NOT PRECEDENTIAL

              UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                   FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                        ___________

                            No. 19-2764
                            ___________

                        JAMES W. MOODY,
                                    Appellant

                                  v.

CITY OF PHILADELPHIA; POLICE COMMISSIONER RICHARD ROSS, JR.;
     PHILADELPHIA POLICE DEPARTMENT GUN PERMIT UNIT;
              PHILADELPHIA POLICE DEPARTMENT;
             BOARD OF LICENSES AND INSPECTIONS;
       BRADFORD A. RICHMAN; OFFICER CAVE BADGE #4068;
OFFICER DEEKS BADGE #2860; OFFICER DEEKS PARTNER (UNKNOWN);
SARGENT CHEVELLIN BADGE #356; UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE OFFICER;
           OFFICER; G.P.U. OFC. GREEN; G.P.U. LT. KING;
  G.P.U. EMAIL CORRESPONDENTS PERTAINING TO REVOCATION;
     BRD. L&I PANELIST 1 – 1ST & 2ND REVOCATION HEARING;
     BRD. L&I PANELIST 2 – 1ST & 2ND REVOCATION HEARING;
     BRD. L&I PANELIST 3 – 1ST & 2ND REVOCATION HEARING;
     BRD. L&I PANELIST 4 – 1ST & 2ND REVOCATION HEARING;
    OFC. RAMIREZ; OFC. “HEAVY”; SGT. RYAN; LT. DANDRIDGE;
           VARIOUS OTHER UNKNOWN OFFICERS AND
              AGENTS OF THE CITY IN THIS MATTER
               ____________________________________

            On Appeal from the United States District Court
               for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                       (D.C. No. 2:18-cv-02413)
              District Judge: Honorable Joel H. Slomsky
             ____________________________________
                                      ___________

                   Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                  on March 26, 2020

                 Before: JORDAN, BIBAS, and PHIPPS, Circuit Judges

                              (Opinion filed: April 14, 2020)
                                      ___________

                                       OPINION*
                                      ___________

PER CURIAM

    James Moody appeals the District Court’s order granting Appellees’ Third Motion to

Dismiss and dismissing his Second Amended Complaint with prejudice. The procedural

history of this case and the details of Moody’s claims are well known to the parties and set

forth in the District Court’s opinion, so we need not discuss them at length. Briefly, Moody

was issued a license to carry a firearm. When stopped by Philadelphia police while jogging

and openly carrying a firearm in May 2016, Moody refused to comply with their requests

to show his identification and license. He was briefly detained until police were able to

confirm that he had a license. His license was then revoked on the grounds that he had

“fail[ed] to produce [the license] & placed officers and community in danger.” Second

Amended Complaint, D.C. Dkt. No. 18, ¶ 32. Moody appealed the revocation to the Board

of License and Inspection Review, which affirmed the revocation after an evidentiary




*
  This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
                                             2
hearing. While his appeal to the Court of Common Pleas was pending, the Philadelphia

Police Department reinstated Moody’s firearm license.

    Shortly after receiving his license back in June 2017, Moody was again stopped by

police while running and openly carrying a firearm. Knowing that his license had been

revoked and not aware that his license had been reinstated, the officers stopped Moody and

detained him pending verification that he had a valid license. He was released and cited for

disorderly conduct. His license was revoked again shortly after this second encounter with

police. The reasons given were for “good cause,” “character and reputation,” and “careless

and negligent behavior.” App. 3 (capitalization altered). The revocation notice gave as an

additional explanation the “failure to produce [the license] which placed you, the officers

and the community in danger.” Id.1

    In May 2018, Moody filed a complaint in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia

County. Appellees then removed the case to the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. After

Moody amended his complaint twice, Appellees filed the Third Motion to Dismiss. The

District Court granted the motion. It dismissed Moody’s federal claims with prejudice and

dismissed his state-law claims without prejudice after declining to exercise its




1
  According to the electronic docket for the Court of Common Pleas, Moody appealed the
revocation to the Court of Common Pleas, which dismissed the appeal without prejudice
to his filing an appeal with the Board of License and Inspection. Moody appears to have
then filed the suggested appeal, as the Board of License and Inspection Review upheld the
revocation. According to the electronic docket, his subsequent appeal to the Court of Com-
mon Pleas was dismissed in March 2019 for failure to timely order or make payment for
the notes of testimony from the Board’s hearing.
                                             3
supplemental jurisdiction. See 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c). Moody filed a timely notice of appeal.

