NOT FOR PUBLICATION                        FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       MAY 21 2020
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

MIGUEL CONTRERAS-MARIN, AKA                     No.    17-73231
Miguel Contreras-Martin,
                                                Agency No. A206-548-362
                Petitioner,

 v.                                             MEMORANDUM*

WILLIAM P. BARR, Attorney General,

                Respondent.

                     On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                         Board of Immigration Appeals

                       Argued and Submitted March 4, 2020
                                Portland, Oregon

Before: FERNANDEZ and PAEZ, Circuit Judges, and BURGESS,** District
Judge.

      Miguel Contreras-Marin (“Contreras-Marin”), a native and citizen of

Mexico, petitions for review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’s (“BIA”) final

order of removal. The Department of Homeland Security charged him as



      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The Honorable Timothy M. Burgess, United States Chief District
Judge for the District of Alaska, sitting by designation.
removeable from the United States in November 2013. He subsequently filed for

cancellation of removal, arguing that the hardship caused by his deportation to his

family would be exceptional and extremely unusual. The Immigration Judge (“IJ”)

denied his petition because Contreras-Marin had failed to establish the requisite

level of hardship.

      Contreras-Marin appealed to the BIA. He argued that the IJ had erred in the

hardship finding and filed a motion to remand because his attorney had provided

ineffective assistance of counsel in the removal proceeding. The BIA affirmed the

IJ’s denial of cancellation of removal and denied the motion to remand because

Contreras-Marin had failed to identify how his counsel’s deficient performance

had impacted the result of his hearing. We grant the petition in part, deny it in

part, and remand.

      1. Contreras-Marin argues that the IJ and BIA did not have jurisdiction over

his case because the Notice to Appear he received was defective. This argument is

foreclosed by Karingithi v. Whitaker, 

(9th Cir. 2019). He received

a later notice that contained the time and date of his hearing, which is sufficient for

jurisdiction to vest. See

      2. A migrant charged with removability from the United States may petition

for cancellation of removal if he demonstrates, among other things, that removal

“would result in exceptional and extremely unusual hardship to the alien’s spouse,


                                            2
parent, or child, who is a citizen of the United States or an alien lawfully admitted

for permanent residence.” 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b)(1)(D). Contreras-Marin has five

relatives who qualify for consideration under the exceptional-and-extremely

unusual hardship determination: three children under the age of twenty-one (U.S.

citizens), his father (U.S. citizen), and his mother (lawful permanent resident). In

affirming and adopting the IJ’s denial of Contreras-Marin’s application for

cancellation-of-removal petition, the BIA stated:

      Contrary to [Contreras-Marin’s] assertions on appeal, the hardship to each
      qualifying relative cannot be combined to meet the exceptional and
      extremely unusual standard. The analysis is only cumulative inasmuch as all
      hardships of a qualifying relative are aggregated to determine whether that
      relative would experience hardship that is exceptional and extremely
      unusual in nature. See section 240A(b)(1)(D) of the Act (requiring that an
      applicant establish that his or her removal would result in exceptional and
      extremely unusual hardship “to the alien’s spouse, parent, or child, who is a
      citizen of the United States or an alien lawfully admitted for permanent
      residence.” (emphasis added)).

(internal brief citations omitted).

      The BIA erred in its statement of the law.1 When evaluating whether

qualifying relatives have suffered “exceptional and extremely unusual hardship”



1
  The IJ’s and BIA’s fact-intensive exceptional-and-unusual hardship
determination is a “subjective, discretionary judgment that has been carved out of
our appellate jurisdiction.” Romero-Torres v. Ashcroft, 

, 888 (9th Cir.
2003). But “[w]hether the Board applied the correct legal standard is a question of
law” over which we have jurisdiction. Gasparyan v. Holder, 

, 1134
(9th Cir. 2013); see also Arteaga-De Alvarez v. Holder, 

, 737 (9th
Cir. 2012) (concluding that the petitioner raised a question of law where she

                                          3
under section 1229b(b)(1), Matter of Recinas, 23 I. & N. Dec. 467 (BIA 2002),

requires the BIA and IJ to evaluate cumulatively the hardship suffered by all

qualifying relatives. It does not, as the BIA stated, limit the cumulative analysis to

each qualifying relative.

