenses of a
          character for which § 3D1.2(d) would require
          grouping of multiple counts, all acts and
          omissions described in subdivisions (1)(A) and
          (1)(B) above that were part of the same course
          of conduct or common scheme or plan as the
          offense of conviction;
          (3) all harm that resulted from the acts and
          omissions specified in subsections (a)(1) and
          (a)(2) above, and all harm that was the object
          of such acts and omissions[.]

U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(1)-(3) (emphasis added).        The Commentary to

this section sheds more light on the emphasized text.9          See United

States v. McElroy, 

, 88 (1st Cir. 2009) ("In determining

whether state tax evasion constitutes relevant conduct, we look to

the commentary to § 1B1.3.").

          The   reference   to   U.S.S.G.   §   3D1.2(d)   in    U.S.S.G.

§ 1B1.3(1) draws us to look there:

          All counts involving substantially the same
          harm shall be grouped together into a single
          Group. Counts involve substantially the same
          harm within the meaning of this rule: . . .
          (d) When the offense level is determined

9 To qualify as part of a same "common scheme or plan," the acts
"must be substantially connected to each other by at least one
common factor, such as common victims, common accomplices, common
purpose, or similar modus operandi."      U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3, cmt.
n.5(B)(i). Where the offenses do not qualify as part of a common
scheme or plan, they "may nonetheless qualify as part of the same
course of conduct if they are sufficiently . . . related" as to
conclude "they are part of a single episode, spree, or ongoing
series of offenses."

n.5(B)(ii). Factors used in
making this course of conduct determination include "the degree of
similarity of the offenses, the regularity (repetitions) of the
offenses, and the time interval between the offenses."

-
            largely on the basis of the total amount of
            harm or loss, the quantity of a substance
            involved, or some other measure of aggregate
            harm, or if the offense behavior is ongoing or
            continuous in nature and the offense guideline
            is written to cover such behavior.

U.S.S.G. § 3D1.2(d) (emphasis added).10

            Fuentes argues that the district court should have read

these Sentencing Guidelines provisions together to deem the March

1 firearm offense "relevant conduct" to the Humacao Robberies,

since, in his mind, the (allegedly) same gun "was singular as to

both offenses and constituted 'part of the same conduct or common

scheme or plan as the offense of conviction.'" Fuentes then argues

that finding the March 1 firearm offense to be "relevant conduct"

to the Humacao Robberies would trigger an application of U.S.S.G

§ 5G1.3(b)11 to compel the instant sentence to run concurrent with



10 The government points out that Fuentes's citation to U.S.S.G.
§ 3D1.2(c), in addition to U.S.S.G. § 3D1.2(d), in his opening
brief is inappropriate because U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(1)-(3) does
not, in fact, reference that subsection. Since Fuentes provides
no argument as to why 3D1.2(c) is relevant in this context, we
need not consider it. United States v. Zannino, 

, 17
(1st Cir. 1990).
11   That guideline reads:

            If . . . a term of imprisonment resulted from
            another offense that is relevant conduct to
            the instant offense of conviction under the
            provisions of subsections (a)(1), (a)(2), or
            (a)(3) of § 1B1.3 (Relevant Conduct), the
            sentence for the instant offense shall be
            imposed as follows: (1) the court shall adjust
            the sentence for any period of imprisonment



                               - 19 -
the "undischarged" sentence (for the March 1 firearm offense).

U.S.S.G § 5G1.3(b).

             The   government   counters       with   its   own   Guidelines

arguments:     first, that Fuentes waived his right to assert the

application of U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3 because he failed to raise it at

sentencing, and even if he did not waive that argument, it should

be reviewed only for plain error.        Second, that because robbery is

not an offense eligible for grouping with a prior felon-in-

possession offense under U.S.S.G. § 3D1.2(d), the March 1 firearm

offense cannot be "relevant conduct" to the Humacao Robberies; and

even if the robberies were eligible for such grouping, they did

not occur, as required by U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3, in preparation, during

the commission, or in the course of attempting to avoid detection

or responsibility, for the March 1 firearm offense, and therefore

the latter is not "relevant conduct" to the former.