We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

    While Moody makes several generalized assertions regarding his claims as well as crit-

icisms of the District Court’s ability to correctly resolve them, we can discern very few

comprehensible, specific arguments in his brief that challenge the District Court’s judg-

ment. We will address those that we have found.2

    Citing state statutes and state-court case law, Moody argues that former Philadelphia

Police Commissioner Richard Ross and the Gun Permit Unit (GPU) failed to provide good

cause for the revocation of his license. He also appears to argue that his hearing violated

state law. The District Court, however, dismissed Moody’s state-law claims without prej-

udice after declining to exercise its supplemental jurisdiction. Moody does not challenge

this decision, so the argument is waived. See Laborers’ Int’l Union of N. Am., AFL-CIO v.

Foster Wheeler Corp., 

, 398 (3d Cir. 1994).

    Moody contests the District Court’s conclusion that the GPU, the Philadelphia Police

Department, and the Board of Licenses and Inspections are not separate entities that can be

sued. Under Pennsylvania law, however, the District Court did not err. See 53 Pa. Stat.




2
  Moody seems to argue that we should overturn the District Court’s conclusion that ab-
stention pursuant to Younger v. Harris, 

(1971), does not apply. Moody does
not appear to understand that this ruling was in his favor and that if Younger abstention
applied, his claims would be dismissed.
                                            4
§ 16257 (requiring that all suits stemming from transactions of any department of the City

of Philadelphia be in the name of the City).

   Moody challenges the District Court’s conclusion that he failed to allege any personal

involvement by Commissioner Ross and Bradford Richman, an attorney for the City. See

Rode v. Dellarciprete, 

, 1207 (3d Cir. 1988) (“A defendant in a civil rights

action must have personal involvement in the alleged wrongs; liability cannot be predicated

solely on the operation of respondeat superior.”). Moody points to his allegation that one

of the police officers stated during the second encounter that the “gun was taken per Brad

Richman.” Appellant’s Br. 21 (quoting Second Amended Complaint ¶ 101). Moody ad-

mits, however, that Richman, as a private attorney representing the City, would not have

the authority to take a firearm.

   As to Commissioner Ross, Moody alleges that he “made a personal effort to Ross to

retrieve his personal property,” which Ross rejected. Appellant’s Br. 22. But Moody does

not explain how this violated his rights. He also argues that Ross usurped the authority of

the sheriff with respect to Pennsylvania firearm laws. In Philadelphia, however, the chief

of police handles the applications for firearm licenses. See 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 6109(b).

   With respect to Moody’s claims against the City of Philadelphia, the District Court was

correct that the City could not be held liable under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 unless the alleged

violation of his rights was caused by an official policy or custom. See Monell v. Dep’t of

Soc. Servs., 

, 691 (1978). The District Court thoroughly addressed this issue

in its opinion, concluding that Moody did not allege the existence of a municipal policy or



                                               5
custom or deliberate indifference. Moody responds without explanation that he did in fact

plead claims under Monell. He writes:

           Clearly the Adjudicator failed to read or comprehend the complaint as
       Plaintiff has pleading [sic] both prongs of Monell, in both Complaints in that
       the pleadings covered both the violations and the indifferent, deliberate and
       inhumane manner in which these violations were carried out by the Defend-
       ants and the policies that dictate their prolific rights violations.

Appellant’s Br. 25. To preserve arguments in a brief, an appellant must support the argu-

ments with reasoning as well as citation to authorities and portions of the record. Fed. R.

App. P. 28(a)(8)(A). Even with the liberal pleading standards afforded pro se litigants, see

Haines v. Kerner, 

, 520 (1972) (per curiam), Moody’s brief is not sufficient.

See Barna v. Bd. of Sch. Dirs., 

, 145 (3d Cir. 2017) (“[W]e have consistently

refused to consider ill-developed arguments or those not properly raised and discussed in

the appellate briefing.”). We will not comb through the lengthy District Court record in an

attempt to understand Moody’s arguments. See DeSilva v. DiLeonardi, 

, 867

(7th Cir. 1999) (“A brief must make all arguments accessible to the judges, rather than ask

them to play archaeologist with the record.”).

   Moody argued in his Second Amended Complaint that his Fourth Amendment rights

were violated when police officers stopped him because he was carrying a firearm. The

District Court dismissed Moody’s Fourth Amendment claims against the officers pursuant

to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8, concluding that Moody had not described the indi-

vidual defendants’ roles in Moody’s encounters with police and that he had failed to ex-

plain why the stops were unwarranted or how he was unreasonably detained. In his brief

before us, Moody responds to the District Court’s dismissal of these claims by arguing only

                                             6
that “[t]his is simply not the case as is clearly demonstrated in the 3rd Cause of Action and

throughout the Complaint as required with crystal clarity and great detail (supporting Cases

included).” Appellant’s Br. 24. As noted above, an appellant must support and develop his

arguments in his brief with reasoning and citations to the record. Moody has not done that

here.