      In Recinas, the BIA stated that “[p]art of that [hardship] analysis requires the

assessment of hardship factors in their totality, often termed a ‘cumulative’

analysis.” 23 I. & N. Dec. at 472. In applying the cumulative analysis, the BIA

aggregated the harm suffered by the petitioner, her four children, and her mother.

did not receive any support from her children’s father, her

children were largely unfamiliar with the Spanish language, she had little to no

family in Mexico, and her family in the United States had lawful status.

court concluded that the “cumulative factors present” created

hardship circumstances that were “indeed unusual” and “well beyond that which is

normally experienced in most cases of removal.”

Recinas did not,

as the BIA suggested in Contreras-Marin’s case, aggregate the hardships suffered

by each qualifying individual to determine whether any single relative would suffer

exceptional and extremely unusual hardship upon the petitioner’s removal.




alleged the BIA’s hardship determination was made on an erroneous legal
standard).

                                          4
      In light of this legal error, we vacate the denial of Contreras-Marin’s

cancellation-of-removal claim and remand for further proceedings consistent with

this disposition.

      3. Contreras-Marin contends that the BIA abused its discretion in denying

the motion to remand because of ineffective assistance of his counsel. A petitioner

claiming ineffective assistance of counsel in a removal proceeding must

demonstrate that (1) his attorney failed to perform with sufficient competence and

(2) he was prejudiced by the attorney’s performance. Mohammed v. Gonzales, 

, 793 (9th Cir. 2005). The BIA concluded Contreras-Marin failed to

establish the second prong of the substantive ineffective-assistance-of-counsel

analysis.

      Contreras-Marin argues that his attorney was unconstitutionally ineffective

because he failed to provide sufficient translation services at his office, submit

evidence of emotional or mental hardship from his qualifying relatives, submit

evidence of country conditions in Mexico, provide Contreras-Marin’s criminal

record, or explain who could serve as a witness.

      Even if these alleged deficiencies constitute ineffective assistance of

counsel, Contreras-Marin has not demonstrated how they adversely impacted his

cancellation-of-removal application. On appeal to the BIA, he submitted

additional evidence, including letters from friends and relatives in support of his


                                           5
application, detailed medical histories of his parents, and affidavits from qualifying

relatives. But he fails to point to specific pieces of evidence contained in these

documents that—had they been presented to the IJ—may have impacted the

outcome of the IJ’s decision. See

      Because Contreras-Marin failed to establish he was unconstitutionally

prejudiced by his attorney’s assistance, the BIA did not abuse its discretion when it

denied his motion to remand.

      The petition is GRANTED in part, DENIED in part, and REMANDED for

further proceedings consistent with this disposition. The parties shall bear their

own costs on appeal.




                                          6
                                                                                   FILED
Contreras-Marin v. Barr, No. 17-73231
                                                                                   MAY 21 2020
FERNANDEZ, Circuit Judge, concurring:                                          MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                                U.S. COURT OF APPEALS


      I agree with the BIA’s statement in this case that in deciding whether there is

“exceptional and extremely unusual hardship to the alien’s spouse, parent, or

child,”1 we should not simply combine lesser common hardships to a number of

individuals in order to reach that level. That is, if a number of qualifying

individuals are subjected to some unexceptional hardship, one should not just add

those lesser hardships together in order to make an exceptional hardship for each of

them. However, I agree with the majority that In re Gonzalez Recinas, 23 I. & N.

Dec. 467, 472–73 (BIA 2002) (en banc) appears to reach a different conclusion.

And, while in that case the BIA did state that the case before it presented “a close

question2 and met the required “level of hardship, by a close margin,”3 the rule it

stated there is not the one stated by the BIA in this case. Thus, I respectfully

concur.




      1
          8 U.S.C. § 1229(b)(1)(D).
      2
          Gonzalez Recinas, 23 I. & N. Dec. at 470.
      3