                                    Our Take

             Although   we   have    considered   the    arguments   Fuentes

advances on appeal, in the end, his relevant conduct contentions

rise or fall on our resolution of one issue:            whether the district



             already served on the undischarged term of
             imprisonment if the court determines that such
             period of imprisonment will not be credited to
             the federal sentence by the Bureau of Prisons;
             and (2) the sentence for the instant offense
             shall be imposed to run concurrently to the
             remainder   of   the  undischarged   term   of
             imprisonment.


                                     - 20 -
court clearly erred in its fact finding.    The "court's application

of U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3 depend[s] on an evaluation and weighing of the

factual details."    United States v. McVey, 

, 610 (4th

Cir. 2014); see also United States v. Montalvo-Febus, 

,

33-35 (1st Cir. 2019).

              The District Court's Factual Determination

             Fuentes, as defendant, bore the burden of demonstrating

the facts necessary for the district court to conclude that the

March 1 firearm offense was relevant conduct to the Humacao

Robberies.    See United States v. Rentas-Muñiz, 

, 4 (1st

Cir. 2018); 

; United States v.

Carrasco-De-Jesús, 

, 28 (1st Cir. 2009) ("A defendant

bears the burden of proving the applicability of a guideline

provision that will ameliorate [his] sentence."); United States v.

Schrode, 

, 551 (7th Cir. 2016) (explaining that it is

"the defendant's burden to demonstrate that the conduct which led

to his [previous] sentences is relevant conduct to his [instant]

offense").    To carry this burden, Fuentes, as noted, offered just

one fact:    that he had used the same gun for the Humacao Robberies

as for the March 1 firearm offense.12    Fuentes argues that he met



12 During sentencing the district judge himself asked:    "[w]hy
should it be relevant conduct if just using the same firearm?"
The parties offered no answer at the time (nor do they now), and
because we can resolve this issue on other grounds, we need not
ponder this question here.



                                - 21 -
his burden of proving this fact and the district court was wrong

to find otherwise.   The government disagrees.

          Fuentes urges that two separate statements he made to

law enforcement in connection with both offenses reinforce each

other to prove that he used the same gun for both.      The first is

that "when he was arrested on March 1, 2017 with the Glock pistol

object of indictment in [Case No.] 17-148 . . . Fuentes[] . . .

informed [the agents] that[] 'he was the owner of [the] Glock

pistol . . . .   When asked for more information about how he had

obtained the firearm, Fuentes[] stated he had bought the pistol

after he got out of jail months ago.'"13         Fuentes argues that

"[w]hat made [this statement] particularly trustworthy [wa]s the

fact that when he was detained on March 1, 2017 . . . he had not

even been identified nor indicted for the [Humacao Robberies],"

giving him "no reason to lie at that time or to make up a story

about when he purchased the firearm."   Tracing Fuentes's logic, we

understand he believes that since in this statement he owned up to

purchasing the gun used in the March 1 firearm offense "after he

got out of jail months ago," he must have used that same gun during

the February Humacao Robberies.




13 This complaint and particular statement were not presented to
the district court at all. See supra note 5. Because we find,
even if this complaint were properly in the record for our review,
that Fuentes's argument would fail, we bypass this issue.


                              - 22 -
           The second statement involves Fuentes's "Pre-Sentence

Report   interview   in   [the     Humacao   Robberies],   [during   which]

Fuentes[] informed the probation officer that the pistol he had

used [during the Humacao Robberies] [wa]s the same that he was

charged with in [Case No.] 17-148 [the March 1 firearm offense]."

Fuentes argues that his "assertion[s] had sufficient indicia of

reliability," and that the district court was wrong to "requir[e]

the self-made rule of corroboration" when it noted at sentencing

that "[t]he probation officer wasn't able to corroborate" that the

same gun had been used.

           What Fuentes misses, however, is that "a sentencing

court has wide discretion to decide whether particular evidence is

sufficiently reliable to be used at sentencing."           