   Moreover, Rule 8 requires that a complaint contain a “short and plain statement of the

claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Allegations

should be “simple, concise, and direct.”

The complaint must identify discrete

defendants and their actions with respect to the claims. Garrett v. Wexford Health, 

, 93 (3d Cir. 2019), petition for cert. filed, No. 19-867 (U.S. Jan. 8, 2020). The

question is not whether this Court would have chosen to dismiss but whether the District

Court abused its discretion in determining that Moody’s claims against the police officers

did not meet Rule 8’s requirement of a short and plain statement of a claim. See

As the District Court pointed out, Moody does not specify which defendant was responsible

for his alleged injuries. The District Court did not abuse its discretion in dismissing

Moody’s claims pursuant to Rule 8.

   Furthermore, we note that Moody never served the Second Amended Complaint on the

individuals newly named as defendants therein. Thus, the additional defendants were never

made parties to the District Court proceedings. See De Tore v. Local # 245 of the Jersey

City Pub. Emps. Union, 

, 982 n.2 (3d Cir. 1980). In addition to Moody’s

failure to effect service, these claims appear to fail for other reasons. Any claim regarding

the May 2, 2016 encounter with police would likely be barred by the two-year statute of

                                             7
limitations for such claims. See Nguyen v. Pennsylvania, 

, 273 (3d Cir. 2018).

The allegations were raised in the First Amended Complaint filed in September 2018, but

the individual defendants were not named until the Second Amended Complaint was filed

in December 2018. Nor do these allegations relate back to the brief, bare-bones original

complaint filed in May 2018, which generally alleged that the City of Philadelphia and its

employees and agencies violated Moody’s rights.

    With respect to the second encounter, Moody admits that the officers involved knew

him from the first encounter, which had resulted in the revocation of his firearm license.

Thus, it was likely not unreasonable for the police officers to stop Moody until they were

able to determine that his license to carry a firearm had been reinstated. See 18 Pa. Cons.

Stat. § 6108 (no person shall carry a firearm in public in a first-class city unless he is li-

censed).3

    Moody has filed a motion in this Court for leave to file an amended complaint. He

appears to argue that leave to amend his complaint was never given by the District Court.



3
   Compare United States v. Gatlin, 

, 378 (3d Cir. 2010) (Terry stop was jus-
tified solely based on information that the defendant was carrying a concealed handgun
because it is presumptively a crime in Delaware, for which possessing a firearm license is
only an affirmative defense), and Commonwealth v. Bigelow, 

, 395 (Pa.
1979) (lack of a firearm license is not an element of an 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 6108 offense
and the Commonwealth is not required to prove that the defendant did not have a license),
with United States v. Ubiles, 

, 217–18 (3d Cir. 2000) (Terry stop based on
possession of a gun was not warranted because it is not necessarily a crime to possess a
gun in the Virgin Islands). Though in Commonwealth v. Hicks, 

(Pa. 2019),
the Pennsylvania Supreme Court overruled a long-standing Pennsylvania Superior Court
rule and held that an individual’s mere possession of a concealed firearm in public cannot
support a Terry stop, it distinguished the situation where a police officer had prior
knowledge that the individual was not permitted to carry a weapon. See

                                              8
But Moody did not argue in his opening brief that the District Court erred in not giving

him yet another opportunity to amend his complaint, so that argument is waived. See La-

borers’ Int’l 

. Moreover, the District Court allowed Moody to amend

his complaint in October 2018 after Moody responded to the Appellees’ first motion to

dismiss with additional allegations. Moody did not contest the District Court’s treatment

of his response as an amended complaint. After Appellees moved to dismiss the amended

complaint, Moody filed a motion to amend it again. The District Court granted this motion

and allowed the filing of the Second Amended Complaint. Nor has Moody explained how

he would further amend the complaint to cure its deficiencies.

   Finally, while the District Court stated in its opinion that it was dismissing Moody’s

state-law claims without prejudice, it dismissed his entire complaint in its order. The dis-

missal of the state-law claims pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c) should have been without

prejudice. See Kach v. Hose, 

, 650 (3d Cir. 2009). We will, therefore, modify

the District Court’s order to dismiss Moody’s state-law claims without prejudice and, for

the reasons given in this opinion, affirm the District Court’s judgment as modified.

Moody’s motion for leave to file an amended complaint is denied.




                                             9