(quoting United States v. Cintrón-Echautegui, 

, 6 (1st Cir. 2010)); see also United States v. Mills, 

, 16 (1st Cir. 2013) ("the court has considerable leeway in

deciding   whether   particular      evidence   is   reliable   enough    for

sentencing purposes").     Beyond the statements Fuentes points to,

he presented no other evidence that the same gun was used. Fuentes

complains that the government's inability to verify the identity

of the gun should not damn his case, but other than his bare

statements,   he   provides   no    other    affirmative   confirmation   --

physical, testing, or otherwise -- that it was the same gun.              The

burden was on Fuentes, and we cannot say the district court clearly


                                    - 23 -
erred in not buying his story.            United States v. Torres-Landrúa,

, 64 (1st Cir. 2015) ("We have recognized that the

district court has 'almost unfettered discretion in determining

what   information    it    will   hear    and   rely    upon   in   sentencing

deliberations,' and to decide 'not only the relevance but also the

reliability   of    the    sentencing     information.'"    (quoting    United

States v. Geer, 

, 897 (1st Cir. 1991) (internal

quotation   marks    and    citations      omitted)));    United     States   v.

Gallardo-Ortiz, 

, 811 (1st Cir. 2012) ("the sentencing

judge may consider all relevant information that has 'sufficient

indicia of reliability to support its probable accuracy' . . . the

sentencing court 'has wide discretion to decide whether particular

evidence is sufficiently reliable to be used at sentencing.'"

(quoting 

)); 

("A lack of evidence on a critical point is an

insurmountable obstacle for the party who has the burden of proof

on that point."); see also 

; United

States v. Cruz-Rodríguez, 

, 36 (1st Cir. 2008).

            Therefore, viewing the record as a whole and finding no

clear error, it follows that the district court did not abuse its

discretion in imposing a consecutive sentence.                  See Figueroa-

–93; United States v. Freeman, 788 F.

App'x 7, 7-8 (D.C. Cir. 2019).




                                   - 24 -
                        Substantive Reasonableness

            Fuentes     preserved    his    "appellate       challenge     to   the

substantive reasonableness of [his] sentence," Holguin-Hernandez

v. United States, 

, 766–67 (2020), when he advocated

for a concurrent sentence in front of the district court, and so

we review here for abuse of discretion.

here

agree that "the inquiry for substantive reasonableness is whether

the sentencing rationale is plausibly reasoned and resulted in a

defensible outcome."       United States v. Alejandro-Rosado, 

, 440 (1st Cir. 2017).

            But      Fuentes's     argument      that      his    sentence      was

substantively unreasonable wears thin. From what we can understand

in   his   opening    brief,     Fuentes   claims    that    since   the   above-

Guidelines 144-month sentence accounted for the dismissed counts

that dealt with firearm possession (Counts Two, Four, and Five),

imposing the sentence consecutively, rather than concurrently, to

Fuentes's    March     1   firearm     offense      was     substantive     error.

Essentially, he argues that the "magnitude" of the district court's

procedural sentencing error "should lead [this court] to conclude

that substantive sentencing error also occurred."

            The government, of course, thinks otherwise and that

Fuentes's    144-month     consecutive        sentence      was   substantively

reasonable, since it:          1) was well below the 20-year statutory

maximum for the robbery offenses; 2) matched what the parties had


                                     - 25 -
agreed to in the Plea Agreement; and 3) was supported by a

plausible and defensible rationale and sufficient explanation from

the district court.     The government notes that the district court

in imposing the sentence had "properly relied on the nature,

seriousness and circumstances of the offense, the significant deal

obtained with the [P]lea [A]greement, Fuentes's lack of respect

for the law, the need for deterrence, and the need to protect the

public from further crimes by Fuentes."

            "As a general matter, a reviewing court is not at liberty

to second-guess a sentencing court's reasoned judgments about

matters committed to the sentencing court's discretion."          United

States v. Matos-de-Jesús, 

, 179 (1st Cir. 2017).

"Consistent with this principle, the substantive reasonableness of

a sentence turns on whether the sentencing court articulated 'a

plausible     sentencing    rationale'    and   reached   'a   defensible

result.'"

States v. Martin, 
520 F.3d 87
, 96

(1st Cir. 2008)).    "There is more than one reasonable sentence in

virtually any case, and we will vacate a procedurally correct

sentence as substantively unreasonable only if it lies outside the

expansive boundaries that surround the universe of reasonable

sentences."
    Id. (internal quotations 
omitted).     "This is a highly

deferential standard of review, and it applies full-bore to non-

guideline sentences."
      

States v. Vargas-García,

794 F.3d 162
, 167 (1st Cir. 2015)).


                                 - 26 -
            We   conclude   that    the     district    court   provided     "a

plausible sentencing rationale and a defensible result."              Nieves-

Mercado, 847 F.3d at 42 
(citing 
Martin, 520 F.3d at 96
).                    The

district court spelled out its rationale during sentencing:

            The Court will vary from the advisory
            guidelines in order to reflect the seriousness
            of the offenses, based on conduct dismissed as
            part of the plea agreement, conduct that did
            not enter into the determination of the
            applicable guideline range, pursuant to the
            provisions of sentencing guideline section
            5K2.21.     In addition to the counts of
            conviction, Mr. Fuentes was also charged with
            two counts of violation of being in possession
            of a firearm in furtherance of a drug
            trafficking crime, and one count of being a
            felon in possession of a firearm. These counts
            will be dismissed pursuant to the plea
            agreement. The Court finds that the sentence
            to which the parties agreed reflects the
            seriousness of the offense, promotes respect
            for the law, protects the public from further
            crimes by Mr. Fuentes, and addresses the
            issues of deterrence and punishment.

This    articulation,   combined    with     a    recitation    of   Fuentes's

personal    characteristics,14     allows    us    to   determine    that   the



14   The district court recited:

            Mr. Fuentes is 27 years old.      He has not
            completed high school and was unemployed when
            he committed his offenses. He has one son.
            He is physically healthy, but was receiving
            mental health treatment while on supervised
            release . . . family members have indicated
            that Mr. Fuentes may suffer from attention
            deficit hyperactivity disorder.    There is a
            history of schizophrenia in his family.    He
            has   reported    history   of    using   and



                                   - 27 -
sentence was "plausibly reasoned."   See 
Alejandro-Rosado, 878 F.3d

at 441 
("Where district courts stress the factors that lead to its

sentence and explain the purposes for the sentence, we have upheld

its reasoning.").    The sentence is further "defensible" where, as

here, the imposed sentence is identical to that agreed-upon by the

parties in the Plea Agreement, which itself notes that Fuentes was

"aware that his sentence [was] within the sound discretion of the

sentencing judge . . . [and] that the [district court] [was] not

. . . bound by the [Plea Agreement] or the sentencing calculations

and recommendations contained [t]herein."15     See, e.g., United

States v. Vega-Salgado, 
769 F.3d 100
, 103 (1st Cir. 2014); cf.

United States v. Bermúdez–Meléndez, 
827 F.3d 160
, 166–67 (1st Cir.

2016) (finding substantively reasonable a sentence that was a

"modest increase over the sentence [] that the appellant himself

thought condign").

          When it comes down to it, Fuentes's "only argument as to

substantive unreasonableness is that his sentence was 'marred' by

[a] procedural error," 
Montalvo-Febus, 930 F.3d at 35 
(citing

United States v. Pedroza-Orengo, 
817 F.3d 829
, 837 (1st Cir. 2016))

-- that the district court did not find that Fuentes had used the



          experimenting with cocaine, and with Percocet
          and Xanax pills without a prescription.
15The parties do not dispute that the plea colloquy sufficiently
confirmed Fuentes's comprehension of this aspect of the Plea
Agreement.


                               - 28 -
same   gun   in   the   March   1   firearm   offense   as   in    the   Humacao

Robberies, thereby declining to deem the March 1 firearm offense

"relevant conduct."        But that is a "premise we have [already]

rejected."
    Id.     And "[b]eyond 
that, the facts of this case fully

justify the sentence, which 'resides within the expansive universe

of reasonable sentences.'"
          Id.

CONCLUSION

             Having 
    resolved    Fuentes's   core    complaint        in   the

government's favor, we find that the district court did not abuse

its discretion in imposing a consecutive sentence.                Affirmed.




                                     - 29 -